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Food Preferences of Lasioderma Serricorne (F.) (Coleoptera: Anobiidae) on Four Types of Tobacco

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Food Preferences of Lasioderma Serricorne (F.) (Coleoptera: Anobiidae) on Four Types of Tobacco Sarhad J. Agric. Vol.24, No.2, 2008 FOOD PREFERENCES OF LASIODERMA SERRICORNE (F.) (COLEOPTERA: ANOBIIDAE) ON FOUR TYPES OF TOBACCO Muhammad Saeed*, Said Mir Khan* and Muhammad Shahid** ABSTRACT Flue-cured Virginia (FCV), Sun-cured Rustica (SCR), Dark Air-cured (DAC) and Air-cured Burley (ACB) were evaluated for preference by the 4 th instar larvae and adult stages of Lasioderma serricorne (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Anobiidae). Nicotine, reducing sugars and starch contents were determined and the impact of chemical factors on preference was worked out. FCV tobacco was preferred by both larval and adult stages with 2.18 and 1.49 beetles, respectively followed by SCR with 1.58 larvae and 1.25 adults. ACB was preferred by minimum number of larvae (0.64) and adults (0.82). Nicotine content was high (4.09%) in SCR, while low (1.42%) in DAC. Maximum reducing sugars (14.27%) and starch (6.89%) was recorded in FCV, while minimum (0.55%) reducing sugars and (1.14%) starch documented for ACB. Significant positive interaction among the larval and adult stages of L. serricorne with reducing sugars and starch revealed that FCV was highly preferred by larval and adult stages due to high contents of reducing sugars and starch, while ACB was least preferred due to low contents of reducing sugars and starch. Nicotine had non-significantly negative effect on the preference of both larvae and adults. Key words: Lasioderma serricorne, Preference, Tobacco Types, Feeding. INTRODUCTION Cigarette beetle, Lasioderma serricorne (Fabricius) completes its life cycle earlier i.e., in 50 days, while (Coleoptera: Anobiidae) is a serious pest of stored in tobacco with high nicotine and very small amounts tobacco (Gopalachari, 1984), and is known to infest of total sugars and starch, the development is very and consume all stages of the product, resulting in slow and the beetle completes its life cycle in a range spoilage of at least 1% (US$300 million) of stored of 65 to 80 days. The type of tobacco also affects the tobacco stocks per annum (USDA, 1972). The pest oviposition. L. serricorne lays more eggs in flue- occurs throughout the tropical and subtropical regions cured tobacco than in other tobacco types (Joshi, of the world. Although low temperature and humidity 1968). When feeding on tobacco, L. serricorne restrict its growth, yet it occurs commonly in warm survives best on high sugar/low nicotine tobacco. It buildings throughout the temperate regions (Arbogast can survive on tobacco having up to 4% nicotine. The et al ., 2003). It breeds on a wide variety of larvae do not survive on a tobacco diet containing commodities, including both plant and animal 8.25% nicotine (Ryan, 1995). A successful integrated materials (LeCato, 1978; Ashworth, 1993), and is one pest management (IPM) Program cannot be of the several beetle pests that commonly infest implemented without knowing the feeding warehouses and retail stores (Arbogast et al., 2000, preferences of L. serricorne . 2002). Besides tobacco, also infests a wide range of other stored commodities such as grains, rice, beans, Therefore, the objectives of this study were to cotton seeds, dry yeast, chilli powder, ginger, determine the beetle preference and to explore its turmeric, saffron, dates, raisins, dried figs, cereals, association with the chemical profile of tobacco leather, cocoa, dried vegetables and even pyrethrum types. powder (Gopalachari, 1984; Ryan, 1995). The insect larvae that eat stored leaves and contaminate the MATERIALS AND METHODS product with excreta and body oils cause damage to This study was conducted in Lakson Tobacco tobacco. Infestation may occur on farm storage, Company Limited Mardan, NWFP, Pakistan during tobacco shipments, in the warehouses, factories and year 2004. The experiments were laid out in a at retail outlets (Ryan, 1995). L. serricorne attacks randomized complete block design (RCBD) with six the principal types of cigarettes, cigars, chewing and replications. snuff tobaccos. Burley tobaccos are rarely preferred (USDA, 1972). Principal cultivars of tobacco grown Four types of cured tobacco viz., Flue-cured Virginia in Pakistan are Flue-cured Virginia (FCV), Sun-cured (FCV), Sun-cured Rustica (SCR), Dark Air-cured Rustica (SCR), Dark Air-cured (DAC), and Air-cured (DAC) and Air-cured Burley (ACB) were tested for Burley (ACB). The type of tobacco influences the preference/non-preference by the 4 th instar larvae and duration of the life cycle of beetles. In Flue-cured adult stages of L. serricorne during October, 2004. tobacco with low nicotine and high sugars, the beetle Cured leaves weighing 150 g of each test plant was * Faculty of Agriculture, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, NWFP – Pakistan. ** NWFP Agricultural University Peshawar – Pakistan. Muhammad Saeed, et al. Food preferences of Lasioderma serricorne (F.) (coleoptera: anobidae) …… 280 cleaned by conditioning (Steam) followed by Sand- 1.49 numbers, respectively. ACB was significantly reeling to remove dust. A paper sheet was spread on the least preferred type with minimum number of the floor of experimental chamber (Fig.1) measuring both larvae (0.64) and adults (0.82) of L. serricorne . 