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The Macadamia Industry in New Zealand
Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Pennission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the pennission of the Author. THE MACADAMIA INDUSTRY IN NEW ZEALAND A Thesis for the Degree of Master of Philosophy At Massey University Palmerston North Bernard Coleman Whangarei 2005 ABSTRACT The New Zealand macadamia industry has been characterised by many small plantings, lifestyle blocks up to 1500 trees and two commercial plantations with more than 10000 trees. Completed research programmes have been few, mainly because government funding in horticulture has been channelled to the needs of the major crops such as kiwifruit. Changes in political policy affected funding for minor horticultural crops and spasmodic cuts in finance severely hindered long-term research projects. Because of its small size the macadamia industry had limited funds available from members but some research programmes have been completed including pest control, tree nutrition, basal stain and future research needs. A private consultant, Ian Gordon has carried out variety trials on a local selection. Several selections have been planted in different locations and have proven to be useful in pollination of Beaumont, the main variety planted in New Zealand. Within the limits, set by climatic factors, the suitable growing areas are north of a line from New Plymouth to Gisbome. Both of those areas are marginal for commercial planting but sites on the sheltered north facing positions could grow satisfactory yields. Yields per tree, generally have been below commercial requirements. -
The Macadamia Industry in New Zealand
Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Pennission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the pennission of the Author. THE MACADAMIA INDUSTRY IN NEW ZEALAND A Thesis for the Degree of Master of Philosophy At Massey University Palmerston North Bernard Coleman Whangarei 2005 ABSTRACT The New Zealand macadamia industry has been characterised by many small plantings, lifestyle blocks up to 1500 trees and two commercial plantations with more than 10000 trees. Completed research programmes have been few, mainly because government funding in horticulture has been channelled to the needs of the major crops such as kiwifruit. Changes in political policy affected funding for minor horticultural crops and spasmodic cuts in finance severely hindered long-term research projects. Because of its small size the macadamia industry had limited funds available from members but some research programmes have been completed including pest control, tree nutrition, basal stain and future research needs. A private consultant, Ian Gordon has carried out variety trials on a local selection. Several selections have been planted in different locations and have proven to be useful in pollination of Beaumont, the main variety planted in New Zealand. Within the limits, set by climatic factors, the suitable growing areas are north of a line from New Plymouth to Gisbome. Both of those areas are marginal for commercial planting but sites on the sheltered north facing positions could grow satisfactory yields. Yields per tree, generally have been below commercial requirements. -
Evolutionary History of Floral Key Innovations in Angiosperms Elisabeth Reyes
Evolutionary history of floral key innovations in angiosperms Elisabeth Reyes To cite this version: Elisabeth Reyes. Evolutionary history of floral key innovations in angiosperms. Botanics. Université Paris Saclay (COmUE), 2016. English. NNT : 2016SACLS489. tel-01443353 HAL Id: tel-01443353 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01443353 Submitted on 23 Jan 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. NNT : 2016SACLS489 THESE DE DOCTORAT DE L’UNIVERSITE PARIS-SACLAY, préparée à l’Université Paris-Sud ÉCOLE DOCTORALE N° 567 Sciences du Végétal : du Gène à l’Ecosystème Spécialité de Doctorat : Biologie Par Mme Elisabeth Reyes Evolutionary history of floral key innovations in angiosperms Thèse présentée et soutenue à Orsay, le 13 décembre 2016 : Composition du Jury : M. Ronse de Craene, Louis Directeur de recherche aux Jardins Rapporteur Botaniques Royaux d’Édimbourg M. Forest, Félix Directeur de recherche aux Jardins Rapporteur Botaniques Royaux de Kew Mme. Damerval, Catherine Directrice de recherche au Moulon Président du jury M. Lowry, Porter Curateur en chef aux Jardins Examinateur Botaniques du Missouri M. Haevermans, Thomas Maître de conférences au MNHN Examinateur Mme. Nadot, Sophie Professeur à l’Université Paris-Sud Directeur de thèse M. -
Toronia Toru
