IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 6.30 International Registered & Recognized Research Journal Related to Higher Education

UGC APPRODED,REFEREED & PEER REVIEWED RESEARCH

Issue : XIV, Vol. - I EDITOR IN CHIEF Year - VII (Half Yearly) Dr. V. S. Jadhav (Jan. 2020 To June 2020) Dept. of Zoology Raje Ramrao Mahavidyalaya, Editorial Office : Jath, Dist. Salgli (M.S.) ‘Gyandev-Parvati’, R-9/139/6-A-1, EXECUTIVE EDITORS Near Vishal School, LIC Colony, Dr. U. V. Biradar Dr. R. A. Lavate Pragati Nagar, Latur Principal Dept. of Botany, Mahatma Basweshwar College, Raje Ramrao College, Dist. Latur - 413531. Latur, Dist. Latur (M.S.) Jath, Dist. Sangli (M.S.) (), India. DEPUTY EDITORS

Dr. Mohan G. Babare Dr. Kumudini Dhore Website Dept. of Zoology, Dept. of Home Science, A. S. C. College, R. A. College, www.irasg.com Naldurg, Dist. Naldurg (M.S.) Akola, Dist. Akola (M.S.) MEMBER OF EDITORIAL BOARD Contact : - Dr.Mohmmad T. Rahaman Dr. Sivappa Rasapali Office :- 02382 - 241913 Dept. of Biomedical Science, Dept. of Chemistry & Biochemistry, International Islamic University, UMASS,Wesport Road, 09423346913 / 09637935252 Mahkota (Malasiya) Dartmouth,MA (U. S. A.) 09503814000 / 07276301000 Dr. M. G. Fawde Kalpana Jadhav Dept. of Botany, Dept. of Home Science, E-mail : Vasant Mahavidyalaya, RTM University, Kaij, Dist. Beed (M. S.) Nagpur, Dist. Nagpur (M.S.) [email protected] Dr.Badalkumar Mandal Dr. C. J. Kadam Dept. of Chemistry, Head, Dept. of Physics, [email protected] V. I. J. T. Vellor, Maharashtra Mahavidyalaya, Dist. Vellor (T. N. ) Nilanga, Dist. Latur (M.S.) [email protected] Dr. S. D. Dhavale Dr. Kusum Kashyap Dept. of Botany, Dept. of Botany, Published by : S.A.S. Mahavidyalaya, Govt. Girls P. G. College, JYOTICHANDRA PUBLICATION Mukhed, Dist. (M.S.) Chhatarpur (M. P.) Latur, Dist. Latur - 413531 Prajakta Nande Dr. Kamaleswar Deka Dept. of Engineering, (M.S.)India Dept. of Home Science, RTM Nagpur University, Shillong Eng. & Mgt. College, Price 200/- Nagpur, Dist. Nagpur (M.S.) Jorabat, Dist. Jorabat (Meghalaya) Issue : XIX, Vol. : I IMPACT FACTOR 6.30 ISSN 2348-7976 V R J F P S Jan. 2020 To June 2020 INDEX Sr. Page Title for Research Paper No No Study of Ink Formulation from natural Colourants 1 1 M. U. Ghurde, H. C. Gaikawad Use of Biological Agents to Control Xanthomonas Axonopodis 2 PV. Punicae (Hingorani & Singh ) 8 V. B. Chopade , S. D. Shaikh, S. S. Kamble Fluoride Tolerance Index of Simaroubaglauca at germination 3 stage 13 Varsha V. Mali A study on Lichen Biota of Bhadra Sanctuary, South India 4 22 K. S. Vinayaka Biodiversity and Potential of Fungi Associated with some Pulse 5 Crops 34 M. B. Waghmare , R. M. Waghmare Effect of Microclimatic Factors with Special Reference to light Intensity on Leaf Area of Athyrum Hohenackerianum 6 38 (Kunze) T. Moore S. D. Shaikh, V. B. Chopade Some Important Religious Plants of Malegaon Region from 7 District 42 Yogesh C. Shastri , Atul N. Wagh Impact of lockdown on Environment, Biodiversity and 8 Pollution- A Review study 48 Manjusha Ingawale Synthesis of hydrazinylquinoline-3-carbonitrile derivatives using green protocol and screening of their 9 53 bioactivity Ajay N. Ambhore Identification of soil borne mycoflora of soybean (Glycine max) 10 from different localities of Maharashtra state 66 A. M. Jamadar, S. K. Khade A Study of Turmeric Processing & Marketing In 11 Sangli District 71 Rohini Bhiku Yewale, Dr. V. J. Pawar UVB Tolerance Mechanisms in Medicinally Important Plant 12 Simarouba Glauca : Phosphorus Metabolism 80 Sarika S. Patil, D. K. Gaikwad Issue : XIV, Vol. : I IMPACT FACTOR 6.30 ISSN 2348-7976 V R J F P S Jan. 2020 To June 2020 Sr. Page Title for Research Paper No No UVB Tolerance Mechanisms in Medicinally Important Plant 12 Simarouba Glauca : Phosphorus Metabolism 80 Sarika S. Patil, D. K. Gaikwad Effect of VA Mycorrhizae inoculation on vegetative growth in 13 Hibiscus sabdariffa L (Ambadi) 93 A. M. Kanade, R. S. Bhosale Seasonal Impact on Avian Diversity and Its Conservation at 14 Sitakhandi Forest in Bhokar Tahshil of 98 V. S. Jadhav An Assessment of Impact of Lockdown on Environment - 15 Review Study 108 Pooja R. Bhatia, Y. K. Ghadage , V. Y. Deshpande Study of Ethno medicinal Plants of Birwadi, Mahad Tehsil, 16 Raigad District, Maharashtra 114 R. S. Bhosale, V. G. Inamdar Survey of Tree Flora Growing in Mining Area of Alirajpur 17 District of India 118 Dr. S. C. Mehta, Rajkumar Jamra Environmental Degradation Due To Exploration of Natural Resources in Panvel, Navi Mumbai: A Case Study of Ongoing 18 Construction of Navi-Mumbai International Airport (Nmia) 123 Prabhakar R. Pawar, Rajaram A. Patil, Santosh S. Supnekar Effects of Covid-19 Pandemic Lockdown of Fish Diversity of 19 Ashti Lake In 135 S. S. Nimgare Diversity Of Icthyofaunal At Lumboti Dam, In Loha Tahashil 20 Dist. Nanded (MS) 141 Dr. M . S. Pentewar Assessment of The Physicochemical Properties of Rajjalwadi 21 Water Reservoir Near Sillod Town In District Aurangabad 145 S. T. Naphade, P. S. Patil Positive Impact of Lockdown on Environment 22 152 U. W. Fule Diversity of Spiders Along the Basins of River Netravati in 23 , Dakshina , , India 157 Supreet Kadakol, Mohammed Mustak Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 1

1

Study of Ink Formulation from natural Colourants

M. U. Ghurde H. C. Gaikawad Dept. of Botany, Dept. of Botany, Vidya Bharati Mahavidyalaya, Vidya Bharati Mahavidyalaya, Amravati, Dist. Amravati Amravati, Dist. Amravati

Research Paper -Botany

ABSTRACT Nature has a reservoir of more than 500 colour yielding plants. India is a major exporter of herbal dyes as production of some of synthetic dyes in developed countries is banned due to environmental pollution problem. This paper deals with the study of ink formulation from natural colorants.Ink is a liquid or paste that contains pigments or dyes andis used to color a surface to produce a text, pictureor design. As we know,colourant is a most important part of any ink, it may be synthetic or a natural.Day by day human become more aware about demerits of synthetic inks andit‘s adverse effects on health of people.In this study an attempt was made to generate water based ink with simple aqueous method using Malabar spinach (Basella alba),Yellow trumpetbush (Tecoma stans) and Neem (Azadiractaindica). These natural inks are different from synthetic inks. However environmental issue in production and application of synthetic inks revived the consumer interest towards the natural inks. Keywords: Natural Colorants, Natural inks, Basella alba,Tecoma stans, Azadiractaindica. Introduction Ink is a liquid or paste that contains pigments or dyes and is used to color a surface to produce a text, picture or design with the help of pen and brush. Ink can be a complex medium, composed of solvents, pigments, dyes, resins, lubricants, solubilizers , surfactants, Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 2 particulate matter, fluoresces etc.(Powaret al., 2014)Nature has blessedus more than 500 colour yielding plants. India was a major exporter of herbal dyes but not so recently because of the ban on production of some of the synthetic dyes and intermediates in the developed countries due to pollution problem (Gaur, 2008). The method of natural ink preparation is not new.It is as old as our civilization. The art of using natural colour is very old as still used in some part of India.Due to easy availability of synthetic dye, long lasting colour and low cost natural dyes are used on small scales. But as the technology grows day by day human become more aware about the demerits of synthetic inks and hazard to our health. However environmental issue in production and application of synthetic inks revived the consumer interest towards the natural inks (Singh and Sharma, 2017). On other hand natural inks are considered eco-friendly. They are derived from natural resource like plant leaves, roots, fruits and minerals source. There are more than 500 dye yielding plants in nature giving different shades of colour (Singh and Sharma, 2017). In this study an attempt was made to generate water based ink with simple aqueous method using Malabar spinach (Basella alba),Yellow trumpetbush (Tecoma stans), Neem (Azadiractaindica). These natural inks are different from synthetic inks. Synthetic inks have colourants (titanium dioxide, calcium carbonate, litholetc.), resin (ethyl cellulose, acrylic resins, polyvinyl acetate etc.), solvents (toluene, mineral oil, acetone, methanol), additives ( phenol, titanium chelates, silicones, cobalt & manganese compound). In this study natural agents were used such as colourant, resins (gum acacia), solvents (water) and additives (vinegar, salt). Materials and Methods Materials 1.1 Collection and Identification of plant material The plant materials viz.Basella alba(Fruits), Tecoma stans (Flowers), Azadiractaindica (Leaves) were collected during the winter season from Vidya Bharati Campus of Amravati region during January 2020. The plants were further identifiedwith thehelp of standard floras (Sharma et al., 1996; Almeida, 2001; Dhore, 2002). Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 3 Table No. 1. Plants used for present study Basella alba L. Tecoma stans(L.) AzadirachtaindicaA.Ju Botanical Name (Synonym: Basella Juss.ex Kunth ss. rubraRoxb.) Local Name/ Malabar spinach Yellow Trumpetbush Neem Vernacular Name Family Basellaceae Bignoniaceae Meliaceae Habit Edible Perennial twinning Perennial shrub Perennial Tree herb Plant parts Fruits Flowers Leaves studied The plant is effective Neem leaves are used Fruit Juice is used as a as diuretic, tonicand for leprosy, eye good herbal treatment for vermifuge. disorders , bloody Ethno-medicinal conjunctivitis. Decoction of flowers nose, intestinal worms, Uses Root paste is used as and bark are used for loss of appetite, skin remedy for rheumatic stomach pain ulcers, fever, pain & Swellings. (Mansoor Bhat, cardiovascular diseases

2019). etc.

Plant habit

Materials used for the study 150g Basella alba fruits, 150g Tecoma stans flower, 150g of Azdirachtaindica leaves, 100ml water, 1tbsp salt, 1.5tbsp of arrow root powder, 1 tbsp of gum Acacia. Methods Extraction of coloring componentsand Preparation of Ink The coloring components from Basella alba(Fruits), Tecoma stans(Flowers),Azadiractaindica(Leaves) were extracted by aqueous extraction methods. Steps involved in Extraction and Ink preparation were as follows: · 150g of Basella albafruit pulp was grinded with 100 ml of water for 2 minutes. · 150g of Tecoma stans flowers were grinded with 100 ml of water for 2 minutes. · 150g of Azadirachtaindica leaves were grinded with 100 ml of water for 2 minutes. · The pastes were heated at 700 C for 30 minutes to deactivate harmful bacteria and enzymes present in the sap. · Sap was filtered using muslin cloth and boiled it again to bring the final volume to 100ml. Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 4

A B C Fig.1.Extraction of Plant Materials A. Basella albafruit B.Tecoma stans flowers C. Azadirachta indica leaves · 1 tbsp of salt as preservative,1.5tbsp of arrow root powder for viscosity, 1 tbsp of gum acacia paste as resin was added in the sap (extract) and sap was boiled till the consistency of ink changesupto 60 ml. · The prepared ink was used for further printing and painting purpose.

A B C Fig. 2.Preparation of Ink A. Basella albafruit B.Tecoma stans flowers C.Azadirachta indica leaves Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 5 Results and Discussion The present attempt was aimed to prepare inks from natural colourants by aqueous extraction method. Which are safe to the human health and free from hazardous components and it can provide a safe and good quality inks for printings or painting. All inks were found to be effective and easy to apply. Though, the inks need proper preservation and storage. The main idea of extracting colours from plant (natural) sources is to avoid the environmental pollution. Present days with global concern over the use of eco-friendly and biodegradable materials, considerable research work is being undertaken around the world on the application of natural colourlants in textile industry as well as printing/painting(Geetha and Sumathy, 2013).Natural ink gives good colour strength when painted on paper as well as ice cream sticks. It’s easy to prepare, economical and gives good print quality. Three inks were prepared, red colour from Basella albafruits, yellow coloured from Tecoma stansflower and green colour from Azadirachtaindicaleaves. All the shades obtained were found to be unique.Different variation of shades can be produced by changing the concentration of colorants or by using in combinations(Ghurdeet al., 2016). Prepared inks were stable for 40-45 days and quality of print is as good as other inks. The use of non-toxic and eco-friendly natural dyes on textiles has become a matter of significant importance because of the increased environmental awareness in order to avoid some hazardous synthetic dyes Gulrajani (2001).On the basis of data, shows comparison between the basic components of natural inks and the synthetic inks (Singh and Sharma 2017).

