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Evaluation of Physico-Chemical Parameter on Water Quality of Netravati River of Dakshina Kannada District, Karnataka, India

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Evaluation of Physico-Chemical Parameter on Water Quality of Netravati River of Dakshina Kannada District, Karnataka, India JASC: Journal of Applied Science and Computations ISSN NO: 1076-5131 EVALUATION OF PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PARAMETER ON WATER QUALITY OF NETRAVATI RIVER OF DAKSHINA KANNADA DISTRICT, KARNATAKA, INDIA -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Nair Pooja Jayaram* and M. Lekeshmanaswamy PG and research Department of Zoology, Kongunadu Arts and Science College (Autonomous), Coimbatore-641029, Tamilnadu, India *Corresponding author email:[email protected] -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ABSTRACT In the present study, the water samples were collected from three different stations of Netravati river, Dakshina Kannada District, Karnataka, India, for physico-chemical and nutrients analysis. Water was collected for the analysis of various parameters such as Temperature, 푷푯, Electrical conductivity, Suspended solids, Dissolved solids, Total solids, Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Carbonates, Bicarbonates, Chloride The methods used for the analysis are as per standard methods recommended by APHA, WHO. The result obtained was compared with BIS standard and the result shows variation that affects the water quality. Hence water should be treated to reduce the pollution in the water and increase the water quality. KEYWORDS---Netravati river APHA, BIS, Physico-chemical parameter and Water quality. INTRODUCTION Water is aptly described as mother of life. It is a universal solvent. It is the largest medium of life. It occupies 71% of the earth surface, however we need to conserve water as there is very less percentage of clean water. Clean water is essential for life. There are 400 billion gallons of water above, on and in the earth, but it is unevenly distributed [1]. Water is the precious gift of god on the earth. Life exists on the earth because of the availability of water. Water supply is associated with evolution of mankind. There are plenty of evidences to substantiate that the life on the earth originated in water. After air, water is the second most vital need to sustain life for all kinds of organism on this earth. Water being tasteless, colourless, shapeless and odourless, it adds taste, colour shape and odour in the life of living being on the earth. Rapid population growth has resulted in increased water scarcity [2].Millions of people die each year; most of them are children, due to lack of clean water for drinking and proper sanitation. About 5,000 Volume VI, Issue VI, JUNE/2019 Page No:1065 JASC: Journal of Applied Science and Computations ISSN NO: 1076-5131 children die each day due to preventable diarrheal diseases which spread by contaminated water used for the purpose of cooking and drinking. Peoples who live in slum area and having low income, people who are illiterate are the major populations who suffer from water body diseases. Water resources are natural resources of water that are potentially useful. All living beings like human, animals, plants etc need water to grow. We use water in agriculture, in industries, households, recreational and environmental activities. Liquid water is found in bodies such as ocean, sea, lake, pond, river, streams and canals. Majority of water in earth is sea water. Fresh water is a renewable resource, yet world supply of ground water is steadily decreasing. Surface water is naturally replenished by precipitation and naturally lost through discharge to the ocean, evaporation etc. Water quality deterioration proceeds with environmental degradation. The chemical parameters measure the concentration of pollutants [3]. The major factor that deteriorates the quality of water includes siltation, acidification, agricultural runoff, discharge of sewage, industrial effluent containing organic and inorganic pollutants and increase human interference. Water management is a challenge that is becoming more and more complex as humanity expands keep increasing [4] . Fig.1.Location of present study area of Netravati River Volume VI, Issue VI, JUNE/2019 Page No:1066 JASC: Journal of Applied Science and Computations ISSN NO: 1076-5131 Fig.2.Location of present study area of Netravati River Fig.3.Location of present study area of Netravati River MATERIALS AND METHODS Study Area River is a natural stream of water origin which flows across the continent or island [5] Netravati River has its origin at Bangrabalige valley, Yelaneeru Ghats in Kudremukh in Chikkamangaluru district of Karnataka, India. This river flows through the famous pilgrimage place Dharmasthala and is considered as one of the holly river of India. It merges with Kumaradhara River at