45cm x 40cm x 40cm and divided into four equal SCR and DAC were preferred by statistically similar sections with a 5 cm circle in center of the paper in number of adults i.e., 1.25 and 1.15, respectively. such a way that an equal space among host plants was These findings are in agreement with research maintained. The clean tobacco was cut into small findings of Akehurst (1981) who reported that all pieces, and 10 g of each test leaves was kept on the tobaccos could be infested, lower preference given to four sections of paper in rearing chamber. ACB and Maryland tobacco. Ryan (1995) reported Populations of L. serricorne were collected from the that females of L. serricorne lay more eggs on FCV tobacco warehouses located in Swabi area of NWFP, than other tobacco types and larvae are unable to Pakistan during May-June, 2004. The colonies were survive on tobacco diet containing high contents of reared on wheat flour: yeast extract (20:1) and nicotine (8.25%). Bharati et al. (2001) reported maintained at 28±2°C and 65-70% R.H. as outlined highest net reproductive rate (6.502) of L. serricorne by Ryan (1995). Colonies maintained by regular on FCV followed by ACB (5.396). The population transfer of emerging adults into fresh jars having took 15.63 and 22.82 days to double itself on FCV flour diet. Six female adults and larvae of L. and ACB, respectively. Rao et al. (2002) reported serricorne obtained from the insect colonies were FCV tobacco to be highly susceptible while ACB and separately placed in center of the circle in different other tobacco types were the least preferred by L. experiments with the objective to give them free serricorne . choice of selection and feeding for twelve hours. Females are attracted to tobacco (Kohno et al, 1983) Figures 2 and 3 further elaborated the association of and lay more eggs on flu-cured tobacco (Kurup, larvae and adults with reducing sugars and starch in 1961). No insecticidal measures were taken during four tobacco types. The relationship is direct the whole experimental period. curvilinear as the increase in reducing sugars and starch had encouraged the population of L. Biochemical Assays serricorne . Though nicotine content was statistically The biochemical profile of host tobacco was worked different in tobacco types (Table II) yet it had a non- out during October, 2004 in the Quality Assurance significant relationship with preference of larvae and Laboratory, Lakson Tobacco Company Limited adults (Table III). Figures 2 and 3 showed that Mardan, Pakistan. Cured leaf samples of different nicotine content had a non-significant irregular tobacco types each of 200 g weight were cleaned by relationship. Kohno et al. (1983) reported that conditioning (Steam), Sand-reeled to remove dust, attractiveness of the tobacco leaves changes with ground, passed through 1mm mesh and stored in dry change in chemical composition and concluded that polythene bags at 12 to13 % moisture content. active components for preference were volatile Reducing sugars and nicotine were determined by essential oils. Levinson & Levinson (1987) and BURKARD SCIENTIFIC SFA-2000 Method Sheet Dowd (1989) stated that L. serricorne could tolerate (CORESTA recommended Methods) while starch nicotine content to some extents. Ryan (1995) also was determined by Spectrophotometer. reported that L. serricorne survives best on high sugar/low nicotine tobacco, so Flue-cured is at most Statistical Analyses risk. Carvalho (1995) reported that larva of L. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was performed for serricorne grew better on tobaccos with high sugar the tobacco types preferred by the larval and adult contents and its development was slower at high stages of L. serricorne using SAS inst. (1996). The nicotine contents. She observed the highest rate of impact of chemical factors on preference/non mortality on Burley (flavor) (78%) and lowest rate on preference by L. serricorne was worked out through both Virginia (filler) and Burley (filler) (44%). simple correlation. Means were separated by Least Bharati et al. (2001) concluded a combine inverse Significant Difference (LSD) Test (Steel and Torrie, effect of reducing sugars and nicotine contents of 1980). tobacco on the life parameters of L. serricorne . RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Hence, we concluded that Flue-cured Virginia was Tobacco type preference more favored by L. serricorne compared to Sun- Significant differences were observed in the rate of cured Rustica, Dark Air-cured and Air-cured Burley preference by larval and adult stages of L. serricorne tobaccos and appearing relatively more susceptible. (Table I). FCV tobacco was significantly preferred Tobacco types with high concentrations of reducing the most by both larval and adult stages with 2.18 and sugars and starch showed stronger association with Sarhad J.
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