Fig.3. Ice cream sticks painted with ink Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 6 Table No. 2. Comparative study of components of Synthetic ink and Natural ink (Singh and Sharma, 2017) S. N. Components of ink Synthetic Ink Natural Ink 1 Solvent Toluene,Mineral oil, Water Acetone,Methanol etc. 2 Resin Ethyl cellulose,Acrylic Gum acacia resin,Polyvinyl,Acetate etc. 3 Pigments Titanium Betanin and dioxide,Calcium vulgaxanthin, carboinate,Lithol etc. Curcumin, Ferric tannate 4 Additive Phenol, titanium Vinegar, salt, arrow root chelates,Silicons, powder Cobalt andManganese compound etc. Conclusion The present investigation revealed that the inks prepared from Basella albafruits, Tecoma stansflower and Azadirachtaindicaleaveshas a good potential for printing/painting as it produced unique shades.The whole process of extraction, preparation and application of ink is ecologically safe.The prepared inks may be a good alternative to synthetic inks. Commercialization of natural dye needs standardization of its performance. Further research is required on performance of these dyes on different type of fibers longevity and response to washing. Acknowledgement The authors are thankful toDr. P.S.YenkarPrincipal,VidyaBhratiMahavidyalaya, Amravati (MS) and Dr. P.G. Bansod Head, Dept. of Botany for providing necessary laboratory facilities. Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 7

References :- 1) Almmeida, M.R. (2001). The Flora of Maharashtra, Vol.III (B), Orient Press, Shreeji Enterprises, Mumbai. 2) Bhat, Mansoor Ahmad (2019). Remedial and Phytochemical Review Study on Tecoma Stans. International Journal of Agriculture & Environmental Science (SSRG – IJAES) - Volume 6 Issue 2 - Mar to Apr 2019. 3) Dhore, M.A. (2002). Flora of with special reference to the distribution of Tree species. 4) Sharma, B. D., Kartikeyan, S. and Singh, N. P. (1996). Flora of Maharashtra State Dicotyledones, Botanical Survey of India. pp. 200-221. 5) Gaur, R. D. (2008). Natural prod Rad, 7 (2), 154. 6) Geetha, B. and Sumathy,V. Judia Harriet (2013).Extraction of Natural Dyes from Plants.IJCPS,Vol.1(8): 502-509 7) Ghurde, Monali, U., Padwad, M. M., Deshmukh, V. R. and Malode, S. N.(2016). Extraction of Natural Dye from Ixora coccinea (Linn.) Flowers for Cotton Fabric Colouration. International Journal of Science and Research,1272-1276. 8) Gulrajani, M.L. (2001). Present Status of Natural Dyes. Indian Journal of Fibre and Textile Research, 26:191-201. 9) Singh, Nishan and Sharma Vishal (2017).Detail study of ink formulation from natural colourants.International Journal for Technological Research In Engineering. Volume 4, Issue 9, 2347 – 4718. 10) Powar P. V., Lagad, S. B., Ambikar, R.B. and Sharma, P. H. (2014).Herbal Ink: Safe, Easy and Ecofriendly Alternative.International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research 2014; 6(2); 146-150. Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 8

2

Use of Biological Agents to Control Xanthomonas Axonopodis PV. Punicae (Hingorani & Singh )

V. B. Chopade S. D. Shaikh S. S. Kamble Dept. of Botany, Dept. of Botany, Dept. of Botany, Yashvantrao Chavan Abasaheb Marathe College, Shivaji University, Institute of Science, Rajapur, Dist. Ratnagiri Kolhapur, Dist. Kolhapur Satara, Dist. Satara Research Paper -Botany ABSTRACT Pomegranate production in India is severely hampered by the high incidence of bacterial blight disease caused by Xanthomonas axonopodispv. punicae. (Hingorani& Singh). The present study aims to control the disease with newer biocontrol methods. Five biocontrol agents viz., Trichoderma viride (Fungi), Trichoderma harzianum (Fungi), Pseudomonas fluorescence (Bacteria) ,Pseudomonas putida (Bacteria) and Bacillus subtilis(Bacteria) were tested for their antagonistic potential against the growth of Xanthomonasaxonopodispv. punicae causing bacterial blight of pomegranate by inhibition zone assay method. Pseudomonas fluorescence M,Bacillus subtilis and Trichoderma harzianumP were found significantly superior in inhibiting the growth of the pathogen ( percentage of inhibition is 42.5 and 37.05 , 41.25 and 36.25 , 28.75 and 26.25 for sensitive and resistant resp.) while Trichoderma virideP.and Pseudomonas putida M. were ineffective as they failed to inhibit the growth of X.axonopodispv. punicae(percentage of inhibition is zero). Key words : Bacterial blight, Biocontrol agents,Xanthomonas axonopodis. Introduction : Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is a fruit-bearing plant. It is native of Asia Minor. It is widely cultivated in many countries of Asia such as Turkey, Iran, Armenia, Pakistan, Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 9 Afghanistan and India. India is the second largest producer of fruits in the world and first in pomegranate production with the total Pomegranate production in the world( Total production rate in the world is ten lakh tonnes andin India this is five lakh toones). It is an important fruit crop of Maharashtra. Pomegranate seeds are used as spice. The fruit rind and bark of pomegranate plant are used against diarrhea, dysentery and intestinal parasites and also in other human diseases. It is a good source of vitamin C, vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid), potassium and antioxidant polyphenols. The fruit juice reduces heart diseases (Yenjerappa (2009). Such valuable plant is attacked by many diseases caused by fungi and bacteria. But the bacterial blight of pomegranate caused by Xanthomonas axonopodispv. punicae is quite serious. Bacterial blight has damaged pomegranate cultivation over more than 30,000 hectare in Maharashtra, causing a loss of Rs. 1,000 crore (Yenjerappa. (2009) . The disease has caused 50-100% damage to the pomegranate fruits. When we are going to use the chemicals to control the disease it can produce the various types of pollutions. Therefore, the present investigation will be dealing with management of Bacterial Blight of Pomegranate by using biocontrol agents as it do not create pollution as well as not harmful. Material and methods : Five biocontrol agents viz., Trichoderma viride, Trichoderma harzianum, Pseudomonas fluorescence,Pseudomonas putida and Bacillus subtilis were evaluated for their antagonistic potential against the growth of X.axonopodispv. punicae by inhibition zone assay method (Yenjerappa. 2009). The cultures / formulations of these biocontrol agents were obtained from National Collection of Industrial Microorganism (NCIM), Pune; Rajaram College, Kolhapur and Department of Botany, Shivaji University, Kolhapur. A heavy suspension (3 day old) of sensitive (previously determined by food poisonic technique towards streptocycline) and resistant (previously determined by food poisonic technique towards streptocycline) isolate of Xanthomonasaxonopodispv. punicae multiplied in nutrient broth (20 ml) was mixed with lukewarm nutrient agar medium (1000 ml) contained in Erleyenmayer’s flask. Fifteen to twenty ml of seeded medium was poured into the sterilized petriplates and allowed to solidify. A loopful culture of each of the antagonistic organism was placed in the centre of petriplates containing the seeded medium. In case of fungal antagonists, Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 10 mycelial discs of 5 mm (diameter) size taken from actively growing culture were placed in the centre of the plates. The inoculated plates were then incubated at 300C for 72 hours. Observations were recorded for the zone of inhibition produced by antagonistic microorganisms around the growth of the pathogen (formula – Inhibited area in mm / diameter of petriplates in mm). Result and Discussion : The study conducted revealed that, among the five biocontrol agents tried, Pseudomonas fluorescence,Bacillus subtilis and Trichoderma harzianum were found significantly superior in inhibiting the growth of the pathogen. Other biocontrol agents viz., Trichodermaviride and Pseudomonas putida were ineffective as they failed to inhibit the growth of X.axonopodispv. punicae(Refer Table no.1 and Fig. No.1). Table: Evalution of antagonists against Xanthomonas axonopodispv. punicae Sr. Antagonistic organism Inhibition zone (mean diameter in mm) No. Sensitive (Isolate no.1) Resistant(Isolate no.11) 1 Trichoderma viride 00 00 2 Trichoderma harzianum 23 21 3 Pseudomonas fluorescence 34 30 4 Bacillus subtilis 33 29 5 Pseudomonas putida 00 00 Table no.1

Fig. No. 1 In the light of present day constraints with the use of chemical pesticides in plant disease management, the biological control as an alternate option is gaining importance and awareness as the approach is ecofriendly and cost effective. Under biological control of Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 11 plant diseases, various antagonistic organisms have been identified, which fight against the pathogens by different mechanisms viz., competition, lysis, antibiosis, siderophore production and hyper parasitism (Vidyasekaran, 1999). Among the different antagonists tried as biocontrol agents in the present study, Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas fluorescens (both exhibiting on par efficacy with each other) were found significantly superior over other antagonists in inhibiting the growth of the pathogen. Unnamalai and Gnanamanickam (1984) reported the inhibiting effect of Pseudomonas fluorescens on the growth of Xanthomonas citri. Antagonistic activity of Erwinia herbicola and Bacillus subtilis against Xanthomonas campestrispv. viticola was observed by Chand et al.(1991). Lahaet al. (1992) stated that fluorescent pigments produced by Pseudomonas are sequester Fe3- and are termed as siderophores, which act as inhibitors for the growth of some phytopathogenic bacteria and fungi. Biochemical studies conducted by Valasubramanianet al. (1994) showed that efficient strains of Pseudomonasfluorescens produces an antibiotic phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA) responsible for hindering the growth of plant pathogenic bacteria. On contrary to the report by earlier workers and findings of present investigation, Manjula (2002) examined the ineffective mechanism of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis against Xanthomonas axonopodispv. punicae. References :-

1) Chand, R., Kishun, R. and Singh, S. J. (1991). Characterization of bacteriophage parasitizing on Xanthomonas campestris pv. viticola. Indian J. Exptl. Biol., 29: 180- 181 2) Laha, G. S., Singh, R. P. and Verma, V. P. (1992). Biocontrol of Rhizoctonia solaniin cotton by fluorescent pseudomonas. Indian Phytopath., 45 : 412-415. 3) Manjula, C. P. (2002). Studies on bacterial blight of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) caused by Xanthomonas axonopodispv. punicae. M. Sc. (Agri.) Thesis, Univ. Agric. Sci., Bangalore, Karnataka (India). 4) Unnamalai, N. and Gnanamanickam, S. S. (1984).Pseudomonas fluorescens is an antagonistic to Xanthomonas citri(Hasse) Dye. The incitant of citrus canker. Curr. Sci., 53 : 703-704 Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 12 5) Vidyasekaran, P. (1999). Biotechnological approaches to suppress seed to plant transmission of seed borne pathogens. In :Nat. Symp. Seed Sci. Tech., University of Mysore, manasagangotri, Mysore, India, 5-7 August, p. 41. 6) Valasubramanian, R., Chatterjee, A. and Gnanamanickam, S. S. (1994). Biological control of rice blast : Mediation of disease suppression antibiotics produced by Pseudomonas fluorescens. Indian Phytopath., 47 : 281. 7) Yenjerappa,S.T. (2009). Epidemiology and management of bacterial blight of pomegranate caused by Xanthomonas axonopodispv. punicae Ph.D. (Botany) Thesis, Shivaji Univ. Kolhapur, Maharashtra (India).

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3

Fluoride Tolerance Index of Simaroubaglauca at germination stage

Varsha V. Mali Dept. of Botany, Shushila Shankarrao Gadhave Mahavidyalaya, , Dist. Satara

Research Paper -Botany

ABSTRACT The fluoride is found to be occur in the aquifers and also released in phreatic ground water, which leads to cause several hazardous effects on human health such as Osteosarcoma, bone cancer, Squamous cell carcinoma in the mouth, fluorosis of teeth, Osteosclerosis of the long bones, liver cancer, chromosome aberrations, genetic damage, skeletal fluorosis and deformities. Thus, it is necessary to screen the plants for fluoride tolerance to reduce the concentration of fluoride from these sources. Therefore, the effect of sodium fluoride concentration (10ppm, 25ppm, 50ppm) on germination and seedling growth was studied. It was noticed that the seed germination percentage was increased with increasing concentration of sodium fluoride upto 25ppm. The average root length, shoot length, root hairs and vigour index were significantly increased upto 25ppm sodium fluoride treatmentand fresh weight, mobilization efficiency and water content were elevated with increasing sodium fluoride treatments. The fluoride tolerance index was significantly higher at 10 and 25 ppm sodium fluoride treatments. Thus, the overall seed germination performance of the S. glauca seedlings was progressively increasing under fluoride stress and the higher fluoride Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 14 tolerance index upto 25ppm indicates the fluoride tolerating mechanism might be induced at germination stage in Simarouba glauca seedlings. Key wards- Sodium fluoride, germination and seedling growth, fluoride tolerance index, Simarouba Introduction- The sporadic incidence of high fluoride content in ground water reserve has been reported from various parts of world. The abnormal level of fluoride in phreatic groundwater causes serious health hazards to human beings. Hence, adaptation of plant species to fluoride stress provides evidence for the inherent potential existed in plants to grow under stress conditions which will found useful for selecting the wonder fluoride reclamation species to avoid the release of fluoride in phreatic groundwater; this will also helps to reduce serious health hazards. Hence, it is essential to screen the plants for reclamation of such contaminated waters.Germination is an important phase in the life cycle of plants which determines the successful development of crop stand. The seed gemination is sensitive to various type of abiotic stresses leading to alteration in germination and growth performance. It is essential to screen the fluoride tolerance at gemination stage which will found beneficial for the establishment of crop stand to avoid the incidences of fluoride release in phreatic sources of ground water. Thus, an attempt has been made to study the fluoride tolerance index at germination stage in Simarouba glauca seeds. Material and Methods Healthy seeds of the S.glauca were sorted out and they were surface sterilized with 1% sodium hypochlorite and washed with distilled water. Ten seeds were put in each sterilized petridish for germination over Whatman filter paper no.1. the filter paper was moistened with 15 ml of distilled water (control) or various concentrations of sodium fluoride solutions. Three concentrations of NaF viz. 10ppm, 25ppm and 50ppm. The emergence of radical from seed coat was acknowledged as a criterion for germination counts. Experiments was carried out (in triplicates) at 280C in germination chamber under dark. Germination counts were taken after 24h. After 21 days germination parameters of seedlings growth were analyzed as average shoot length, average root length, root to shoot ratio,average fresh weight and average dry weight. Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 15 The vigour index was calculated according to the formula proposed by Abdul-Baki and Anderson (1973) Vigour Index (VI) =(Root length+Shoot length)x Germination percentage Mobilization efficiency of reserve food material present in seeds during germination was calculated by the formula given by (Shrivastava and Sareen, 1974). Dry weight of embryonic axis Mobilization efficiency = ————————————————x 100 Dry weight of residual grain The germination stress tolerance index (GSTI), promptness index (PI) was estimated using following formula (Ashraf et al., 2008): PI = nd1 (1.00) + nd2 (0.75) + nd3 (0.50) + nd4 (0.25) Where, nd1, nd2, nd3 and nd4 = Number of seeds germinated on the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th day, respectively. GSTI = (PI of stressed seeds / PI of control seeds) x 100 Root Length Stress Tolerance Index (RLSI) = (Root length of stressed plants / Root length of control plants) x100 Shoot Length Stress Tolerance Index (SLSI) = (Shoot length of stressed plants / Shoot dry weights of control plants) x 100 The fluoride tolerance index (FTI) was calculated in terms of percentage by Turner and Marshal(1972) as