Toronia toru COMMON NAME Toru, toro, toto, mihimihi SYNONYMS Persoonia toru A.Cunn. FAMILY Proteaceae AUTHORITY Toronia toru (A.Cunn.) L.A.S.Johnson et B.G.Briggs FLORA CATEGORY Vascular – Native ENDEMIC TAXON Yes ENDEMIC GENUS Yes ENDEMIC FAMILY No STRUCTURAL CLASS Trees & Shrubs - Dicotyledons NVS CODE TORTOR Toronia toru. Photographer: Wayne Bennett CHROMOSOME NUMBER 2n = 28 CURRENT CONSERVATION STATUS 2012 | Not Threatened PREVIOUS CONSERVATION STATUSES 2009 | Not Threatened 2004 | Not Threatened BRIEF DESCRIPTION Small bushy tree with long narrow leathery smooth edged-leaves that are yellowish when young and red when dying. Leaves 16-20cm long by 8-15mm wide, sharp tipped. Flowers yellowish or white, small, in clusters. Fruit dark purple, 12-18mm long. DISTRIBUTION Endemic. North Island from Te Paki south to the mouth of the Waihaha River, on the western side of Lake Taupo. However south of Auckland, toru is mostly found in the east from the Coromandel throughout the Bay Kennedy Bay, November. Photographer: John of Plenty to about Atiamuri. In the western Waikato it is known locally Smith-Dodsworth from the northern end of the Aotea Harbour, near Kawhia (Rakaunui), Te Kauri and Whenuapo in the Taumatatotara Range HABITAT Coastal to montane mostly on infertile soils, in open shrubland (especially gumland), early successional forest and along ridge lines and around slip scars in kauri (Agathis australis) and/or tanekaha (Phyllocladus trichomanoides) dominated forest. It is locally abundant on silicic igneous rocks such as rhyolite, ignimbrite and pumice. FEATURES Small dioecious (or gynodioecious) tree up to 12 m tall; trunk 1 or more arising from base, 0.2-0.3 m dbh; bark firm (not flaking), grey, grey-brown, brown or mottled grey, grey-brown. -
Species Selection Guidelines Tree Species Selection
Species selection guidelines Tree species selection This section of the plan provides guidance around the selection of species for use as street trees in the Sunshine Coast Council area and includes region-wide street tree palettes for specific functions and settings. More specific guidance on signature and natural character palettes and lists of trees suitable for use in residential streets for each of the region's 27 Local plan areas are contained within Part B – Street tree strategies of the plan. Street tree palettes will be periodically reviewed as an outcome of street tree trials, the development of new species varieties and cultivars, or the advent of new pest or disease threats that may alter the performance and reliability of currently listed species. The plan is to be used in association with the Sunshine Coast Council Open Space Landscape Infrastructure Manual where guidance for tree stock selection (in line with AS 2303–2018 Tree stock for landscape use) and tree planting and maintenance specifications can be found. For standard advanced tree planting detail, maintenance specifications and guidelines for the selection of tree stock see also the Sunshine Coast Open Space Landscape Infrastructure Manual – Embellishments – Planting Landscape). The manual's Plant Index contains a comprehensive list of all plant species deemed suitable for cultivation in Sunshine Coast amenity landscapes. For specific species information including expected dimensions and preferred growing conditions see Palettes – Planting – Planting index). 94 Sunshine Coast Street Tree Master Plan 2018 Part A Tree nomenclature Strategic outcomes The names of trees in this document follow the • Trees are selected by suitably qualified and International code of botanical nomenclature experienced practitioners (2012) with genus and species given, followed • Tree selection is locally responsive and by the plant's common name. -
Antimicrobial Activities of Dilobeia Thouarsii Roemer and Schulte, a Traditional Medicinal Plant from Madagascar
South African Journal of Botany 87 (2013) 1–3 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect South African Journal of Botany journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/sajb Antimicrobial activities of Dilobeia thouarsii Roemer and Schulte, a traditional medicinal plant from Madagascar Vahinalahaja Razafintsalama a, Samira Sarter b,f, Lengo Mambu c, Ranjana Randrianarivo a, Thomas Petit d, Jean François Rajaonarison e, Christian Mertz f, Danielle Rakoto a, Victor Jeannoda a,⁎ a Department of Fundamental and Applied Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Antananarivo, BP 906, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar b CIRAD, UMR QUALISUD, 101 Antananarivo, Madagascar c UMR 7245 CNRS-MNHN, Molécule de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 63 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France d Université de la Réunion, Laboratoire de Chimie Des Substances Naturelles et Des Sciences des Aliments (LCSNSA), 15 Avenue René Cassin, 97 715 Saint-Denis La Réunion, France e Institut Malgache de Recherche Appliquée (IMRA), BP 3833 Avarabohitra Itaosy, Antananarivo, Madagascar f CIRAD, UMR QUALISUD, F-34398 Montpellier, France article info abstract Article history: The leaves of Dilobeia thouarsii (Roemer and Schulte), a tree that is endemic to Madagascar (Proteaceae), are Received 24 April 2012 used in traditional Malagasy medicine to treat bacterial skin infections and wounds. This study investigated Received in revised form 22 June 2012 the in vitro antibacterial activities of D. thouarsii leaf extracts and identified the bioactive compounds with Accepted 22 February 2013 the aim of providing a scientific basis for its use against skin diseases. Using broth microdilution method Available online 2 April 2013 for leaf crude extract and its compounds, we investigated inhibition of the growth of Bacillus cereus, fi Edited by J Van Staden Bacillus megaterium, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Vibrio harveyi, Vibrio sheri, Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella antarctica, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. -
Plant Rarity: Species Distributional Patterns, Population Genetics, Pollination Biology, and Seed Dispersal in Persoonia (Proteaceae)
