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Pontifícia Universidade Católica De São Paulo PUC-SP André 1 Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo PUC-SP André Nogueira Gropo CONTAMINAÇÕES NA NARRATIVA CÔMICA: ESTUDOS A PARTIR DA SÉRIE TELEVISIVA “COMMUNITY” Mestrado em Comunicação e Semiótica São Paulo 2019 2 André Nogueira Gropo CONTAMINAÇÕES NA NARRATIVA CÔMICA: ESTUDOS A PARTIR DA SÉRIE TELEVISIVA “COMMUNITY” Mestrado em Comunicação e Semiótica Dissertação apresentada à Banca Examinadora da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, como exigência parcial para obtenção do título de Mestre em Comunicação e Semiótica, área de concentração Signo e Significação nos processos comunicacionais, sob orientação da Profª. Drª. Christine Pires Nelson de Mello. São Paulo 2019 3 André Nogueira Gropo CONTAMINAÇÕES NA NARRATIVA CÔMICA: ESTUDOS A PARTIR DA SÉRIE TELEVISIVA “COMMUNITY” Mestrado em Comunicação e Semiótica Dissertação aprovada como exigência parcial para obtenção do título de Mestre em Comunicação e Semiótica, área de concentração Signo e Significação nos processos comunicacionais, sob orientação da Profª. Drª. Christine Pires Nelson de Mello. Defesa em: ___/___/___ Banca Examinadora 4 Dedicatória Para Jussara, Roberto e Pedro. Para todos aqueles que ousaram um dia fazer rir, que este trabalho lhes dê: possibilidades de autorreflexão, argumentos para se defender e disposição para continuar fazendo. 5 Agradecimentos Agradeço, primeiramente, à minha família. Minha mãe por toda ajuda, meu pai por todo apoio e meu irmão por ser uma referência profissional. Ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Comunicação e Semiótica e à PUC - SP, por todo o conhecimento disponibilizado. À Profª. Drª. Christine Mello, por toda a paciência e orientação neste longo percurso. Aos membros da Banca, pela rapidez e disponibilidade de aceitarem participar desta defesa, mesmo não sendo em condições ideais de tempo. À assistente de coordenação Cida Bueno, por ser a pessoa que mais se esforçou para que essa Banca acontecesse. À Vera Bonilha, cuja eficácia foi essencial para a conclusão deste trabalho. Ao Cauê Shimoda, pelos encontros e embates criativos que mantiveram o interesse pelo assunto sempre em dia. Aos amigos da comédia Fabão e Cláudio Silva, pelas reuniões e piadas, que continuemos a nos elevar como comediantes. Agradeço ao fato de que a página de ‘Agradecimentos’ conta como mais uma folha. E especialmente a todos aqueles que já riram de mim, de propósito ou não. 6 O cômico nascerá, aparentemente, quando os homens, reunidos em grupo, voltarem a sua atenção sobre um deles, calando sua sensibilidade e exercendo apenas sua inteligência. (BERGSON, 2001, p. 40). 7 GROPO, André Nogueira. Contaminações na narrativa cômica: estudos a partir da série televisiva “Community”. RESUMO Community é uma série de televisão norte-americana, criada por Dan Harmon, veiculada nos EUA no período de 2009 a 2015, com a intenção de mostrar como a “comunidade” foi importante para a formação e a realização de um indivíduo, na sociedade americana no pós-crise de 2008. O objetivo geral desse trabalho é analisar como a série Community (2009-2015), encontrou comicidade, mesmo em um contexto saturado como o das sitcoms, na utilização de elementos não convencionais para narrativas seriadas e compreender de que maneira o uso de tais gêneros como a animação, o videogame e o documentário foi contaminado pela trama. Para a realização deste estudo foram selecionados três episódios, identificando os gêneros envolvidos dentro da lógica cômica da série. Para isso, partir-se-á dos princípios básicos da criação de efeitos cômicos e se pautará na bibliografia para justificar a escolha desses “novos elementos” como uma maneira de se encontrar uma comédia original. Como referencial teórico para análise, foram estabelecidos diálogos principalmente com Vladimir Propp e Henri Bergson, em seus estudos na teoria do Humor; com Verena Alberti em suas reflexões acerca do pensamento filosófico que envolve o ato de rir; com o processo de contaminação, descrito por Christine Mello; e com a análise de conteúdo, proposta por Bardin. As análises evidenciam que as contaminações entre os gêneros sustentam a comicidade em Community, fazendo da série um sucesso entre os espectadores, ao inovar a abordagem para contar uma história, ao suprir a exigente demanda de um público com cada vez mais dificuldade de ser surpreendido pelo audiovisual contemporâneo e poder, assim, criar um discurso cômico. A complexidade narrativa de Community faz dela uma série muito singular, o modo como se busca o efeito cômico além das limitações impostas pelo gênero da sitcom na televisão é muito particular e original. Palavras-chave: Comédia. Narrativa seriada. Sitcom. Community. Extremidades. Televisão 8 GROPO, André Nogueira. Contaminations in Comic Narrative: studies