Average Length of root in fluoride stressed plant FTI= ——————————————————————— X 100 Average Length of root in control plant Results and discussion: The seed germination percentage was increased with increasing concentration of sodium fluoride (Fig1). This increase was more significant in response to 10 and 25 ppm sodium fluoride treatments.The average root length , root hairs, vigour index and mobilization efficiency was increased by two folds in response to 10 and 25 ppm sodium fluoride treatments, the overall seedling growth was better maintained in 25 ppm sodium fluoride Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 16 treated seeds(Fig1).The seedling biomass in terms of dry matter accumulation was slightly elevated in response to 10ppm sodium fluoride and decreased in 25 and 50 ppm treated seeds(Fig1 ).The water content and fresh weight of seedlings were significantly increased with increasing sodium fluoride treatments. The fluoride tolerance index at seed germination stage was significantly higher in 10 and 25 ppm treated seeds and considerably lower in 50 ppm treated seeds.(Fig1 )

Control 10ppm 25ppm 50ppm Fig. 1 Effect of sodium fluoride on the growth of Simaruba glauca seedlings The overall seed germination performance of the S. glauca seedling was progressively increasing under fluoride stress while the higher fluoride tolerance index upto 25 ppm indicates the fluoride tolerating mechanism might be induced at germination stage in Simarouba glauca seedlings. This adaptive feature of Simaroubaat germination stage might be applied for further establishment of seedlings in fluoride affected areas.The higher concentration of fluoride is tolerated by some tolerant plants and others are sensitive during germination stage (Navara and Holub, 1968). The number of observations showed reduction in germination percentage under fluoride stress. Gupta et al. (2009) noted that fluoride stress decreases seed germination of Oryza sativa. They also reported 10mg/L fluoride gives 100% germinationwhereas; due to 30mg NaF/L the percentage was decreased by 92% in O. sativa seeds. Bhargava and Bhardwaj (2010) showed 88% germination percentage of Triticum aestivum seeds due to 20mg/L NaF treatments.Gadi et al. (2012) reported reduction in germination percentage of Vigna radiataseedlingswith increasing fluoride concentration. Datta Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 17 et al. (2012) noticed that the percentage of germination was reduced in gram seedling with the fluoride toxicity. They observed that the 59% reduction in germination at 4mM NaF concentration. They reported 0.1mM and 0.5mM as resistant concentration of fluoride, while more sensitive concentration of fluoride was 4mM for gram seedlings. There was 100% death of the gram seedling occurred at 8mM fluoride concentration. Saini et al. (2013) observed that the germination percentage was reduced with increasing concentration of NaF in Prosopis juliflora. Damodharam et al. (2013) noticed the reduction in germination percentage in Cicer arietinum L. cv.Anuradhaseedling due to fluoride stress Seed germination is an important event in the life cycle of plants. Which determines the successful development of stand in the field. In case of S. glauca seed germination performance is significantly improved under fluoride stress. This might be due to the inductions of various catabolic and anabolic reactions under fluoride stress.The average shoot length, average root length and average root hairs were induced due to 10 and 25 ppm sodium fluoride treatments. Seed germination involves both catabolic reactions in the cotyledons or endosperm for progressive degradation of reserves which helps to supply the energy for growth of the embryo axis. This energy contributes to the seed vigour. In case of oil seeds Simarouba the breakdown of lipids in the cotyledons are a major metabolic event. The rate of degradation of reserves in the cotyledons contributes to efficiency of mobilization of the metabolites which in turn determine the germination performance. The lower levels of fluoride (10 and 25 ppm) induces the mobilization efficiency and seedling vigour which might be due to the maintenance of optimum metabolic activities and hormonal balance of S. glauca seeds under fluoride stress.The seedling root/shoot ratio was increased in response to 10ppm Sodium fluoride treatment while it was slightly decreased due to 25ppm and 50ppm sodium fluoride concentration. The increased carbon allocation of root zone probably takes place at 10ppm sodium fluoride treatment while 25ppm and 50ppm treatments affect the pattern of allocation of the carbon to the shoot and root regions of S. glauca seedling. Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 18

Fig. 2. Effect of sodium fluoride on seed germination performance of S. glauca. Control value: Germination Percentage –40%, Av. Root length- 4.22 cm Av. Shoot length-2.57 cm Av. No. of Root hairs- 24.1 Mobilization efficiency- 26.5% Vigour Index- 271.6 Root to shoot ratio- 1.64 Fresh Weight- 9.55 g Dry Weight- 3.214 g Water content- 190.03% The water uptake and fresh weight of S. glauca seedlings was increased in response to all the concentrations of sodium fluoride. The elevation of water uptake of S. glauca seedlings appears to be more resistance to fluoride stress. The seedling biomass in terms of dry matter accumulation was slightly elevated in response to 10ppm sodium fluoride treatment while it is decreased in 25 and 50ppm treated seeds.The increased biomass at lower levels of fluoride stress will certainly improve carbon allocation and productive investment during early seedling development. This will be found beneficial for the development of healthy seedlings under fluoride stress.The process of germination is very complex and is controlled by both endogenous as well as environmental factors, like hard seed coat, impermeable seed coat, light, temperature, pH, water ,the different abiotic stresses such as drought, soil salinity, soil acidity, waterlogging and presence of toxic pollutants have shown noticeable effects on seed germination. Seed germination involves both catabolic reactions in the cotyledons or endosperm for progressive degradation of reserves which helps to supply the energy for growth of the embryo axis. This energy contributes to the seed vigour. The anabolic reaction leads to continuous cell division and cell elongation operating in the embryo axis where new cells are formed. In case of oil seeds like Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 19 Simarouba the breakdown of lipids in the cotyledons are a major metabolic event. The rate of degradation of reserves in the cotyledons contributes to efficiency of mobilization of the metabolites which in turn determine the germination performance. Hence, for growth the energy is essential which is provided by rapid increase in the respiration rate during seed germination. The physiological stress tolerance indices in terms of Root length stress tolerance index(RLSTI), Shoot length stress tolerance index(SLSTI),, Germination on stress tolerance index(GSTI),, and Seedling fluoride tolerance index (SFTI),were significantly maintained in response to 10 and 25 ppm sodium fluoride treatment.The fluoride tolerance index at seed germination stage was significantly higher in 10 and 25ppm treated seeds while it was considerably lower in 50ppm treated seeds.

Fig. 3. Effect of sodium fluoride on physiological stress indices of S. glauca. Control value: Root length stress tolerance index–4.22 Shoot length stress tolerance index-2.57 Germination stress tolerance index-92.5 Conculsion : The increase in the seedling growth will be due to induction of cell division and metabolic activities in S. glauca seeds in response to fluoride treatments. This will be beneficial for the development of seedling stand under such adverse conditions.In case of S. glauca seed germination performance is significantly improved under fluoride stress. This might be due to the induction of various catabolic and anabolic reactions under fluoride stress.The overall fluoride tolerance index at seedlings stage in S. glauca seedling is well acquainted to withstand in fluoride contaminated areas. This will be found useful to policy maker and social Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 20 forestry department to develop the plantation of S. glauca in fluoride affected areas, to avoid the adverse effects of released fluoride in phreatic ground water. Acknowedgement Authors are very much thankful to Prof. D.K. Gaikwad , Prof. P.D. Chavan, Prof.G.B. Dixit, Prof. S.S. Kamble, Prof. S.R. Yadav from Department of Botany Shivaji University Kolhapur and Prof. V.P. Khandekar, Prin. Dr. S.R.Bamane Shushila Shankarrao Gadhave Mahavidyalaya Khandala for their kind help and support during the preparation of this manuscript.

References :- 1) Abdul-Baki, A. A. and Anderson, J. D. (1973). Vigour determination of Soybean by multiple criteria. Crop. Sci.,13: 630-633. 2) Ashraf, M.Y., Hussain, F., Akhtar, J., Gul, A. Ross, M. and Ebert, G. (2008). Effect of different sources and rates of nitrogen and supra optimal level of potassium fertilization on growth, yield and nutrient. Pak. J. Bot., 40(4): 1521-1531. 3) Bhargava, D. and Bhardwaj, N. (2010). Effect of sodium fluoride on seed germination and seedling growth of Triticum aestivum var. RAJ. 4083. J Phytol,2(4): 41-3. 4) Damodaran T, Mishra VK, Sharma, DK, Jha SK, Verma CL, Rai RB, Kannan R, Nayak AK and Dhama K (2013). Management of sub-soil sodicity for sustainable banana production in 5) Datta, J.K., Maitra, A., Mondal, N.K. and Banerjee, A. (2012). Studies on the impact of fluoride toxicity on germination and seedling growth of gram seed (Cicer arietinum L. cv. Anuradha).Journal of Stress Physiology & Biochemistry,8(1): 194-202 6) Gadi, B.R., Verma, P. and Amra, R. (2012). Influence of NaF on seed germination, membrane stability and some Biochemicals content in Vigna seedlings. J. Chem. Bio. Phy. Sci. 2(3): 1371-1378. 7) Gupta, S. Banerjee, S. and Mondal, S.(2009) Fluoride phytotoxicity in the germination of paddy. Fluoride,42(2): 142-146. 8) Navara, J. and Holub, A. (1968). The effect of fluoride upon plants. Fluoride,1: Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 21 38-40. 9) Saini C. , Liani, T. Curie, P. Gos, F. Kreppel, Y. Emmenegger, L. Bonacina, J.P. Wolf, Y.A. Poget, P. Franken, U. Schibler(2013), Real-time recording of circadian liver gene expression in freely moving mice reveals the phase-setting behavior of hepatocyte clocks.Genes Dev., 27 : 1526-1536 sodic soil - an approach. Int. J. Curr. Res.5 (7):1930-1934. 10) Srivastava, A.K. and K. Sareen: (1974). Physiology and biochemistry of deterioration in soybean seeds during storage. I. Mobilization efficiency and nitrogen metabolism. Seed Res., 2: 26-32 11) Turner, R. C. and Marshal, C. (1972). Accumulation of Zinc by subcellular fraction of some root Agrotics teneys in relation to zinc tolerance. New Phyton.71: 671-676. Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 22

4

A study on Lichen Biota of Bhadra Sanctuary, South India

K. S. Vinayaka Dept. of Botany, Sri Venkataramana Swamy College, Vidyagiri, Bantwal , Karnataka

Research Paper -Botany ABSTRACT Lichens are the complex organisms involve a symbiotic relationship between phycobionts and a mycobiont and have attracted considerable attention because they perceived position in the ladder of evolution to land plants. Present paper deals with the biodiversity of 67 species of lichens in different vegetation types of Bhadra wildlife sanctuary, Central of South India. The study area covers moist & dry deciduous, semi-evergreen and montane type of vegetation. Bhadra sanctuary covers a total of 492sq.km from which we have recorded 67 macrolichen species belonging to 24 genera and 10 families. Out of 67 species 59 are corticolous, six are saxicolous, two are terricolous and 18 are growing in more than one substrate. Deciduous forest consisted of the maximum number of 52 species followed by evergreen nine and shola forest is represent six macrolichen species. The fruticose lichen found dominant in deciduous forests (12 species) than other forests types. The members of families Physciaceae and Parmeliaceae exhibited the maximum diversity in the area with 20 and 18 species respectively. Deciduousness and scrubby habitats have higher light intensity and open canopy which is suitable for formation of crustose and foliose lichens such as Dirinaria, Pyxine, Lecanora, Heterodermia, Parmotrema, Usnea, Ramalina and several Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 23 other species. Present study indicated that among the lichen growth forms, foliose lichens showed (71%) predominance in the area followed by fruticose (18 %). We observed that the host specificity of macrolichens as they were dominant on the tree branches, bark and were found lower antetity in soil conditions. The most of the lichens prefar tree bark as their substratum, some lichen are more specific in there host. We have collected more number of lichens from trees like Terminalia paniculata, Spondias pinnata, Polyalthea spp., Bombax ceiba, Adinia cordifolia, Zizziphus spp. Delonix regia, Mangifera indica etc. Key words: Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary, Western Ghats, Corticolous lichens Introduction : The species richness is a fundamental measure of biodiversity and current trends of declining species richness in many regions of the world are major ecological, economical and cultural problem. The moist forest of the tropics is rich in biodiversity especially diverse in lower plant forms like lichens bryophytes and pteridophytes. The tall tree trunks of the forests contain more number of species because of their best sites in the canopy (Kumar & Stephen, 1997). The distribution pattern of lichen communities depends on micro climatic conditions such as light, water relations and insolation (Canters et al. 1991; Wolseley and Hudson 1997). South Indian lichens were poorly described, as most of the lichenologists selected either Niligiri or Palini hills for their study. The Knowledge of lichens from Karnataka part of Western Ghats was attempted by very few workers (Patwardhan, 1983; Nayaka, 2002; Vinayaka, 2016). So far from the available literature only 750 species of lichens reported from Karnataka. Materials and Methods Study area and Ecology The Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary is situated in the Malnad Region of Karnataka in the Western Ghats regions encompasses parts of the Chickmagalur, N.R. Pura and taluks of Chickmagalur district and Bhadravathi taluk of Shimoga district (Fig. 2). Extending between 75015' - 75050' E and 13°25' - 13°50' N latitude the area comprises the best forests of Western Ghats and its fringes. Sanctuary being situated in the Malnad region enjoys generally cool climate throughout the year and affords pleasant retreat during the hot months (March Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 24 to May). The coldest month is December with a mean minimum temperature of 13° C. The hottest month is March with a mean maximum temperature of 36° C. is the wettest district in the Karnataka State having annual rainfall of 2000-2500 mm, usually distributed along 89 days. Heavy and practically continuous rainfall from June to September is experienced. Nearly one third of the rainfall is recorded in July and maximum rainfall received by southwest (Fig. 1). This is primarly due to high altitude, vegetation and also the consequent characteristic topography of Bababudangiri hill tract (Raju and Heggde, 1995). The biotic factors and edaphic variations have played a dominant role in determining forest growth in the sanctuary area (Prakasha, 2007). Vegetation of Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary is unique for its bamboo brakes. The forests of the valley floor, northern and eastern slopes are generally with dry deciduous to moist deciduous forests. Grassy downs with moist deciduous, semi-evergreen and shola forest cover the inner slopes and inner hill range in the trough. On the outer edges of Hebbe and area the forests tend to integrate into dry deciduous type. Intermittently vast extent of pure teak plantations quite often serve as retrieval area for the bigger mammals in the sanctuary. On the whole Muthodi and Hebbe areas are wetter and more verdant than Lakkavalli areas particularly during dry seasons.