University of Wollongong Thesis Collections University of Wollongong Thesis Collection University of Wollongong Year Plant rarity: species distributional patterns, population genetics, pollination biology, and seed dispersal in Persoonia (Proteaceae) Paul D. Rymer University of Wollongong Rymer, Paul D, Plant rarity: species distributional patterns, population genetics, pollination biology, and seed dispersal in Persoonia (Proteaceae), PhD thesis, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, 2006. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/634 This paper is posted at Research Online. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/634 1 Plant rarity: species distributional patterns, population genetics, pollination biology, and seed dispersal in Persoonia (Proteaceae). PhD Thesis by Paul D. Rymer B.Sc. (Hons) – Uni. of Western Sydney School of Biological Sciences UNIVERSITY OF WOLLONGONG 2006 2 DECLARATION This thesis is submitted, in accordance with the regulations of the University of Wollongong, in fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. The work described in this thesis was carried out by me, except where otherwise acknowledged, and has not been submitted to any other university or institution. 3 “Yes, Duckie, you’re lucky you’re not Herbie Hart who has taken his Throm-dim-bu-lator apart” (Dr. Seuss 1973) 4 Abstract An understanding of rarity can provide important insights into evolutionary processes, as well as valuable information for the conservation management of rare and threatened species. In this research, my main objective was to gain an understanding of the biology of rarity by investigating colonization and extinction processes from an ecological and evolutionary perspective. I have focused on the genus Persoonia (family Proteaceae), because these plants are prominent components of the Australian flora and the distributional patterns of species vary dramatically, including several that are listed as threatened. -
Rates of Molecular Evolution and Diversification in Plants: Chloroplast
Duchene and Bromham BMC Evolutionary Biology 2013, 13:65 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/13/65 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Rates of molecular evolution and diversification in plants: chloroplast substitution rates correlate with species-richness in the Proteaceae David Duchene* and Lindell Bromham Abstract Background: Many factors have been identified as correlates of the rate of molecular evolution, such as body size and generation length. Analysis of many molecular phylogenies has also revealed correlations between substitution rates and clade size, suggesting a link between rates of molecular evolution and the process of diversification. However, it is not known whether this relationship applies to all lineages and all sequences. Here, in order to investigate how widespread this phenomenon is, we investigate patterns of substitution in chloroplast genomes of the diverse angiosperm family Proteaceae. We used DNA sequences from six chloroplast genes (6278bp alignment with 62 taxa) to test for a correlation between diversification and the rate of substitutions. Results: Using phylogenetically-independent sister pairs, we show that species-rich lineages of Proteaceae tend to have significantly higher chloroplast substitution rates, for both synonymous and non-synonymous substitutions. Conclusions: We show that the rate of molecular evolution in chloroplast genomes is correlated with net diversification rates in this large plant family. We discuss the possible causes of this relationship, including molecular evolution driving diversification, speciation increasing the rate of substitutions, or a third factor causing an indirect link between molecular and diversification rates. The link between the synonymous substitution rate and clade size is consistent with a role for the mutation rate of chloroplasts driving the speed of reproductive isolation. -
Landcorp Denmark East Development Precinct Flora and Fauna Survey
LandCorp Denmark East Development Precinct Flora and Fauna Survey October 2016 Executive summary Introduction Through the Royalties for Regions “Growing our South” initiative, the Shire of Denmark has received funding to provide a second crossing of the Denmark River, to upgrade approximately 6.5 km of local roads and to support the delivery of an industrial estate adjacent to McIntosh Road. GHD Pty Ltd (GHD) was commissioned by LandCorp to undertake a biological assessment of the project survey area. The purpose of the assessment was to identify and describe flora, vegetation and fauna within the survey area. The outcomes of the assessment will be used in the environmental assessment and approvals process and will identify the possible need for, and scope of, further field investigations will inform environmental impact assessment of the road upgrades. The survey area is approximately 68.5 ha in area and includes a broad area of land between Scotsdale Road and the Denmark River and the road reserve and adjacent land along East River Road and McIntosh Road between the Denmark Mt Barker Road and South Western Highway. A 200 m section north and south along the Denmark Mt Barker Road from East River Road was also surveyed. The biological assessment involved a desktop review and three separate field surveys, including a winter flora and fauna survey, spring flora and fauna survey and spring nocturnal fauna survey. Fauna surveys also included the use of movement sensitive cameras in key locations. Key biological aspects The key biological aspects and constraints identified for the survey area are summarised in the following table. -
