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(Galeichthys Peruvianus) Otoliths THE UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA University Libraries Oxygen Isotope Record of the 1997–1998 El Niño in Peruvian Sea Catfish (Galeichthys peruvianus) Otoliths C. Fred T. Andrus – University of Georgia Douglas E. Crowe – University of Georgia Christopher S. Romanek – University of Georgia Deposited 01/16/2018 Citation of published version: Andrus, C., Crowe, D., Romanek, C. (2002): Oxygen Isotope Record of the 1997–1998 El Niño in Peruvian Sea Catfish (Galeichthys peruvianus) Otoliths. Paleoceanography, 17(4). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/2001PA000652 © 2002. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved. PALEOCEANOGRAPHY, VOL. 17, NO. 4, 1053, doi:10.1029/2001PA000652, 2002 Oxygen isotope record of the 1997–1998 El Nin˜o in Peruvian sea catfish (Galeichthys peruvianus) otoliths C. Fred T. Andrus, Douglas E. Crowe, and Christopher S. Romanek1 Department of Geology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA Received 2 May 2001; revised 9 January 2002; accepted 23 January 2002; published 11 October 2002. [1] Sagittal otoliths of the Peruvian sea catfish Galeichthys peruvianus were collected from the north coast of Peru during and after the 1997–1998 El Nin˜o. The otoliths were analyzed via laser microprobe and micromilling techniques for oxygen isotope composition through ontogeny to document their use as an El Nin˜o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) proxy. Results were compared to theoretical calculations for the d18O of otolith aragonite using measured sea surface temperatures (SST) and d18O values for local seawater assuming equilibrium oxygen isotope fractionation was achieved. All otoliths recorded the 1997–1998 El Nin˜o event as well as seasonal temperature variations. These ENSO events were recorded in otolith aragonite as significant negative excursions in d18O that reflected the increased temperature of local marine waters. The combined otolith data were used to create a 10-year SST record, including ENSO events and local seasonal temperature variation, validating the use 18 of otolith d O as a temperature proxy. INDEX TERMS: 4522 Oceanography: Physical: El Nin˜o; 1040 Geochemistry: Isotopic composition/chemistry; 4870 Oceanography: Biological and Chemical: Stable isotopes; 9355 Information Related to Geographic Region: Pacific Ocean; 9360 Information Related to Geographic Region: South America; KEYWORDS: El Nin˜o, ENSO, otolith, stable isotopes, Peru, Galeichthys peruvianus Citation: Andrus, C. F. T., D. E. Crowe, and C. S. Romanek, Oxygen isotope record of the 1997-1998 El Nin˜o in Peruvian sea catfish (Galeichthys peruvianus) otoliths, Paleoceanography, 17(4), 1053, doi:10.1029/2001PA000652, 2002. 1. Introduction empirically derived equations [similar to Grossman and Ku, 1986] relating the d18O of aragonite to temperature, given a [2] Otoliths are incrementally precipitated aragonite knowledge of the d18O of the water in which the fish lived. structures found within the inner ear of teleost fish. Three [4] Otoliths are potentially valuable climate proxies. Oto- pairs of otoliths (sagittae, lapillae, and asteriscii) are lith morphology is frequently taxon specific, thus even in present in each fish. Sagittal otoliths are the largest and the absence of other remains species identification is pos- most studied of the three pairs and are the otoliths sible [Gaemers, 1984; Wheeler and Jones, 1989]. They are described in this paper. They are traditionally a rich source common worldwide in maritime archaeological sites, and of fisheries biology data. Otolith growth increments, seen are also found in sedimentary deposits as old as the Jurassic in thin section as alternating opaque and translucent bands [Patterson, 1999]. Because otoliths are found over a wide in transmitted light (Figure 1), are used to determine geographic range, they offer insight into climatic conditions season of birth, age at death, growth rate, and a number in areas that lack more traditional climate indicators, such as of other parameters relevant to fisheries stock management corals and ice cores. Of particular importance are otoliths in [Secor et al., 1995]. The periodicity of increment formation archaeological sites that date from preindustrial times, as must first be determined through control studies [Beamish they offer an opportunity to examine climate change that is and McFarlane, 1983], but annual (macroscopic) and daily not recorded in the historical literature. (microscopic) bands are often observed in many species [5] Incremental growth studies of otoliths from archaeo- [Campana and Neilson, 1985; Gauldie and Nelson, logical sites have been used for prehistoric fish population 1990a]. age profile reconstructions [Casteel, 1976; Hales and Reitz, [3] Devereux [1967] first demonstrated that otoliths are 1992; Van Neer et al., 1999] and season of capture deter- precipitated in or near oxygen isotope equilibrium with minations [Van Neer et al., 1999; Higham and Horn, 2000]. natural waters, and subsequent studies have refined the Isotopic analysis of ancient otoliths has been used for relationship between d18O values in otoliths and ambient paleoclimate reconstruction [Patterson, 1998, 1999; Andrus waters through ontogeny [e.g., Kalish, 1991; Patterson et et al., 1999; Wurster and Patterson, 2001]. In each case, al., 1993; Thorrold et al., 1997]. These studies developed modern populations of the same, or closely related species, were studied to provide a comparative baseline for the study of ancient otoliths. 