Source: Meteorological Station, Bhadra Project area Fig. 1: Average rainfall and temperature in Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary range Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 25

Fig. 2: Study area Bhadra Wildlife Sanctury map with sample locations 1. Thammadihalli 4. Lakkavalli 7. Gordgal 10. Kemmannugundi 13. Gangegiri

2. Shankaraghatta 5. Sukhalahatti 8. Hebbe 11. Kagemanegiri 14. Tegara gudda

3. Aladara 6. Biranahalli 9. Bababudangiri 12. Kodi 15. Maduguni Methods Fifteen localities belongs to different forest types in the study area were surveyed for macrolichens. The representative sample of lichens were collected from various avaliable substrates. The data on locality, altitude, vegetation type, microhabitat and host tree species were recorded. The collected lichen specimens were dried, identified on the basis of their morphology, anatomy and chemistry following the recent literature (Awasthi, 2007; Walker and James, 1980). The lichen specimens were preserved in the herbarium of Department and voucher specimens were submitted to herbarium of National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow (LWG). Results and Discussion A total of 67 species of macrolichens were encountered in whole of Bhadra Wildlife Sanctury which belongs to 24 genera in 12 families. The corticolious lichens were domineared Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 26 as they represented by 58 species, followed by six saxicolous and three terricolous lichens (Fig. 3).

Fig. 3: Pi-chart showing diversity of different lichen growth forms The foliose lichens dominented by 51 species followed by 16 fruticose lichens (Table. 1). The diversity of macrolichens dominated in the decidious forests represented by 39 species which is distributed in moist decidious (22) and dry decidious (17) forests, while semi- evergreen forests and shola forests comprised 20 and 8 species respectively ( Fig 4). The fruticose lichen found dominent in decidious forests (12 species) than other forests types.

Fig. 4: Pi-chart showing distribution of lichen different forest types in Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary (BWLS), Karnataka. The members of families Physciaceae and Parmeliaceae exhibited the maximum diversity in the area with 20 and 18 species respectively. Among the genera Heterodermia (Physciaceae) with 12 species, Parmotrema and Usnea with 9 species each showed maximum diversity in the area. Leptogium chloromelum and Bulbotrix isidiza are luxuriantly growing in Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 27 shola forests. Coccocarpia palmicola, Heterdermia sp., Parmotrema tinctiorum, P. reticulatum and Ramalina pacifica, Ramalina conduplicans are rich in deciduous forests and semi- evergreen forests. The deciduous forest is dominated by corticolous lichen species. As many as 2050 lichen species are reported from India (Singh et al. 2002). Singh and Sinha (1997) divided India into eight lichenographic regions. Among these, the Western Ghats is the second highest lichen rich area with 1000 species. Karnataka represents about 336 species of lichens in the present study. Bhadra Wildlife Sanctury harboured 67 macrolichen species belonging to 24 genera and 10 families. Nayaka and Upreti (2002) reported 143 species from Sharavithi river basin which represents only 34 macrolichens while Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary is rich in macrolichen diversity according to present study. More number of lichens were found on tree bark (corticolous 58 species) than any substratum reflecting the importance of the woody component of the forest as a major lichen habitat. The forests of Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary comprised of moist and dry deciduous types. These type of vegetation generally support the growth of macrolichens. Deciduousness and scrubby habitats have higher light intensity and open canopy which is suitable for formation of crustose and foliose lichens such as Dirinaria, Pyxine, Lecanora, Heterodermia, Parmotrema, Usnea, Ramalina and several other species (Negi and Gadgil, 1996, Balaji and Hariharan, 2004). Macrolichens were documented in similar habitats of costal Brazil (Marcelli, 1991) and in South Eastearn Australia (Pharo and Beattie, 1997). The distributional pattren of lichens is also depends on micro climatic conditions such as light, water relations and insolation (Canters et al., 1991, Wolseley and Haudson, 1997). Negi (2000) found that over 64% species of lichens occurred on woody component in two clearly landscapes of Chopta-Tungnath and Nanda Devi Biosphere reserve in India. Our study indicated that among the lichen growth forms, foliose lichens showed (76.2 %) predominance in the area followed by fruticose (23.8 %), crustose lichens represented about 86.5 % followed by saxicolous (8.9 %) and tericolous (4.6 %) lichen species. Ecological factors play an important role in the growth, development and diversity of lichens species (Brunialti & Giordani, 2003). We observed that the host specificity of macrolichens as they were dominant on the tree branches, bark and were found lower antetity in soil conditions. Most of the lichens prefer tree bark as their substratum, some lichen are more specific to their host. We have collected more number of Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 28 lichens from trees like Terminalia paniculata, Spondias pinnata, Polyalthea sp., Bombax ceiba, Adinia cordifolia, Zizziphus spp. Delonix regia, Careya arborea, Mangifera indica but they were not present on the bark of Xylia xylocarpa, Tectona grandis, Artocarpus spp. Certain tree species do not support the growth of lichen which includes Lagerstromia microcarpa, Eucalyptus spp., Terminalia arjuna, Eagle marmelos as they have peeling and unstable bark. Table. 1: List of lichen species and their distribution, vegetation type, substrates in Bhadra Widlife Sanctury. Sl. Growth Species Family Substrate Vegetation type No form 1 Bulbothrix isidiza (Nyl.) Parmeliaceae Corticolous Shola Foliose Hale 2 Cladonia sp. Cladoniaceae Tericolous Semi-evergreen Fruticose 3 Canoparmelia pruinata Parmeliaceae Corticolous Shola Foliose (Mull. Arg.) Elix & Johnston 4 Coccocarpia palmicala Coccocarpiaceae Corticolous Semi-evergreen Foliose (Spreng.) Arvidss. & D.J.Galioway 5 C. erythoxyli (Spreng.) Coccocarpiaceae Corticolous Semi-evergreen Foliose Swinsc.& Krog 6 Dirinaria applanata (Fee) Physciaceae Saxicolous Semi-evergreen Foliose D.D. Awasthi 7 D. confluens (Fr.) D.D. Physciaceae Corticolous Dry deciduous Foliose Awasthi 8 Everniastrumn nepalense Parmeliaceae Tericolous Dry deciduous Foliose (Taylor) Hale 9 Heterodermia albidiflava Physciaceae Corticolous Dry deciduous Foliose (Kurok.) D.D. Awasthi 10 H. angustiloba Physciaceae Corticolous Dry deciduous Foliose (Mull.Arg.) D.D.Awasthi 11 H. dendritica (Pers.) Poelt Physciaceae Corticolous Semi-evergreen Foliose 12 H. diademata (Taylor) Physciaceae Corticolous Moist deciduous Foliose D.D. Awasthi 13 H. dissecta (Kurok.) D.D. Physciaceae Corticolous Semi-evergreen Foliose Awasthi 14 H. firmula (Nyl.) Trevis. Physciaceae Tericolous Semi-evergreen Foliose 15 H. incana (H.Magn.) D.D. Physciaceae Corticolous Moist deciduous Foliose Awasthi Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 29 16 H. microphylla (Kurok.) Physciaceae Saxicolous Moist deciduous Foliose Skorepa 17 H. obscurata (Nyl.) Physciaceae Corticolous Moist deciduous Foliose Trevis. 18 H. pseudospeciosa Physciaceae Saxicolous Semi-evergreen Foliose (Kurok.) W.Culb. 19 H. speciosa (Wulf.) Physciaceae Corticolous Dry deciduous Foliose Trevis. 20. H. tremulans (Mull. Arg.) Physciaceae Corticolous Moist deciduous Foliose W.Culb. 21. Hypotrachyna awasthii Parmeliaceae Corticolous Semi-evergreen Foliose Hale & Patwardhan 22. H. crenata (Kurok.) Hale Parmeliaceae Corticolous Semi-evergreen Foliose 23. H. infirma (Kurok.) Hale Parmeliaceae Corticolous Dry deciduous Foliose 24. Lecanora indica Zahlbr Lecanoraceae Saxicolous Semi-evergreen Foliose 25. Leptogium burnetiae Collemataceae Corticolous Semi-evergreen Foliose Dodge 26. L. chloromelum (Sw.) Collemataceae Corticolous Shola Foliose Nyl. 27. L. denticulatum Nyl. Collemataceae Corticolous Shola Foliose 28. L. ulvaceum (Pers.) Vain. Collemataceae Corticolous Shola Foliose 29. Myelochroa xantholepis Parmeliaceae Corticolous Shola Foliose (Mont. & Bosch) Elix & Hale 30. Nephroma sp. Nephromataceae Corticolous Semi-evergreen Foliose 31. Parmelinella wallichiana Parmeliaceae Corticolous Moist deciduous Foliose (Taylor) Elix & Hale 32. Parmotrema Parmeliaceae Corticolous Moist deciduous Foliose austrosinense (Zahlbr.) Hale 33. P. awasthii Divakar & Parmeliaceae Saxicolous Moist deciduous Foliose Upreti 34. P. cristiferum (Taylor) Parmeliaceae Corticolous Moist deciduous Foliose Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 30 35. P. hababianum (Gyeln.) Parmeliaceae Corticolous Semi-evergreen Foliose Hale 36. P. praesorediosum (Nyl.) Parmeliaceae Saxicolous Moist deciduous Foliose Hale 37. P. grayanum (Hue) Hale Parmeliaceae Corticolous Dry deciduous Foliose 38. P. stuppeum (Taylor) Parmeliaceae Corticolous Shola Foliose Hale 39. P. tinctorum (Despr. Ex Parmeliaceae Corticolous Shola Foliose Nyl.) Hale 40. P. vartakii Hale Parmeliaceae Corticolous Moist deciduous Foliose 41. Phaeophyscia orbicularis Physciaceae Corticolous Moist deciduous Foliose (Neck.) Moberg 42. Phyllospsora coralline Biotoraceae Corticolous Moist deciduous Foliose (Eschw.) Mull. Arg. 43. Pseudocyphellaria aurata Lobariaceae Corticolous Dry deciduous Foliose (Sm.ex Ach.) Vain. 44. Pyxine coccifera (Fee) Nyl. Physciaceae Corticolous Semi-evergreen Foliose 45. P. cocoes (Sw.) Nyl. Physciaceae Corticolous Dry deciduous Foliose 46. P. minuta Vain. Physciaceae Corticolous Dry deciduous Foliose 47. P. reticulata (Vain.) Physciaceae Corticolous Dry deciduous Foliose 48. P. sorediata (Ach.) Physciaceae Corticolous Dry deciduous Foliose 49. Ramalina arabum (Ach.) Ramalinaceae Corticolous Moist deciduous Fruticose 50. R. conduplicans Vain. Ramalinaceae Corticolous Dry deciduous Fruticose 51. R. hossei Vain. Ramalinaceae Corticolous Dry deciduous Fruticose 52. R. hossei var. divericata Ramalinaceae Corticolous Moist deciduous Fruticose H.Magn. & G. Awasthi 53. R. pacifica Asahina Ramalinaceae Corticolous Moist deciduous Fruticose 54. R. pollinaria (Westr.) Ach. Ramalinaceae Corticolous Moist deciduous Fruticose 55. Rimelia reticulata (Taylor) Parmeliaceae Corticolous Semi-evergreen Foliose Choisy 56. Rocella montagnei Bel.em. Roccellaceae Corticolous Dry deciduous Foliose D.D. Awasthi 57. Teloschistes flavicans (Sw.) Teloschistaceae Corticolous Semi-evergreen Foliose Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 31 58. Usnea sp. Parmeliaceae Corticolous Semi-evergreen Fruticose 59. U. aciculifera Vain. Parmeliaceae Corticolous Moist deciduous Fruticose 60. U. eumitrioides Mot. Parmeliaceae Corticolous Moist deciduous Fruticose 61. U. galbinifera Asahina. Parmeliaceae Corticolous Dry deciduous Fruticose 62. U. ghattensis G. Awasthi Parmeliaceae Corticolous Semi-evergreen Fruticose 63. U. picta (J. Steiner) Mot. Parmeliaceae Corticolous Moist deciduous Fruticose 64. U. pictoides G. Awasthi Parmeliaceae Corticolous Semi-evergreen Fruticose 65. U. stigmatoides G. Awasthi Parmeliaceae Corticolous Moist deciduous Fruticose 66. U. vegae Mot. Parmeliaceae Corticolous Moist deciduous Fruticose 67. Xanthoparmelia congensis Parmeliaceae Saxicolous Dry deciduous Foliose (B.Stein) Hale

Conclussion This is the first report of occurrence and distribution of lichen species in Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary. The record of 67 species in the area is higher in first enumaration although the study conducted in small area of about 420 sq.km. This baseline information on lichen species in the sanctuary will be useful for conservation policy making and biomonitoring studies keeping in view of global warming and climatic change. Acknowledgement We are thankful to Dr. Y.L. Krishnamurthy, Professor, Kuvempu University and to Dr. D.K Upretiand Dr. Nayaka, National Botanical Research Institute (NBRI), Lucknow for his co-operation during lichen identification and encouragement to carryout the study. We thank Karnataka Forest Department, Bangalore to carry out research and enter into the forests. References :-