Uppinagadi before flowing to the Arabian Sea, south of Mangalore city. This river is the main source of water to Bantwal and Mangalore. The river drains an area of about 1353 square miles. The occupation of people who has settled on the bank of this river is agriculture and fishing. People also trade fine sand which used for construction. This sand is taken from the bed of the river. Sample Collection To monitor the quality of water in the river, samples were collected from three different regions of an extended period of one year from three different stations. Station I: Before mixing of Industrial effluent. Station II: At the point of mixing of effluent Station III: After mixing of effluent Samples were collected ones in every month from December 2016 to November 2017 between 11am and 12noon to maintain uniformity. The samples were collected in a clean white polythene container. Care was taken during collection of water samples to avoid contamination of the sample. Volume VI, Issue VI, JUNE/2019 Page No:1067 JASC: Journal of Applied Science and Computations ISSN NO: 1076-5131 The preservation procedure includes keeping the sample in dark, adding chemicals, lowering the temperature to avoid reactions. The collected were brought to the laboratory and kept in the refrigerator for later analysis. DETERMINATION OF WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS The analysis of various physico-chemical parameters namely Temperature, 푃퐻, Electrical Conductivity, Suspended solids, Dissolved solids, Total solids, Biological Oxygen Demand(BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand(COD), Chlorides, Carbonates and Bicarbonates were carried out as per standard method. The method employed for analysis of physico-chemical parameters are given in Table.1 Temperature In each station, temperature of the river was measured with the help of mercury in glass thermometer which was inserted in to the depth level of the water of about 2cm from surface for 3 minutes. The readings were expressed in degree Celsius (°C). 푷푯 One of the properties of water to determine acidity or alkalinity. Water 푃퐻 is determined using electronic 푃퐻 meter. 푃퐻 is defined as –log (Hydrogen ion concentration) and the scale ranges from 0 to 14. Electrical conductivity The ability of the water to transmit electric current is known as electrical conductivity and it serves as a tool for assess the purity of water [6]. The ability mainly depends on the presence of ion, their level of concentration, valancy, mobility, relative concentration and temperature of measurement. It was measured using conductivity meter no: 304. The electrodes of the conductivity meter are dipped in to the sample and the readings were noted for stable value µ mhom or Siemens(S). Biological oxygen Demand (BOD) It is defined as the amount of oxygen required by the micro organism while stabilizing biological decomposable organic matter in waste water under aerobic condition. The BOD test widely used to determine, i) The pollution load of waste water Volume VI, Issue VI, JUNE/2019 Page No:1068 JASC: Journal of Applied Science and Computations ISSN NO: 1076-5131 ii) The degree of pollution in lakes, streams and river iii) The efficiency of waste water treatment method The BOD was measured according to modified Wrinkler’s method [7]. The principle of the method involves measuring the difference in oxygen concentration of sample before and after incubation after 5 days at 20°C Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) COD is the oxygen equivalent to the organic matter content of water sample that is susceptible to oxidation by strong chemical oxidant. Both BOD and COD are the key indicators of environmental health of a surface water supply. The sample is analysed for COD using Liebig reflex condenser method. Suspended and Dissolved solids Suspended and dissolved solids affect the metabolism and physiology of fish and other aquatic organism. Dissolved solids could directly influence water conductivity, higher the dissolved solids higher the conductivity [8] 10 ml of the sample was taken and filtered using Whatman no 1 filter paper. The residue was taken out and dried in an oven at temperature of about 105°C during duration of an hour. It is then cooled and weighed. This gives the amount of suspended solids in water sample. The filtrate obtained from the above process was evaporated, dried and weighed and then recorded. It is the quantity of dissolved solids in water sample. Total solids The sum total of suspended solids and dissolved solids will give the total solids present in the water sample. Chloride Silver nitrate reacts with chloride to form slightly soluble white precipitate [10] as a result free silver chloride is formed. The sample is titrated against standardized silver nitrate solution using potassium chromate as indicator and reddish brown colour is the end point in which chloride precipitate.
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