1Also at Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, Aiken, South Carolina, [6] The data presented in this study indicate that Galeich- USA. thys peruvianus otoliths are robust proxies of ENSO con- Copyright 2002 by the American Geophysical Union. ditions along the temperate coast of Peru. The value of this 0883-8305/02/2001PA000652 proxy is increased because this critical location lacks other 5 - 1 5 - 2 ANDRUS ET AL.: OTOLITH D18O RECORD OF 1997–1998 EL NIN˜ O bands that may represent daily growth [Campana and Neilson, 1985; Gauldie and Nelson, 1990b]. The width of macroscopic bands decreases in a roughly allometric pattern throughout ontogeny in most species. Where early growth bands are readily visible in most species, later growth near the outer margins of older fish can be difficult to discern at the macroscopic scale as band thickness decreases. 3. Species Description [10] G. peruvianus otoliths were selected for analysis on the basis of several considerations: (1) The otoliths are comparatively large (1 cm) and are amenable to micro- Figure 1. Transmitted light view of Otolith 99–2. Field of sampling by laser ablation and/or microdrilling. (2) The view is 1 cm. Numbers are d18O in per mil relative to species does not migrate in response to El Nin˜o or La Nin˜a PDB. events, and thus continuously experiences temperature per- turbations with time. (3) The species remains in shallow coastal waters year round in the Peruvian portion of its suitable climate indicators [Sandweiss et al., 1996]. Otoliths range, all of which is directly affected by ENSO. (4) The of many species, including G. peruvianus, are abundant and otoliths are common in Peruvian archaeological sites over a well preserved in archaeological sites ranging in age from the wide temporal range. terminal Pleistocene to European contact [Sandweiss et al., [11] G. peruvianus, known locally as ‘‘bagre’’, is described 1998; Reitz, 2001]. Paleotemperature records reconstructed by Lu¨tken [1874], Kailola and Bussing [1995], and Froese from otoliths of this area will significantly strengthen our and Pauly [2001]. The published geographic range for the understanding of the origin and history of ENSO [Rodbell et species is Mexico to Chile, but in field work for this study al., 1999]. it was found to be common only to about 12°S, and was rarely captured further south than 16°S (Figure 2). In Peru, 2. Otolith Chemistry and Growth G. peruvianus was observed and captured only in marine environments. The steep shore face and microtidal conditions [7] Otoliths function as electrical transducers aiding in preclude the formation of brackish estuaries. The few, small acoustic perception and balance [Morris and Kittleman, braided rivers that cross the narrow coastal desert enter the 1967; Fay, 1980]. They are accretionary structures that Pacific Ocean abruptly and mix quickly with open ocean grow incrementally from the endolymphatic fluid which, seawater. unlike other bodily fluids, closely resembles the natural waters in which the fish lives [Degans et al., 1969; Romanek and Gauldie, 1996; Gauldie and Romanek, 4. Methods 1998]. Several studies have demonstrated that otoliths are [12] G. peruvianus were captured alive by local fisherman precipitated in oxygen isotopic equilibrium with seawater using small set nets from one-man reed boats near Pimentel [Devereux,1967;Kalish,1991;Patterson et al., 1993; (6° 50’S.; July 1997) and Huanchaco (8° 10’S.; July Thorrold et al., 1997]. Because otoliths are accretionary 1998, July 1999). The fish were dissected immediately after structures, the d18O of the aragonite, from core to rim, capture to remove the sagittal otoliths (see Figure 2 for map preserves a continuous record of water temperature during of collection sites). Water samples were collected for d18O the life of an individual fish. analysis in July of 1998 and 1999 from the Pacific Ocean at [8] Most of the carbon in otolith aragonite is derived from Huanchaco. bicarbonate dissolved in seawater, which is in isotopic [13] Sample preparation for microdrilling of carbonate equilibrium with atmospheric CO2. The
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