1) Awasthi, D.D. 2007. A Compendium of the Macrolichens from India, Nepal and Sri Lanka. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehra Dun, India, pp-580. 2) Balaji, P. & Hariharan, G.N. 2004. Lichen diversity and its distribution pattren in tropical dry evergreen forests of Gunidy national park (GNP), Chenni. Indian forester, 130(10): 1155-1168. 3) Brunialt, G. & Giordani, P. 2003. Variability of lichen diversity in a climatically heterogeneous area (Ligaria, NW Italy). Lichenologist, 35: 55-69. Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 32 4) Canters, K.J, Scholler H., Ott S. & Johns H.M 1991. Microclimatic influences on lichen distribution and community development. Lichenologist, 23(3):237-252. 5) Macelli, M.P. 1991. Aspects of foliose lichen flora of southeren Central coast of Sau Paulo state, Brazil, Tropical lichens: Their systematics, conservation and Ecology ( D.J Galloway, ed.) Clarendor press, Oxford. pp.151-170. 6) Muktesh Kumar & Stephen S. 1997. Lichen flora of Western Ghats: An Appraisal, Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany, 21(1): 27-39. 7) Nayaka, S. & Upreti, D.K. 2002. Lichens flora of Sharavathi River Basin, Shimoga district, Karnataka, India, with six new records. Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany, 26(3): 627-648. 8) Negi, H.R. 2000. On the patterns of abundance and diversity of macrolichens of Chopta-tungnath in the Garhwal Himalaya. Journal of Bioscience, 80: 571-589. 9) Negi, H.R. and Gadgil, M. 1996. Patterns of distribution of macrolichens in western parts of Nanda Devi Biosphere reserve. Current Science, 71(7): 568-5575. 10) Patwardhan, P.G. 1983. Rare and endemic lichens of Western Ghats, South western India; in An assessment of threatened plants of India (eds) S.K. Jain & R.R Rao (Howrah : Botanical survey of India) pp.318-322. 11) Pharo, E.J. & Beattie, A.J. 1997. Bryophytes and Lichen diversity: A compareative study. Aust. J. Ecol., 22: 151-162. 12) Prakasha, H.M. 2007. Plant diversity and dynamics among different forest communities in Bhadra Wildlife Sanctury, Karnataka Ph.D thesis, Kuvempu University, Karnataka. 13) Raju, R. & Heggde, S.N. 1995. Bhadra Wildlife Sanctury, a Fragile Ecosystem. Indian Forester, 938-948. 14) Singh, K.P., Sinha, G.P. & Bujarbarua, P. 2002. Endemic lichens of India. Geophytology, 33: 1-16. 15) Singh, K.P. & Sinha, G.P. 1997. Lichens. P-195-237, In: Mudugal, V. & Hajra, P.K. (eds.), Floristic diversity and conservation strategies in India. Vol. I. Cryptogams and gymnosperms. Botanical Survey of India. Kolkata. 16) Upreti, D.K., Nayaka, S. & Satya 2005. Enumeration of lichens from Madhya Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 33 Pradesh and , India. J. Appl. Biosci., 31(1): 55-63. 17) Vinayaka K.S. 2016. Diversity and Distribution of Tropical Macrolichens in Shettihalli Wildlife Sanctuary, Western Ghats, Southern India. Plant Science Today, 3(2): 211- 219. 18) Walker, F.J. & James, P.W. 1980. A revised guide to microchemical techniques for the identification of lichen substances. Bull. Brit. Lichen. Soc., 46: 13-29 (suppl). 19) Wolsely, P.A. Haudson, B.A. 1997.The ecology and distribution of lichens in tropical decidious and evergren forests of northorn Thailand. Journal of Biogeography, 24: 327-343.

•µÖÖêŸÖß“ÖÓ¦ü ¯ÖÛ²»Öêú¿Ö­Ö, »ÖÖŸÖæ¸ü. ISBN ­ÖÓ²Ö¸ü ­ÖãÃÖÖ¸ü ¯Öãß֍ú ¯ÖύúÖ¿Ö­ÖÖ“Öß ÃÖã¾ÖÖÔ ÃÖÓ¬Öß ¾Öî׿Ö™ü¶ê :- 1) ×¾ÖªÖ£Öá, ÃÖÓ¿ÖÖê¬Öú, ¯ÖÏÖ¬µÖ֯֍ú ¾Ö ‡ŸÖ¸ü »ÖêÖúÖÓ“Öê ¯Öãß֍ú '­ÖÖ ­Ö±úÖ ­ÖÖ ŸÖÖê™üÖ' µÖÖ ŸÖ¢¾ÖÖ¾Ö¸ü ISBN ­ÖÓ²Ö¸ü ­ÖãÃÖÖ¸ü ¯ÖύúÖ×¿ÖŸÖ ú¸üÖê. 2) ÃÖÓ¿ÖÖê¬Öú, ¯ÖÏÖ¬µÖ֯֍ú µÖÖÓ“µÖÖ M.Phil, Ph.D. ÃÖÓ¿ÖÖê¬Ö­ÖÖŸ´Öú ¯Öãß֍úÖÓ­ÖÖ ×¾Ö¿ÖêÂÖ ¯ÖÏÖ¬ÖÖ­µÖ. 3) µÖã.•Öß.ÃÖß. “µÖÖ ­Ö¾Öß­Ö ´Ö֐ÖÔ¤ü¿Öԍú ŸÖ¢¾ÖÖ­ÖãÃÖÖ¸ü ˆ““Ö ×¿ÖÖÖÖ´Ö¬µÖê úÖµÖÔ¸üŸÖ ÃÖÓ¿ÖÖê¬Ö­ÖÖ£Öá ¾Ö ¯ÖÏÖ¬µÖ֯֍ú µÖÖÓ­ÖÖ †Ö¯Ö»Öê ¯Öãß֍ú ISBN ­ÖãÃÖÖ¸ü“Ö ¯ÖύúÖ×¿ÖŸÖ ú¸üÖê †Ö¾Ö¿µÖú †ÖÆêü. ŸÖ¸üß, ÃÖÓ¿ÖÖê¬Ö­ÖÖ£Öá ¾Ö ¯ÖÏÖ¬µÖ֯֍ú µÖÖÓ­Öß †Ö¯Ö»Öê ´ÖÖî׻֍ú ÃÖÖ×ÆüŸµÖ ISBN ­ÖãÃÖÖ¸ü ¯ÖύúÖ×¿ÖŸÖ úºþ­Ö ‘µÖÖ¾Öê, Æüß ×¾Ö­ÖÓŸÖß. - ÃÖӯ֍úÖÔÃÖÖšüß ¯Ö¢ÖÖ - ¯Öύúֿ֍ú, •µÖÖêŸÖß“ÖÓ¦ü ¯ÖÛ²»Öêú¿Ö­Ö "µÖÖ­Ö¤êü¾Ö-¯ÖÖ¾ÖÔŸÖß", R-9/139/6, ×¾Ö¿ÖÖ»Ö ¿ÖÖôêû•Ö¾Öôû, ‹»Ö.†ÖµÖ.ÃÖß. úÖò»Ö­Öß, ¯Öϐ֟Öß ­ÖÖ¸ü, »ÖÖŸÖæ¸ü. ŸÖÖ. וÖ. »ÖÖŸÖæ¸ü - 413531.(´ÖÆüÖ¸üÖ™Òü),³ÖÖ¸üŸÖ †Öò×±úÃÖ ±úÖê­Ö ­ÖÓ. - 02382 - 241913 ´ÖÖê. ­ÖÓ.9423346913, 9503814000, 9637935252, 7276301000 Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 34

5

Biodiversity and Potential of Fungi Associated with some Pulse Crops

M. B. Waghmare R. M. Waghmare Dept. of Botany, Dept. of Botany, The New College, M. H. Shinde Mahavidyalaya, Kolhapur, Dist. Kolhapur Tisangi

Research Paper -Botany ABSTRACT In India pulses are commonly known as Dal and it is the good source of amino acids and proteins. Pulses mostly consumed because of its high source of proteins.These crops are also used as source of fodder and green manure. Some pulse crops increase the soil health. Number of pulse crops are grown in India among them Gram and Pigeonpea are more common, such economically and medicinally important crop plants are associated with number of soil fungi. From these some fungi are useful and some are harmful to the plant. Therefore, in the present investigation study has been made and recorded the fungi associated with these two crops. In the study it is found that, Aspergillusniger, Aspergillusflavus, Fusariumoxysporum, Fusariummoniliforme, Fusariumudum and Alternariaalternata associated with the selected crops.Among these Fusariumoxysporumdominant in both crops. Key words:Aspergillusniger, soil fungi, pulse crops Introduction: In the world, pulses are grown by 198 countries. Pulses are widely used in India as the source of protein and fodder crop. In Maharashtra it is commonly called as dal, used daily in our diet. In India pulses are cultivated in the Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 35 Punjab, Rajasthan, , Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, , Tamilnadu and etc. Among these statesMaharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan are the major states for the production of pulses. India is the largest producer, 26% of world’s production and consumer, 30% of total pulses of the world.(Tiwari and Shiware,2017). In India, as compare to the vegetables and pulsed are rich in protein. For the proper growth and development mostly pulses do not require intensive irrigation. In Maharashtra and Karnataka pulses cultivated as mixed/inter-crop.From green pods for vegetable and nutritious fodder for cattle obtained from this. It is cultivated in Kharif and rabi season. It is recorded that during 2016-17 the highest production rate was 23 million tones and the yield rate was 767 kg/ha.We are very familiar that number of pulse crops affected by fungi and due to this heavy loss takes place in the yield of the crop. So far getting the high yield we should know the pathogenic microorganism found in the vicinity of the crops. If we know the pathogen we will prevent the fungi in time and will get the better growth and yield. Therefore in the present investigation is an attempt has been made on the fungi associated with pulse crops and its potential. This work wills definitely helps to prevent the pathogenic fungi associated with crops for getting the high yield of the crops. Materialsand Methods: Study area: Kolhapur, Sangali, Satara Districts from the Maharashtra Study plants: a) Cajanuscajan(L.) Millsp Family Fabaceae. b) Cicerarietinum(L.) Family Fabaceae. Isolation of soil fungi The soil samples were collected at 5 to 10 cm depth from the base of the selected pulse crops from Satara, Sangali, Kolhapur Districts. Brought it to the Mycology and Plant pathology laboratory, The New College, Kolhapur. From these samples isolation of different pathogenic fungalspecies was done by dilution plate method (Waksman, 1922). Soil solution was prepared by mixing ten grams of soil sample poured aseptically into a 250ml conical flask, containing 100 ml of sterile distilled waterand the contents were mixed properly by shaking for fiveminutes. This was inoculated with the diluted sampleaseptically into a Petri Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 36 plates containing the CDA medium. The plates were incubated at 270C for seven days fordevelopments of fungal colonies. The fungal pathogens were identified with the help of relevant mycological literature (Barnett and Hunter,1972). Pure cultures of all isolated pathogens maintained inthe BOD incubator at 23 0C for further study. Isolation of fungi associated with the seeds. 20 seed samples from two leguminous crop namely Cajanuscajan, Cicerarietinumcollected from the study area and tested as recommended by the rules of the International Seed Testing Association (ISTA 1966). Seed germination In this study, the blotter method was used according to the procedure adopted by (ISTA 1966). The seeds were kept moistened by adding sterile distilled water throughout the incubation period of two weeks and the percentage of seed germination was recorded. Result and Discussion: The seeds were evidently contaminated with pathogenic fungi. In the result it was found thatAspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium moniliforme, Fusarium udum and Alternaria alternata associated with the selected crops. Among theseFusarium oxysporumdominant in both crops.These results are in agreement with Sohairet. al.(2015).Many researchers find out the biology of the seed bornemycoflora from numerous crops such as cereals, Legumes and vegetables (Nakkeeran and Devi 1997; Rathodet. al. 2012). Sarhan(2009) reported that Fusariumspare dominated over the other pathogen.Saleem and Ebrahim(2014)isolated 46 fungal species belonging to 26 genera from the seeds of 5 legumes . Potential of Fungi associated with the crops. Soil microbial biomass plays a critical role in ecosystem processes (Alexander, 1998). They are directly involved in the cycling of nutrients through the transformation of organic and inorganic forms of nutrients. ZbdulwehabSaifeldinA.F. El- Nagerabi, Abdulqadir E. Elshafie 2015Leguminicolous fungi associated with some seeds of Sudanese legume I O D I V E R S IT A S Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 37

References :- 1) Alexander, M. (1998).Introduction to Soil Microbiology 2nd edition. New Delhi: Wiley Eastem Limited, pp.3 – 102. 2) Barnett, H. L. and Hunter, B. B. (1972). Illustrated Genera of Imperfect Fungi. APS press, Minnesota, USA. 218 3) ISTA. (1966) International rules for seed testing. Seed SciTechnol 4:3-49. 4) Nakkeeran S, Devi R. (1997). Seed borne mycoflora of pigeonpea and their management. Plant Dis Res 12 (2): 197-199. 5) Rathod, L. R., Jadhav, M. D., Mane, S. K., Muley, S. M. and Deshmukh, P. S. (2012). Seed borne mycoflora of legume seeds. Intl J.AdvanBiotechnol Res.3 (1): 530-532. 6) Saleem, A. and Ebrahim, M. K. H. (2014). Production of amylase by fungi isolated from legume seeds collectedin AlmadinahAlmunawarah, Saudi Arabia. J.TaibahUnivSci. 8 (2): 90-97. 7) Sarhan, ART. (2009).Remove from marked records identificationof theseed borne fungi associated with someleguminous seeds and theirbiological control in Iraq. Arab .J Plant Protect 27 (2): 135-144. 8) Tiwari and Dr. A. K. Shivhare.(2017).PULSES IN INDIA: RETROSPECT AND PROSPECTS. 9) Sohair, A.,Abdulwehab, Saifeldin, A.F.,Elnagerabi, Abdulqadar, E. andElshafie. (2015). Leguminicolous fungi associated with some seeds of Sudanese legumes, Biodiversitas, Volume 16, Number 2, Pages: 269-280. 10) Waksman, S. A. (1922). A method of counting the number of fungi in the soil. J.Bact. 7: 339-341. Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 38

6

Effect of Microclimatic Factors with Special Reference to light Intensity on Leaf Area of Athyrum Hohenackerianum (Kunze) T. Moore S. D. Shaikh V. B. Chopade Dept. of Botany, Dept. of Botany, Abasaheb Marathe College, Yashvantrao Chavan Institute of Sci., Rajapur, Dist. Ratnagiri Satara, Dist. Satara

