1 Supplementary information
A B Control Vitiligo-NL Vitiligo-L Control Vitiligo-NL Vitiligo-L
phylum genus
Alphaproteobacteria Paracoccus Gammaproteobacteria Acinetobacter Deltaproteobacteria Haematobacter Brevundimonas Pararhizobium Enhydrobacter Uncultured E. Shigella Roseomonas Amaricoccus Methylobacterium Rhodobacteraceae Sphingomonas Aureimonas Undibacterium Luteimonas Haemophilus Moraxella Ochrobactrum Pseudomonas Acetobacter
2
3
4 SUPPLEMENTARY FIGURE 1 Enrichment of Gammaproteobacteria and Paracoccus in
5 skin swab samples from vitiligo patients
6 Composition and relative abundance of Proteobacteria between different groups was examined
7 at phylum (A) and genus (B) levels. Individual subjects are shown as taxa bar plots (above) and
8 grouped data as pie charts (below). A complete list of OTUs is shown in Supplementary Table
9 5.
10
1 11
12
13 SUPPLEMENTARY FIGURE 2 Differences in b-diversity between swab and biopsy samples
14 PCoA plot representing b-diversity between biopsy and swab samples from the lesional and
15 non-lesional sites of vitiligo patients compared to healthy controls. Microbiota profile in skin
16 biopsies is very different from skin swabs (P<0.001) and skin biopsies taken from lesional sites
17 of vitiligo patients (light green) are significantly different from all other samples (P<0.001).
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
2 Control Vitiligo NL Vitiligo L
Staphylococcus Cutibacterium Mycoplasma Streptococcus Mitochondrial DNA Corynebacterium Intestinibacteria Bacteroides Clostridium Enterococcus Escherichia-Shigella Parabacteroides Veillonella Bifidobacterium Gemella Rothia Raistonia Undibacterium Uncultured bacteria Lactobacillus 26
27
28 SUPPLEMENTARY FIGURE 3 Composition and diversity of skin microbiota in healthy and
29 vitiligo skin biopsy samples
30 Individual subject data are shown at the genus level in form of a heat map, illustrating the top
31 20 of the most abundant bacterial taxa between the three groups (n=10 per group). Differences
32 in microbial composition is tested using analysis of composition of microbiomes (ANCOM).
33
34
3 SUPPLEMENTARY TABLE 1 Stool OTUs in Figure 1 Complete list of OTUs in stool samples at phylum level SUPPLEMENTARY TABLE 2 Stool OTUs in Figure 1 Complete list of OTUs in stool samples at genus level SUPPLEMENTARY TABLE 3 Skin swab OTUs in Figure 3 Complete list of OTUs in swab samples at phylum level SUPPLEMENTARY TABLE 4 Skin swab OTUs in Figure 3 Complete list of OTUs in swab samples at genus level SUPPLEMENTARY TABLE 5 Proteobacteria OTUs in Supplementary Figure 1 Complete list of OTUs in biopsy samples from Proteobacteria family at phylum (top) and genus (bottom) level SUPPLEMENTARY TABLE 6 Skin Biopsy OTUs in Figure 4 Complete list of OTUs in biopsy samples at phylum level SUPPLEMENTARY TABLE 7 Skin Biopsy OTUs in Figure 4 Complete list of OTUs in biopsy samples at genus level 1 SUPPLEMENTARY TABLE 8 Sequences of fused primers
2 Forward:
3 AATGATACGGCGACCACCGAGATCTACACGTGCTAATAGGTTATGGTAATTAGCC 4 TACGGGNGGCWGCAGAATGATACGGCGACCACCGAGATCTACACGCGATCACAC 5 CTTATGGTAATTAGCCTACGGGNGGCWGCAGAATGATACGGCGACCACCGAGAT 6 CTACACAATGGACCGTTCTATGGTAATTAGCCTACGGGNGGCWGCAGAATGATA 7 CGGCGACCACCGAGATCTACACGTACGTCACTGATATGGTAATTAGCCTACGGGN 8 GGCWGCAGAATGATACGGCGACCACCGAGATCTACACTAGCCTGTCGTGTATGG 9 TAATTAGCCTACGGGNGGCWGCAGAATGATACGGCGACCACCGAGATCTACACA 10 CAGACGACGGATATGGTAATTAGCCTACGGGNGGCWGCAGAATGATACGGCGAC 11 CACCGAGATCTACACTCTATGCGAACGTATGGTAATTAGCCTACGGGNGGCWGC 12 AGAATGATACGGCGACCACCGAGATCTACACCTATGAGTCCAGTATGGTAATTAG 13 CCTACGGGNGGCWGCAGAATGATACGGCGACCACCGAGATCTACACGGAAACA 14 AACGGTATGGTAATTAGCCTACGGGNGGCWGCAGAATGATACGGCGACCACCGA 15 GATCTACACGATTGGCATAGTTATGGTAATTAGCCTACGGGNGGCWGCAGAATG 16 ATACGGCGACCACCGAGATCTACACGAGTTGTACGATTATGGTAATTAGCCTACG 17 GGNGGCWGCAGAATGATACGGCGACCACCGAGATCTACACCTCGAAATGCAATA 18 TGGTAATTAGCCTACGGGNGGCWGCAGAATGATACGGCGACCACCGAGATCTAC 19 ACAGAAGAAAGGCATATGGTAATTAGCCTACGGGNGGCWGCAGAATGATACGG 20 CGACCACCGAGATCTACACCCACTCTCTCTATATGGTAATTAGCCTACGGGNGGC 21 WGCAGAATGATACGGCGACCACCGAGATCTACACCCTCCTAATTCATATGGTAAT 22 TAGCCTACGGGNGGCWGCAGAATGATACGGCGACCACCGAGATCTACACTTCAT 23 GGCCAGCTATGGTAATTAGCCTACGGGNGGCWGCAG 24 25 Reversed: 26 CAAGCAGAAGACGGCATACGAGATTCAGTTCTCGTTAGTCAGTCAGCCGACTACH 27 VGGGTATCTAATCCCAAGCAGAAGACGGCATACGAGATTCGTGCGTGTTGAGTCA 28 GTCAGCCGACTACHVGGGTATCTAATCCCAAGCAGAAGACGGCATACGAGATGT 29 TATCGCATGGAGTCAGTCAGCCGACTACHVGGGTATCTAATCCCAAGCAGAAGA 30 CGGCATACGAGATGATCACGAGAGGAGTCAGTCAGCCGACTACHVGGGTATCTA 31 ATCCCAAGCAGAAGACGGCATACGAGATGTAAATTCAGGCAGTCAGTCAGCCGA 32 CTACHVGGGTATCTAATCCCAAGCAGAAGACGGCATACGAGATAGTGTTTCGGA 33 CAGTCAGTCAGCCGACTACHVGGGTATCTAATCCCAAGCAGAAGACGGCATACG 34 AGATACACGCGGTTTAAGTCAGTCAGCCGACTACHVGGGTATCTAATCCCAAGCA 35 GAAGACGGCATACGAGATTGGCAAATCTAGAGTCAGTCAGCCGACTACHVGGGT 36 ATCTAATCCCAAGCAGAAGACGGCATACGAGATCACCTTACCTTAAGTCAGTCAG 37 CCGACTACHVGGGTATCTAATCCCAAGCAGAAGACGGCATACGAGATTTAACCTT 38 CCTGAGTCAGTCAGCCGACTACHVGGGTATCTAATCCCAAGCAGAAGACGGCAT 39 ACGAGATTGCCGTATGCCAAGTCAGTCAGCCGACTACHVGGGTATCTAATCCCAA 40 GCAGAAGACGGCATACGAGATCGTGACAATAGTAGTCAGTCAGCCGACTACHVG 41 GGTATCTAATCCCAAGCAGAAGACGGCATACGAGATCGCTACAACTCGAGTCAG 42 TCAGCCGACTACHVGGGTATCTAATCCCAAGCAGAAGACGGCATACGAGATTTA 43 AGACAGTCGAGTCAGTCAGCCGACTACHVGGGTATCTAATCCCAAGCAGAAGAC 44 GGCATACGAGATTCTGCACTGAGCAGTCAGTCAGCCGACTACHVGGGTATCTAAT 45 CCCAAGCAGAAGACGGCATACGAGATCGCAGATTAGTAAGTCAGTCAGCCGACT 46 ACHVGGGTATCTAATCCCAAGCAGAAGACGGCATACGAGATCGGATAACCTCCA 47 GTCAGTCAGCCGACTACHVGGGTATCTAATCCCAAGCAGAAGACGGCATACGAG 48 ATAGGGTGACTTTAAGTCAGTCAGCCGACTACHVGGGTATCTAATCCCAAGCAGA
1 49 AGACGGCATACGAGATGACTTCATGCGAAGTCAGTCAGCCGACTACHVGGGTAT 50 CTAATCCCAAGCAGAAGACGGCATACGAGATGCCTGTCTGCAAAGTCAGTCAGC 51 CGACTACHVGGGTATCTAATCCCAAGCAGAAGACGGCATACGAGATACTGATGG 52 CCTCAGTCAGTCAGCCGACTACHVGGGTATCTAATCCCAAGCAGAAGACGGCAT 53 ACGAGATTTCGATGCCGCAAGTCAGTCAGCCGACTACHVGGGTATCTAATCCCAA 54 GCAGAAGACGGCATACGAGATTGTGGCTCGTGTAGTCAGTCAGCCGACTACHVG 55 GGTATCTAATCCCAAGCAGAAGACGGCATACGAGATAACTTTCAGGAGAGTCAG 56 TCAGCCGACTACHVGGGTATCTAATCC 57
2