starting by the television series “Community”. ABSTRACT Community is a north American television series, created by Dan Harmon, that aired in the US between 2009 to 2015, its intention was to show how important is the “community” to the formation and realization of an individual, in the American society in the post 2008 crisis era. The general objective of this paper is to analyze how the series Community (2009-2015), found comedy, even in a saturated context as sitcoms, by utilizing unconventional elements to serial narrative and understand how using such genres as animation, video game and documentary was contaminated by the plot. To the realization of this study three episodes were selected, identifying the genres involved within the comic logic of the series. To do that, it will start of the basic principles of comic effect creation and will interline in the bibliography to justify the selection of these “new elements” as a way to find an original comedy. As a theorical referential to the analysis, were build dialogues mainly with Vladimir Propp and Henri Bergson, in their studies in Humor theory, with Verena Alberti in her reflections about the philosophical thought that surrounds laughter, with the contamination process, described by Christine Mello, and with the content analysis suggested by Bardin. The analyzes point that the contamination between genres provide comedy in Community, making the show a success among viewers, by innovating the approach of telling a story, by feeding a demanding audience with increasing difficulty to be surprised by contemporary audiovisual and being able, therefore, to create a comic speech. The narrative complexity of Community makes it a singular series, the way it searches for the comic effect beyond the limitations imposed by the sitcom genre in television is very specific and original. Keywords: Comedy. Serial Narrative. Sitcom. Community. Extremities. Television 9 . 10 LISTA DE FIGURAS Figura 1: O dono da loja, personagem principal de Pinwright’s Progress ................. 31 Figura 2: Cena emblemática da série - I Love Lucy.................................................... 32 Figura 3: As primeiras sitcoms animadas de Hanna-Barbera .................................... 33 Figura 4: Comparação das séries The Munsters e The Addams Family................... .34 Figura 5: Cena de Mash, com seus principais personagens ..................................... 34 Figura 6 - Cena no bar de Cheers .............................................................................. 35 Figura 7 - O escritório com personagens principais da série The Office.................... 37 Figura 8 - Personagens principais da série The Middle.............................................. 40 Figura 9 - Representação de algumas das personalidades de Tara.......................... 41 Figura 10 - Os sete personagens em cena de Community ........................................ 47 Figura 11 – Personagens principais Abed e Annie..................................................... 48 Figura 12 – Personagens principais Britta e Jeff......................................................... 49 Figura 13 – Personagens principais Pierce, Shirley e Troy........................................ 50 Figura 14 – Personagens secundários....................................................................... 51 Figura 15 - Cena em que Jeff fica nu, para jogar sinuca............................................ 54 Figura 16 – Os personagens como bonecos.............................................................. 60 Figura 17 – Abed canta no início do episódio............................................................. 61 Figura 18 – Personalidades natalinas........................................................................ 62 Figura 19 – Personagens indo de trem para o Polo Norte.......................................... 63 Figura 20 – Troy e Annie, vendo a Montanha Menorah e Baía das Testemunhas de Jeová......................................................................................................................... 65 Figura 21 – Sequência de Teleporte de Duncan e Troy ............................................ 66 Figura 22 – Atores refletidos na miniatura da televisão ............................................. 68 Figura 23 - Corredor da escola coberto de penas ..................................................... 70 Figura 24 - Annie cuidando de pacientes e Britta fotografando feridos...................... 71 Figura 25 – Jeff em pose séria, como um drama de guerra....................................... 72 Figura 26 - Foto rasgada de Troy e Abed....................................................................73 Figura 27 - Depoimento de Shirley ............................................................................ 74 Figura 28 - Tela
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