Research Paper -Botany ABSTRACT Microhabitat is a small or restricted area, which differs from surrounding habitat and plays a very important role in the development of plant Pteridophytes are one of the important groups of plant kingdom, prefers to grow moist and shady places. The lady fern species, Athyrium hohenackerianum(Kunze) T. Moore is most common species family Athyriaceae andto flourish prefer shady place. In the present investigation A. hohenackerianum was observed from different localities Maharashtra state in different seasons having different light intensity. It was observed that the highest leaf-area was recorded in late rainy season and minimum was recorded during winter and spring season. Keywords: Microclimate, Athyrium, leaf area etc. Introduction : Leaf is important part of plant which have unique mechanism of food production. Leaves are important plant part in plant ecology because they are associated with many critical aspects of plant growth and survival (Garnier et al., 2001; Shipley and Vu, 2002). Leaf area is used to understand primary production of plants and used as a reference tool for crop growth. It has been shown by many workers (Poorter& Van der Werf, 1998; Van der Werf et al., 1998; Wilson et al., 1999).The variations in leaf-size and texture amongst the ferns has been used as a general guide in certain cases to qualify species as more primitive or Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 39 recently evolved (Gifford & Foster, 1989). Athyrium hohenackerianum is one of the most abundant fern species found in Maharashtra. During the frequent visits at different localities of Maharashtra, authors were observed the significant difference in leaf area and height of plant. Therefore present investigation was undertaken to studied leaf-area of Athyrium hohenackerianum from different localities of Maharashtra during different season to quantify the relationship between leaf-size and abiotic factors influencing it. It was observed that in the low light intensity, the size of leaflet increases significantly while the increase in light intensity decreases the size of leaflets. MATERIALS AND METHODS Frequent visits were made to different parts of the North-Western Ghats of Maharashtra, in the rainy seasons of 2016-2018 to study the conditions under which ferns were growing. The reading were taken in rainy (July - August), winter (October- November) and Summer (end of January -February). The area has an average temperature of 20-34ºC, humidity range of 30–91% and 90–67300 lux light-intensity. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION It was observed that in the low light intensity, the size of leaflet increases significantly while the increase in light intensity decreases the size of leaflets. In the rainy season size of leaflets are increased while in summer season it get reduced of ne born plants. The lady fern A. hohenackerianum is one of the most populated ferns along Western Ghats of Maharashtra. Specific leaf area differs significantly with changing light intensity. It was also observed that the population of species varies with changing light intensity. According to Garnier (2001) rapid growth rates are due to abundant resources and relatively low disturbance. Dong et al. (2008) concluded that population structure changes even in response to small differences in local climatic conditions. In Carissa carandas L. urban air pollution stress reduced the plant height, basal diameter, canopy area, leaf area and total plant biomass (Pandey, 1996). A study by Bartsch & Lawrence (1997) has shown that in Thelypteris dentata (Forsst.) E.P.St.John, a higher specific leaf area and may capture more light by displaying leaves horizontally, which may also be the case in A. hohenackerianumwhich we observed to have different leaf-angles. Field studies shows some interesting points that all of the shade growing individuals showed better growth than any of individuals, these studies are similar to Ludlow Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 40 et al. (1974) who observed that shade-grown plants also have a higher specific leaf-area than sun plants in several pasture species. CONCLUSION The light intensity significantly hampers the leaf area of the A. hohenackerianum. The leaf area may change due to the decrease in substrate moisture and increase in the desiccation during the dry period. Thus, other environmental factors may also limits its growth and leaf area. The differences in optimum conditions may be a partial basis for the broad distribution and narrow niche of the species. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors are thankful to DST- SERB, New Delhi for funding a major research project entitles as “Ecological Status of pteridophytes from the Northern Western Ghats of Maharashtra” under the scheme Start Up Research Grant (Young Scientist) and also to Scientist experts from BSI, and Indian fern Society members for helping in identification of plants. Authors are also thankful to knowledge providers for providing valuable information and sharing their findings and also to the Principal, AbasahebMarathe Arts & New Commerce, Science College, Rajapur. Dist: Ratnagiri, for providing laboratory facilities. References :-

1) GARNIER E B, SHIPLEY C R & LAURENT G 2001 A standardized protocol for the determination of specific leaf area and leaf dry matter content FunctEcol15 : 688-695. 2) POORTER H & VAN DER WERF A 1998 Is inherent variation in RGR determined by LAR at low irradiance and by NAR at high irradiance? A review of herbaceous species. In LAMBERS H, POORTER L H & VAN VUUREN M M I (eds), Inherent variation in plant growth, Physiological mechanisms and ecological consequences: 309-336 Backhuys Publishers Leiden Netherlands Backhuys Publishers. 3) VAN DER WERF A, GEERTS R M & JACOBS F H 1998 The importance of relative growth rate and associated traits for competition between species during vegetation succession. In LAMBERS H, POORTER L H & VAN VUUREN M M I (eds.), Inherent Variation in Plant Growth Physiological Mechanisms and Ecological Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 41 Consequences : 489-502 Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, Netherlands. 4) WILSON P, THOMPSON K & HODGSON J 1999 Specific leaf area and leaf dry matter content as alternative predictors of plant strategies New Phytol 143 : 155-162. 5) GIFFORDE M & FOSTER A S 1989 Morphology and evolution of vascular plants third edition W H Freeman and Co New York. 6) DONG H H, XI J M & XIONG L J 2008 Effect of soil moisture on ecophysiological characteristics of Adiantumreniforme var. sinense, an endemic species in the three Gorge region in China. Amer. Fern J. 98 (1): 26-32. 7) GARNIER E B, SHIPLEY C R & LAURENT G 2001 A standardized protocol for the determination of specific leaf area and leaf dry matter content. Funct. Ecol. 15: 688-695. 8) BARTSCH I & LAWRENCE J 1997 Leaf Size and Biomass Allocation in Thelypteris dentata, Woodwardia virginica, and Osmundaregalis in Central Florida. Amer. Fern J.87 (2): 71-76. 9) PANDEY P U 1996. Adaptational strategy of a tropical shrub Carissa carandas L. to urban air pollution. Environ. Monit. Assess.43(3): 255-265. 10) LUDLOW M M, WILSON G L & HESLEHURST M R 1974 Studies on the productivity of tropical pasture plants. V. Effect of shading on growth, photosynthesis and respiration in two grasses and two legumes. Aust. J. Agric. Res.25: 425. Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 42

7

Some Important Religious Plants of Malegaon Region from

Yogesh C. Shastri Atul N. Wagh Dept. of Botany, Dept. of Botany, M.S.G College, M.S.G College, Malegaon Camp, Dist. Nashik Malegaon Camp, Dist. Nashik

Research Paper -Botany ABSTRACT Study of religious important plants of Malegaon region was carried out during July to December 2019. Total 21 plant species belonging to 19 genera and 17 families were recorded. All these plants have religious importance. Some of these plants have medicinal properties. Few of these plants are mentioned in Atharvaveda as medicinal plants. Keywords – Religious, Medicinal, Atharvaveda Introduction : Malegaon is a city of Nashik District of Maharashtra state. It covers the area of 12.95 sq. km. It is the large city of North Maharashtra. It is the major textile producing centre and famous for powerlooms. Malegaon is situated on the Latitude: 20° 32' N and Longitude: 74° 35' E. The average height of the city area is 429.4 meters above the sea level. It lies at the confluence of Girana and Mosam rivers. It is bounded by Nashik, Dhule, Manmad and Gujarathstate.In India various festivals and rituals are celebrated throughout the year. In these festivals various plants and their parts are used. Some of these plants are medicinal and some are mentioned in Atharvveda as religious and medicinal. Plants of religious importance amongst the major tribal community Baiga and Gond in Mandla and of Madhya Pradesh state wasreported by Jain (1963). Plants of religious importance were also reported by Randhwa (1964), Gupta (1971), Schultes and Hofmann (1979), Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 43 Chaudhari and Pal (1990), Merat (2002), Patil and Patil (2006) and Pawar and Patil (2008). MATERIALS AND METHODS The information of importantreligious plants is obtained from Vaidu, Bhagat, Pujari, tribals and rural peoples of Malegaon region. The plants were identified by using Flora of Nashik District by Lakshminarasimhanand Sharma (1991), their religious importance and medicinal properties were confirmed by standard literature. RESULT AND DISCUSSION List of Religious and Medicinal Plants of Malegaon Region from Nashik District Sr. Botanical Name Family Uses No. 1. AchyranthusasperaL. – Amaranthaceae i)The leaves are used at the time (Aghada) of “Hartalika Pooja” 2. Aeglemarmelos L. Cor. - Rutaceae i) The leaves are offered to Lord (Bael) Shiva. ii) The fruit pulp is used to cure amoebiosis. 3. Azadiractaindica A. Juss. – Meliaceae i) The leaves are kept on “Gudi” (Kadunimb) at the time of “Chaitra ShuddhaPratipada”. ii)The leaves are used as Prasad at the time of “Chaitra ShuddhaPratipada”. 4. Bauhinia variegata L. – Caesalpinaceae i)Leaves exchanged with (Apta) relatives and friends on the occasion of “VijayaDashmi.” 5. Buteamonosperma (Laml). Fabaceae i) Dye obtained from flower Taub. – (Palas) which is used at the time of “Rangpanchmi”. ii)Plant has healing property. iii) Gum is used as astringent. 6. Calotropisprocera (Ait.) R. Asclepediaceae i) Flowers and leaves are offered Br. – (Rui) to God Hanuman and SuryaputraShanidev. 7. CicerarientinumL. – Fabaceae Green seeds are eaten on (Harbhara) Makarsankranti. 8. Coriandrum sativum L. – Apiaceae i) Seeds are distributed as (Dhane) ‘Prasad’ on the occasion of Ramnavami.

Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 44 9. Cynadondactylon (L.) Pers.– Poaceae i) The young leaves are offered (Harali) to Lord Ganesha. ii) The whole plant is used as medicine. iii) It is cooling agent and haemostatic. 10. EmblicaofficinalisGaerth. – Euphorbiaceae i) The fruits are used in (Aavala) ‘TulsiVivah and Awala Ashtami.’ ii) Aavalaused in ‘Chyavanprash and Trifala churn.’ 11. Feroniaelephantum Cor. – Rutaceae i) Fruits are offered to Lord (Kawath) Shiva on Mahashiratri. 12. Ficusbengalensis L. – (Vad) Moraceae i) Tree is worshiped by ladies on “Vat Pourniama”. ii) Ficus is major insecticidal tree. 13. Ficusglomerata L. – Moraceae i) Tree is worshiped by Hindu (Audumbar) peoples onthe name of God ‘Datta’ 14. Ficusreligiosa L. – (Pimpal) Moraceae i) The tree is considered as most sacred and worshipped every morning after completion of bath. ii) Lord Buddha attained and enlightenment under this tree. iii) Tree is worshiped by offering pulses, jaggery and Diva to tackle with black magic. 15. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. – Malvaceae i) The flower is used to offer (Jaswand) Lord Ganesha and used in garland. ii) Hair oil is obtained from flowers. iii) The flowers are used in daily Pooja. 16. Mangiferaindica L. – (Amba) Anacardiaceae i) The leaves are used as ‘Patri’ for various festivals and in Poojas. ii) The leaves hang on the door as ‘Toran’ at the time of many occasions.

Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 45 17. Ocimum sanctum L.– (Tulas) Lamiaceae i) It is the most sacred plant of the Hindus; it is planted in the Tulasi Vrindavan and worshiped daily. ii) The leaves are offered to Lord ‘Vishnu’. iii) Leaves are added in ‘Satyanarayan Prasad’. 18. Ricinuscommunis L. – Euphorbiaceae i) The stem of this plant is used (Erand) in Holi festival along with sugar cane. ii) The leaves are used to reduce the inflammation and to cure internal injury. iii) The Erandel oil is given as purgative. 19. Sesamumindicum L. – (Til) Pedaliaceae i) The seeds are used to make ‘Laddu’ along with jaggery in ‘Makar-sankranti’ festival. ii) Oil obtained from seed is used to reduce muscular pain. ii) Oil is obtained from seeds and used in cooking. 20. Zingiber officinalis Roscoe. – Zingiberaceae i)The dried aale is called (Aale) ‘Suntha’ used as Prasad on the occasion of ‘Krishna Janmashtami.’ ii) Suntha is used to cure cough and cold. 21. ZizyphusmaurutianaLamk. – Rhamnaceae i) The twigs are used for (Bor) wedding ceremonies. ii) The fruits are also used in ‘Lut’ progarmme of small children. iii) The fruits are eaten on Makarsankranti. iv) The fruits are dried and used in recepies. (Names given in the bracket indicate their vernacular names) Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 46 In this study 21 plants are recorded. All these plants are of religious importance, belonging to 17 Families. Nine plants have medicinal properties out of which six plants have been mentioned in Atharvveda as medicinal plants. The importance of plants in human life as food, fiber, cosmetics was discussed time to time by many workers. But the religious aspects of plants are not given any attention and not much explored. Some researchers explained the recognition of some specific plants in human culture such as Nargas and Trivedi (2003) pointed out that Azadiractaindicais worshiped in India. In Rajasthan, it is associated with the farmer’s traditional method of weather forecasting. Dhiman (2003) have discussed the sacred plants and their medicinal importance with special reference to Indian context. Peepal tree is one of the most worshipped trees in India. It is sacred for Budhist people because it is believed that Gautam Buddha attained enlightenment under this tree. Banyan (Vad) tree is said to be abode of Lord Krishna. Bel is sacred tree of India. The leaves of the Mango tree are always hanging by a string express the auspiciousness of occasion. Tulsiis one of the most sacred plant of Hindus. Tulsi leaves are offered to Lord Krishna. Tulsi plant purifies the air. Dry twigs of Palas are used on the occasion of Vastushanti. Flowers of Rui are used to worship the God Hanuman. In this way the sacred plants and their parts are worshiped by people to get blessings of health and wealth by power of nature and plays major role in health of people. CONCLUSION This study was carried out in Malegaon region of Nashik district. No such work was carried out previously in this region. In this study total 21 plants are recorded as religiously important. These are confirmed by using standard literature. Out of 21 plants 9 are religious as well as medicinal. The study on religious plants used in various worships shows their importance in human life. The religious activities act as conserving tool for Biodiversity. So, it is necessary to preserve and promote these aesthetic values to conserve biodiversity and nature, which will surely play a role in betterment of human beings. Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 47 References :-

1) Chaudhari, R.H.N. and D.C. Pal (1981)Plants in folk religion and mythology, 59- 68.In S.K.Jain (ed.) Glimpses of Indian ethnobotany, Oxford and IBH, New Delhi. 2) Dhiman AK. Sacred Plants and their Medicinal Uses. Daya Publishing House, Delhi, 2003 3) Gupta, S.M.: Plants Myths and Traditions of India, Leiden Netherlands, 1971. PP- 112 4) Jain, S.K. Jour. Mythic. Soc., 1963, 54, 73 – 94. 5) Lakshminarasimhan, P. and B.D. Sharma: Flora of Nasik District, BSI, Calcutta, 1991, PP– 644 6) Macdonell, A.A. Index of Names and Subjects. John Murarray& Co. London, 1958., PP- 592 7) Merat, Manoj M: Plants of Religious Importance of of Maharashtra State, Geobios, 2002, Vol. 29 (1): 61 – 62. 8) Nargas J., Trivedi PC. Traditional and Medicinal Importance of AzadiractaindicaJuss., in India. In Maheshwari JK, ed. Ethnobotany and Medicinal Plants of Indian Subcontinent. Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur (India). 2003: 33-7 9) Patil M.V and Patil D. A: Ethnobotany of Nashik District, Maharashtra, Daya Publishing House, Delhi 2006: PP – 419 10) Randhawa M.S. The Cult of Trees and worship in Budhist and Hindu Sculptures, All India Fine Arts and Crafts Soc., New Delhi, 1964. PP– 66 11) Schultes, R. and Hofmann, A. Plants of the Gods. McGraw Hill Book Co., New York, 1979. 12) Pawar,Shubhangi and Patil D.A: Ethnobotany of Jalgaon District, Maharashtra, Daya Publishing House, Delhi 2008) PP – 429 Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 48