Ecology of Proteaceae with Special Reference to the Sydney Region
951 Ecology of Proteaceae with special reference to the Sydney region P.J. Myerscough, R.J. Whelan and R.A. Bradstock Myerscough, P.J.1, Whelan, R.J.2, and Bradstock, R.A.3 (1Institute of Wildlife Research, School of Biological Sciences (A08), University of Sydney, NSW 2006; 2Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522; 3Biodiversity Research and Management Division, NSW National Parks & Wildlife Service, PO Box 1967, Hurstville, NSW 1481) Ecology of Proteaceae with special reference to the Sydney region. Cunninghamia 6(4): 951–1015. In Australia, the Proteaceae are a diverse group of plants. They inhabit a wide range of environments, many of which are low in plant resources. They support a wide range of animals and other organisms, and show distinctive patterns of distribution in relation to soils, climate and geological history. These patterns of distribution, relationships with nutrients and other resources, interactions with animals and other organisms and dynamics of populations in Proteaceae are addressed in this review, particularly for the Sydney region. The Sydney region, with its wide range of environments, offers great opportunities for testing general questions in the ecology of the Proteaceae. For instance, its climate is not mediterranean, unlike the Cape region of South Africa, south- western and southern Australia, where much of the research on plants of Proteaceae growing in infertile habitats has been done. The diversity and abundance of Proteaceae vary in the Sydney region inversely with fertility of habitats. In the region’s rainforest there are few Proteaceae and their populations are sparse, whereas in heaths in the region, Proteaceae are often diverse and may dominate the canopy. -
Lincoln University Campus: a Guide to Some of the Shrubs Currently Growing There”
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Lincoln University Research Archive “Lincoln University campus: a guide to some of the shrubs currently growing there” Roy Edwards Department of Agricultural Science Lincoln University May 2009 The purpose of this book is to illustrate some of the range of shrubs currently grown on the Lincoln University campus. There are also a few trees that were not covered in the 1st book. This should be read in conjunction with its companion - “Lincoln University campus - a guide to some of the trees currently growing there” (April 2008). This also is a first draft and hopefully there will be further editions that will add species to address some of the obvious gaps. ISBN 978-0-86476-213-9 Cover image: Clianthus puniceus (kaka beak) “Lincoln University campus: a guide to some of the shrubs currently growing there” Roy Edwards May 2009 As with the first book “Lincoln University campus – a guide to some of the trees currently growing there” (April 2008) the purpose of this guide is primarily to increase the awareness for those people who are interested in plants of the Lincoln University campus. At this point in time the list is incomplete and it is my intention to hopefully add others at a later date. In this second book I have largely concentrated on shrubs and in some instances have included a few trees that were not covered in the first book. Documenting what is currently growing on the campus provides some sort of historical record and possibly the basis for some thoughts around future planting options. -
Ecology and Biogeography in 3D: the Case of the Australian Proteaceae
DOI: 10.1111/jbi.13348 PERSPECTIVE Ecology and biogeography in 3D: The case of the Australian Proteaceae Abstract (Figure 1a). The relative importance of each type of pressure has The key biophysical pressures shaping the ecology and evolution of varied over time and across space (Keeley, Pausas, Rundel, Bond, & species can be broadly aggregated into three dimensions: environ- Bradstock, 2011). For instance, in regions where the climate (e.g. arid mental conditions, disturbance regimes and biotic interactions. The or cold ecosystems) or substrate (e.g. wetlands) is relatively extreme, relative importance of each dimension varies over time and space, environmental factors (temperature, water availability, salinity) are and in most cases multiple dimensions need to be addressed to ade- likely to play a major role in shaping species traits and distributions. quately understand the habitat and functional traits of species at Under intermediate and seasonal climatic conditions (e.g. tropical broad spatial and phylogenetic scales. However, it is currently com- savannas, mediterranean ecosystems), disturbance is likely to play a mon to consider only one or two selective pressures even when major role (Bond, Woodward, & Midgley, 2005; Keeley, Bond, Brad- studying large clades. We illustrate the importance of the all-inclu- stock, Pausas, & Rundel, 2012). In contrast, under benign and largely sive multidimensional approach with reference to the large and ico- aseasonal conditions (e.g. rain forests), species interactions are pre- nic plant family,