8

Impact of lockdown on Environment, Biodiversity and Pollution- A Review study

Manjusha Ingawale Dept. of Botany, Kisan Veer Mahavidyalaya, Wai, Dist. Satara

Research Paper -Botany ABSTRACT A novel infectious disease,transmission is human to human was identified in Wuhan China asCOVID 19 which now has turned into a global pandemic.Government placed the whole country on lockdown to slow down the spread of infection and ease the burden on health facilities (Wilder-Smith andFreedman, 2020).It has shown positive impacts on the environment, biodiversity and pollution.There are some reports like examples of reduced human pressures on natural ecosystems,cleaner air and waterand wildlife reclaiming contested habitats(Biological conservation 246,).The purpose of this document is to provide clear and actionable strategies to community workers and students in future. Key words: - COVID-19, pandemic,Environment, Biodiversity, Pollution Introduction : Covid -19 which increased rapidly not only in the surrounding areas but also spread in the country and the outbreak turned into pandemic. (Dutheilet al 2020). Government placed the whole India on lockdown to slow down the spread of infection.Shutdown of public transport, educational institutes, business centres, parks and other social interactions points are responsible for curtailing the transmission of Covid-19.The ramping down of human activity appears to have a positive impact on the environment. Industrial and transport emissions Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 49 and effluents have reduced, and measurable data supports the clearing of pollutants in the atmosphere, soil and water. The positive impact on the environment may be temporary but we should learn from this lockdown on how to maintain and improve this situation for a longer time. Methodology:- This was studied using survey reports published by the Government of India. Digital media includes reviews published in the newsletter of the World Bank, World Health Organization, articles, Encyclopaedia. Observations:- Impact of lockdown on Environmentand pollution 1) In India, March 22 was the ‘Janata Curfew’, following which; a significant dip in air pollution levels was seen. 2) Since the March 25 lockdown that forced 1.3 billion Indians to stay home due to which air quality has dropped to “satisfactory” levels. 3) The lockdown ordered shut down of “non-essential” service providers and also all modes of public transport leading to dramatic effect on the environment. 4) While the complete shutdown of India’s economy was designed to stop the spread of COVID-19, it is having an ancillary health benefit of clearing the air that millions of people were choking on. As vehicles stay off the road, construction is put on hold, and factories stop production, the levels of microscopic particulate matter start to drop 5) Recent data released indicates that pollution in some of the epicentres of covid-19 has reduced upto 30%.

6) NO2 (Nitrogen Dioxide) –Highly polluting and emitted from combustion of fossil fuel, traffic pollution etc. China and Northern Italy recorded significant reductions in nitrogen dioxide levels. 7) Due to lockdown, energy and oil demand is reduced as there is lack of transport activities. Air travel dropped by 96%. Global oil demand declined.So it shows a positive impact on environmental quality. Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 50 Decrease in Pollution level during lockdown: 1) Air pollution by 75% 2) Water pollution by 60% 3) Sound pollution by 40% 4) Light pollution by 30% 5) Coal based power generation by 35% 6) Petroleum products consumption by 25% Diagram showing decrease in pollution level during lockdown Impact of lockdown on Biodiversity 1) Part of Navi MumbaiTalawe Wetland turns into a gorgeous shade of pink due to presence of red algal bloom. Researchers state that the water at Talawe wetlands turned pink due to an explosive blooming of red algae after the migration of flamingo. 2) On the Antarctic Peninsula, so - called snow algae are turning the snow green due to the presence of green algae. 3) Due to lock downlogging, mining, road building in remote places, dam building, irrigation, coastal development, rapid urbanization, population growth all are stopped.so all it leads to less biodiversity loss. 4) Since the enforcement of a nationwide lockdown,water bodies have also been clearing. According to the real-time water monitoring data of the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), the average water quality is seen to be suitable for bathing, propagation of wildlife and fisheries. 5) The rivers and Ganga have seen significant improvement, so transparent that one can see its aquatic life in deep water. 6) In some households, there are unwanted guests. Deer was seen to enter a house, peacocks strolling on Juhu streets, leopard moving around in Nasik. It’s safe to say, while we are trapped in our houses, wildlife is enjoying its freedom. Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 51

1.Talawe Wetland turns into a gorgeous 2.Antarctic Peninsula with green algae shade of pink By observing compiled data the following strategies are needed to make conservation more effective in our human-dominated world. (1) Conservation research needs to integrate with social scholarship in a more sophisticated manner. (2) Designing better policies and enforcing laws in favour of nature and biodiversity.(3) Educate and make students, social workers aware so that we could create a link between present conditions and uncertain conditions of the future for conservation of nature. (4) Permanent restriction on travelling and crowding of people at place should be created so that we should control outbreak of epidemic or pandemic as well as maintain the environmental status which we achieve. Conclusion-: The links between lockdown and nature are becoming better understood and appreciable. So that we are seeing the growth in an emerging disciplines, planetary health, focusing on the connections among the well-being of humans, other living things and nature’s ecosystems.This positive impact on the environment maybe temporary but governments and individuals should learn from this lockdown how to reduce pollution on a long term basis. Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 52

References :-

1. Dutheil, F, Baker S.J., Navel V 2020 covid-19as a factor influencing air pollution? Environment pollute 2. Sulaman M 2020 Covid- 19 Pandemic and environmental pollution. A blessing in disguise? Science of the total environment vol 72 3. World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) situation report– 57. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2020. https://www.who.int/ docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situationreports/20200317-sitrep-57-covid- 19.pdf?sfvrsn=a26922f2_2 4. World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) situation report– 51. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2020. https://www.who.int/ docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situationreports/20200311-sitrep-51-covid- 19.pdf?sfvrsn=1ba62e57_10 5. WHO, 2020. NASA,2020 http://www.who.int 6. Wilder- Smith A., Freedman D. O. 2020 Isolation quarantine, social distancing and community containment. Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 53

9

Synthesis of hydrazinylquinoline-3-carbonitrile derivatives using green protocol and screening of their bioactivity

Ajay N. Ambhore Dept. of Chemistry Padmabhushan Dr. Vasantraodada Patil Mahavidyalaya, Tasgaon, Dist. Sangli

Research Paper - Chemistry ABSTRACT Synthesis of bioactive heterocyclic compounds is the continuous work in every era. With achieving novel scaffold, discovery of synthetic rout as a diversion to the tradition rout is also a main aim on the mind of each research. Improvement of eco-friendly way for the synthesis of bioactive compounds is one of the leading objectives of medicinal chemist. Traditional synthetic rout suffers from number of serious barriers. These disadvantages are removed by applying the green chemistry principle which results in to the new and simple way for that synthesis. In this section we report an efficient green rout for the synthesis of hydrazinylquinoline-3-carbonitrile derivatives (4a-j) by using Bleaching Earth Clay (pH 12.5) in PEG-400 as green reaction media. All the synthesized compounds are characterized and screened for their antimicrobial activity in which most of the screened compounds shows significant activity. Keywords : quinoline, BEC (pH-12.5), PEG-400, Antimicrobial. Introduction Convergent synthesis of heterocyclic compounds from relatively simple starting materials can be achieved using tandem C–C bond formations [1-2]. Such transformations are usually operated in one pot without isolation or purification of intermediates. The development of tandem reactions for efficient construction of small molecules with operational Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 54 simplicity and assembly efficiency is a prime goal of combinatorial chemistry [3-4]. This has attracted significant interest in the era of development of multi-component reaction (MCR) protocols for synthesis of heterocyclic compounds. Furthermore, MCRs comply with the principles of green chemistry in terms of atom economy of steps as well as many of the stringent criteria of ideal organic synthesis. Such reactions are effective in building highly functionalized small organic molecules from readily available starting materials in a single step with inherent flexibility for creating molecular complexity and diversity, coupled with minimization of time, labor, cost and waste production [5-6]. Quinoline is aorganic compound from heterocyclic class with double-ring structure containing a benzene ring fused with pyridine at two adjacent carbon atoms. Quinoline is also known as, benzopyridine, benzo[b]pyridine, 1- benzazine and benzazine. It is a hygroscopic, yellowish oily liquid, slightly soluble in water, soluble in alcohol, ether and many other organic solvents. Isoquinoline is a congener of quinoline and differs from quinoline in nitrogen position (at 2nd position)[7]. Quinoline alkaloids obtained from natural sources show remarkable biological activities and relatively simple structures have attracted great interest in the scientific community, especially researchers involved in the chemistry of natural products [8]. Quinoline and its congeners have also attracted the interest of synthetic organic chemists due to the need to obtain increased amounts aimed at additional biological research. Quinoline alkaloids derived from flowering plants, animals and microorganisms possessed numerous biological activities [9]. Various quinoline derivatives have been synthesized and reported for different activities.Quinoline derivatives are widely used as “parental” compounds to synthesize molecules withmedical benefits, especially with anti-malarial and anti-microbial activities [10- 11]. A number ofquinoline and it’s derivatives are known to possess anticancer, antifungal,hypotensive, anti HIV, analgesics and anti-inflammatory activities [12-17]. Substitution of the group ina suitable position of a bioactive molecule is found to exert a profound pharmacological effect [18].The quinoline nucleus has naturally stirred in many alkaloids withswaying antitumor activity, for example, camptothecin [19]. A patent was Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 55 obtained for an isolation procedure of camptothecin a quinoline analogous fromNotihapodytesFoetida [20]. On the other hand, cyanoacetic acid hydrazide is well reagent known that the hydrazone group plays an important role for the antimicrobial activity [21]. It is plays an important pharmacologil activities like antibacterial, antifungal, anticonvulsant, anti- inflammatory, anti-malarial and anti-tubercular activities [22-27]. It is versatile and convenient intermediate for synthesis of heterocyclic compounds [28]. The beta functional nitrile moiety of the molecule is favorable unit for addition followed by cyclization or cycloaddition with numerous reagents [29]. The beta functional nitrile, cyanoacetic acid hydrazide and their analogues are important starting materials or intermediate for synthesis of nitrogen containing heterocyclic compound. The research deals with the effective use of cyanoacetic acid hydrazide in the synthesis of variety of poly functional hetrocyclic compound with biological interest. Cyanoacetic acid hydrazide can act as ambident nucleophile, as both N and C nucleophile. These findings have oriented attention towards the combination of two bioactive scaffolds for the synthesis of some new series of functionalized quinoline derivatives that might have potent bioactivity. Recovery of heterogeneous catalysts from the reaction mixture can be simply achieved by filtration, representing an advantage over conventional, homogeneous catalysts. Moreover, they can be reused after activation, thereby making the process economically viable. Naturally occurring clay has unique physical and chemical properties such as shape selectivity, acidic/ basic nature and thermal stability. Bleaching earth clay (pH 12.5) is a highly efficient heterogeneous base catalyst that has been used for several base-catalyzed organic transformations [30]. The small (5-micron) particle size of the clay renders a huge surface areacompared with other solid-supported catalysts. Moreover, bleaching earth isreadily available in India and the USA at very low price (0.10 USD per kg)compared with other acids such as sulphated zirconia, 12-tungstosilicic acid, etc.Bleaching earth is used in refining of vegetable oil [31], fats and greases, and as acatalyst in reactions [32]. Another aspect of green synthesis is the use of a green solvent. Liquid or low melting polymers have recently emerged as alternative green solvents with unique properties such as thermal stability, commercial availability, non-volatility, miscibility with a number of organic Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 56 solvents and recyclability. Polyethylene glycols (PEGs) [33-34] are considered to be such green solvents that overcome the toxic solvent effect on the environment. Most reported methods for synthesis of quinoline derivatives suffer from various drawbacks such as long reaction time and/or application of expensive, toxic catalysts and solvents. Recently, we reported a one-pot three-component reaction of cyanoacetic acid hydrazide with substituted benzaldehyde, and aromatic amines in the presence of a catalytic amount of bleaching earth clay (pH 12.5) using PEG-400 as a green solvent. In the present work, to establish a quick and efficient approach for this class of compounds, we investigated the catalytic activity of bleaching earth clay (pH 12.5) in synthesis of quinoline and its derivatives via tandem three- component one-pot reactions in PEG-400 as a green reaction solvent. Results and Discussion A one-pot, three-component reaction protocol for synthesis of quinoline derivatives in the presence of bleaching earth clay (pH 12.5) as a highly efficient heterogeneous base catalyst was carried out in PEG-400 under stirring. This protocol offers flexibility in tuning the molecular complexity and diversity. The reactions proceeded to completion almost instantaneously. Highly pure product can be obtained simply by recrystallization from aqueous acetic acid (Scheme 1) without using any chromatographic technique.

CHO

CN

2 NH2 HN O R1 NH2 1 3

Stirring NC

1-2 hrs HN N 50-60°C R2 NH2 4a-j PEG-400 BEC

Scheme 1: Synthesis of hydrazinylquinoline-3-carbonitrile derivatives 4a-j. Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 57 Considering the importance of the green chemistry concept, the reaction was initially carried out under solvent-free and catalyst-free conditions at room temperature and higher temperature(100°C)for 60 min. However, formation of the desired product was not observed. The increasing interest of organic chemists in the use of PEG-400 as a solvent of choice and its unique properties [35-36] attracted our attention to its use as a green solvent in the present study. Subsequent optimization experiments used PEG-400 as the solvent for reaction, which proceeded very smoothly, and solvent could be recycled as well. At the inception of this work, we studied a one-pot, three-component reaction protocol as a modelwith bleaching earth clay (pH 12.5) in different solvents (Table 1). Our observations revealed that, amongst the various solvents, PEG-400 was the most effective, green and environmentally friendly solvent. Table 1: Comparison of various solvents for the synthesis of hydrazinylquinoline-3- carbonitrile derivatives Sr. No. Solvent Time (in Min) Yield (%) 1 ______120 Trace 2 Acetonitrile 120 50 3 Ethanol 100 60 4 DMF 100 60 5 PEG-400 50 >80 Table 2: Synthesis of compounds (4a-j)

Entry R1 R2 Product Yield (%) M.P. (°C) 4a CHO NH2 176-178 80

NC

HN N NH2 4b CHO NH2 Cl 190-192 82

Cl NC

HN N NH2

Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 58

4c CHO NH2 Br 196-198 88

Br NC

HN N NH2 4d CHO NH2 F 212-214 80

F NC

HN N NH2 4e CHO NH2 NO2 176-178 89

NO2 NC

HN N NH2 4f CHO NH2 O2N 188-190 90

NO2 NC

HN N NH2 4g CHO NH2 Cl 202-204 84

Cl Cl NC

HN N Cl NH2 Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 59

4h CHO NH2 Br 210-212 83

Cl Br NC

HN N Cl NH2 4i CHO NH2 F 222-224 87

Cl F NC

HN N Cl NH2

4j CHO NH2 NO2 224-226 89

Cl NO2 NC

HN N Cl NH2

Mechanistically, the formation of the product is proposed to involve the following steps (Fig. 1). The reaction occurs via initial formation of 2-cyano-3-phenyl acrylohydrazide by knoevenagel condensation of cyanoacetic acid hydrazide with substituted aromatic aldehyde. Knoevenagel condensation occurs smoothly in presence of BEC (12.5 pH). Knoevenagel product undergoes Michael addition with substituted amine followed by cyclization and aromatization gives the title product (4a-j). The newly synthesized compounds were established spectroscopically. Theinfrared

(IR) spectra of the compounds showed the presence of –N–H stretch of NH and NH2 at 3250–3300 cm-1 and characteristic stretch at 2200–2300 cm-1, indicating the presence of Ca”N group. Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 60 Ph CN CN Ph O NC H BEC O HN 0 NH O BEC-H H HN O NH2 NH2

NH2 BEC-H BEC

Ph Ph CN CN OH NH2 H O NH -H2O NH O

NH2 NH2

Ph NC Ph NC O N H N HN H HO NH NH2 H H2N Ph H NC Ph NC HN N

HN N NH2

NH2 Scheme 2: possible mechanism of Bleaching Earth Clay catalyzed mechanism Material and Methods Melting pointsweredetermined byopencapillarymethodand wereuncorrected. The chemicals and solvents used were of laboratory grade and purified prior to use. BEC was a gift from SRTM University Nanded. Completion of the reaction was monitored by thin-layer Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 61 chromatography on precoated sheets of silica gel-G (Merck, Germany) using UV chamber. IR spectra were recorded (in KBR pallets) on Shimadzu spectrophotometer. General procedure for the synthesis of cyanoacetic acid hydrazide: A mixture of ethyl cyanoacetate (0.01 mole) and Hydrazine hydrate (0.02 mole) in round bottom flask add dropwise with stirring at 00c. After completion of reaction (monitoed by TLC).The solution was poured into ice cold water (50 ml) and acidified with dil. HCl. The solid product separated out was filtered and recrystallized fromaq. acetic acid as white product. General procedure for the synthesis of 2-hydrazinyl-4-phenylquinoline-3-carbonitrile derivatives (4a-j) An eqimolar quantity of cyanoacetic acid hydrazide , substituted aromatic aldehyde and aromatic amine was stirred in PEG-400 in presence of catalytic amount of BEC(12.5 pH) for 1 to 1.5 hrs at 50-60 °C. After completion of reaction (monitored by TLC), reaction mixture is filtered in ice cold water and neutralize by dil HCl. The formed product was filter, washes with water and recrystallized by aq acetic to obtain pure title product. Synthesis of 2-hydrazinyl-4-phenylquinoline-3-carbonitrile (4a) M.P. 176-178 °C; Yield, 80% ; IR ( KBr, cm-1):3360-3240 cm-1 (N-H), 2245 1 (Ca”N); H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6, TMS, ä, ppm): 8.89 (s, 2H, NH2), 8.26 (s, 1H, 13 NH), 7.92-7.34 (m, 10H,Ar-H); C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6, TMS, ä, ppm):160.2, 156.0, 150.7,138, 129.3, 126.8, 127.4, 124.9,117.0, 83.0;MS: 260 [M+]; Anal. Calc. for

C16H12N4:C 73.83 (72.79), H 4.65 (4.68), N 21.52 (20.92). Synthesis of 4 (4-chlorophenyl)2-hydrazinylquinoline-3carbonitrile(4b) M.P. 190-192 °C; Yield, 82% ; IR ( KBr, cm-1): 3385-3265 cm-1 (N-H), 2239 1 (Ca”N); H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6, TMS, ä, ppm): 8.78 (s, 2H, NH2), 8.12 (s, 1H, 13 NH), 7.84-7.26 (m, 9H, Ar-H); C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6, TMS, ä, ppm):167.2, 147.2, 153.7, 134.8, 136.2, 132.0, 129.4, 128.8, 126.9, 125.3, 123.8, 117.0, 93.1; MS: + 294 [M ]; Anal. Calc. for C16H11ClN4:C 65.20 (65.33), H 3.76 (3.95), N 19.01 (20.06). Synthesis of 4-(4-bromophenyl)-2-hydrazinylquinoline-3-carbonitrile (4c) M.P. 196-198 °C; Yield, 88% ; IR ( KBr, cm-1): 3420-3398 cm-1 (N-H), 2268 1 (Ca”N); H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6, TMS, ä, ppm): 8.93 (s, 2H, NH2), 8.38 (s, 1H, 13 NH), 7.91-7.52 (m, 9H, Ar-H); C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6, TMS, ä, ppm):162.8, Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 62 153.7, 147.9, 134.0, 132.2, 126.9, 125.8, 124.5, 123.6, 115.6, 114.0, 93.1; MS: 338 + [M ]; Anal. Calc. for C16H11BrN4: C 56.66 (55.89), H 3.27 (3.75), N 16.52 (15.85). Synthesis of 4(4-flurophenyl)-2-hydrazinylquinoline-3-carbonitrile (4d) M.P. 212-214 °C; Yield, 80% ; IR ( KBr, cm-1): 3255-3362 cm-1 (N-H), 2251 1 (Ca”N); H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6, TMS, ä, ppm): 8.62 (s, 2H, NH2), 8.27 (s, 1H, 13 NH), 7.78-7.22 (m, 9H, Ar-H); C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6, TMS, ä, ppm):168.1, 155.4, 149.5, 138.6, 134.7, 127.2, 124.8, 122.9, 120.4, 116.3, 83.8; MS: 278 [M+];

Anal.Calc. for C16H11FN4:C 69.06 (70.12), H 3.98 (3.12), N 20.13 (19.89). Synthesis of 2-hydrazinyl-4(4-nitrophenyl) quinoline -3-carbonitrile (4e) M.P. 176-178 °C; Yield, 89% ; IR ( KBr, cm-1): 3297-3348 cm-1 (N-H), 2271 1 (Ca”N); H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6, TMS, ä, ppm): 8.79 (s, 2H, NH2), 8.44 (s, 1H, 13 NH), 7.83-7.31 (m, 9H, Ar-H); C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6, TMS, ä, ppm):160.8, 151.5, 145.0, 134.4, 134.7, 129.7, 128.3, 123.8, 121.4, 115.9, 80.2; MS: 305 [M+];

Anal. Calc. for C16H11N5O2:C 62.95 (61.68), H 3.63 (3.11), N 22.94 (22.00). Synthesis of 2-hydrazinyl-4(3-nitrophenyl) quinoline -3-carbonitrile (4f) M.P. 188-190 °C; Yield, 90% ; IR ( KBr, cm-1): 3320-3408 cm-1 (N-H), 2250 1 (Ca”N); H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6, TMS, ä, ppm): 8.89 (s, 2H, NH2), 8.51 (s, 1H, 13 NH), 7.91-7.48 (m, 9H, Ar-H); C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6, TMS, ä, ppm):164.4, 153.2, 147.5, 134.1, 131.7, 129.7, 126.9, 125.2, 124.9, 122.6, 120.8, 118.2, 85.9; MS: + 305 [M ]; Anal. Calc. for C16H11N5O2:C 62.95 (620.3), H 3.63 (3.15), N 22.94 (22.5). Synthesis of 7 – chloro – 4 ( 4 – chlorophenyl )- 2 - hydrazinylquinoline-3- carbonitrile(4g) M.P. 202-204 °C; Yield, 84% ; IR ( KBr, cm-1): 3270-3359 cm-1 (N-H), 2238 1 (Ca”N); H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6, TMS, ä, ppm): 8.66 (s, 2H, NH2), 8.42 (s, 1H, 13 NH), 7.72-7.33 (m, 8H, Ar-H); C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6, TMS, ä, ppm):160.8, 155.7, 144.3, 137.6, 134.3, 130.7, 129.1, 128.4, 126.5, 124.6, 122.3, 121.7, 120.5, + 116.6, 89.1; MS: 329 [M ]; Anal. Calc. forC16H10Cl2N4:C 58.38 (59.23), H 3.06 (3.87), N 17.02 (17.88). Synthesis of 4-(4-bromophenyl)-7-chloro-2-hydrazinylquinoline-3-carbonitrile (4h) M.P. 210-212 °C; Yield, 83% ; IR ( KBr, cm-1): 3235-3340 cm-1 (N-H), 2268 Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 63

1 (Ca”N); H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6, TMS, ä, ppm): 8.70 (s, 2H, NH2), 8.51 (s, 1H, 13 NH), 7.89-7.42 (m, 8H, Ar-H); C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6, TMS, ä, ppm):168.4, 153.8, 148.4, 136.5, 132.7, 131.2, 129.9, 127.1, 126.3, 123.0, 121.8, 120.8, 119.1, + 81.7; MS: 373 [M ]; Anal. Calc. for C16H10BrClN4:C 51.43 (51.03), H 2.70 (2.99), N 15.00 (15.69). Synthesis of 7-chloro-4(4-flurophenyl)-2-hydrazinylquinoline-3-carbonitrile (4i) M.P. 222-224 °C; Yield, 87% ; IR ( KBr, cm-1): 3290-3368 cm-1 (N-H), 2245 1 (Ca”N); H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6, TMS, ä, ppm): 9.06 (s, 2H, NH2), 8.78 (s, 1H, 13 NH), 7.95-7.56 (m, 8H, Ar-H); C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6, TMS, ä, ppm):165.3, 150.7, 146.5, 138.0, 134.9, 132.1, 130.6, 128.2, 124.7, 122.6, 119.6, 118.5, 88.4; MS: + 312 [M ]; Anal. Calc. for C16H10ClFN4:C 61.45 (60.78), H 3.22 (3.30), N 17.92 (17.09). Synthesis of 7-chloro)-2-hydrazinyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)quinoline-3-carbonitrile (4j) M.P. 224-226 °C; Yield, 89% ; IR ( KBr, cm-1): 3235-3340 cm-1 (N-H), 2260 1 (Ca”N); H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6, TMS, ä, ppm): 8.86 (s, 2H, NH2), 8.59 (s, 1H, 13 NH), 7.68-7.19 (m, 8H, Ar-H); C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6, TMS, ä, ppm):160.1, 151.8, 147.6, 139.1, 135.0, 133.2, 131.7, 129.3, 125.8, 123.5, 118.6, 119.6, 80.9; MS: + 339 [M ]; Anal. Calc. for C16H10ClN5O2:C 56.56 (55.89), H 2.97 (2.17), N 20.61 (20.97). CONCLUSION Our protocol is a practical approach using PEG as a commercially available, low cost, recyclable, nonionic solvent. In most cases, the reaction proceeded smoothly to produce the corresponding 2-hydrazinyl-4-substituted phenylquinoline-3-carbonitrile derivatives (quinoline derivatives). The reaction was efficient, mild, clean, eco-friendly and the products were obtained in excellent yield without formation of any side product. The catalyst shows an environmentally friendly character, is inexpensive and easily obtained, and can be recycled without activation. It has been observed that bleaching earth clay pH 12.5/PEG-400 is an efficient catalytic system for synthesis of quinoline derivatives. Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 64 References :-

1. Elangdi, M.H.: Elmoghayer, M.R.H.:Elgemeie, G.E.H.synthesis 1984,1. 2. Nathan, C:Cars, O.Antibiotic Resistance Problems, Progress, N.Engl.J.Med.2014, 371,1761-1763 3. Cascioferro,S: Cusimano, M.G.:Schillaci,D. Antiadhesion agent against Gram – positive PathobensFuther Microbial.2014,9,1209-1220. 4. El-Rady, E.A,:Khalil, M.A.J. Chin.Chem.Soc.2004,51,779,:Chem.Abetr. 2004, 142, 219224. 5. Androle, V.T. The quinolines : Past, present, and Futuer, Clin.Infect.Dis.2005,41,S 113 - S119. 6. Garudeshary, B;Satyalaraytna, M,N;Thippeswamy, B, ;Shivakumar, C K,; Shivanand, K.N.; Hegde,G;Isloor,A.M.Synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial studies of some new quinoline incorporated benzimidazole derivatives. Eur. I. Med. Chem. 2012,54,900-906. 7. Rex,J.H.ND4BB:Addressing the antimicrobial resistance crisis. Nat. Reu. Microbial. 2014,12,231-232. 8. AmstrongR.W,Combs P.A, Tempest P.A,S.David Brown and Thomas A.Keating Acc Chem .Res, 1996,29(3). Multiple-component condensation Strategies for Combinational Library Synthesis . 9. Mehta Akul,2009 Presentation on Multicomponent Reactions.(Presentation on Multicomponent Reactions). 10. Thoms J.J. Muller,(Editor) Thematic Series in the Open Access,Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry . 11. Alexander Domling Current Opiniun in Chemical Biology 2000,4,318-323. The discovery of new isocyanide-based multicomponent reaction. 12. Anastas P,Warnar .J.C(Eds.), Green Chemistry . Theory and Practics , Oxford Univercity Press, Oxford 1998. 13. Anastas P.T,Kirchhoff M.M, Acc chem..Res. 2002,35,686-693. 14. Sheldon R.A, Chemtech, March 1994 , 38-47. Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 65 15. Hudlisky T, Frey D.A, Koroniak L, Claeboe C. D, Brammer L. E, GreenChemistry. 1999,1, 57-59. 16. Sheldon R.A, J. Mol. Catal. A: Chemical1996,107,75-83. 17. Nutting, P. G.(1933).The Bleaching Clays. Washingston: U. S. Geological Survey. 18. Klein, Cornelis (2002), Minerals Science. John Wiley& Sons, Inc. 19. S. K. Bharti, G. Nath, R. Tilak and S. K. Singh, Synthesis, anti-bacterial and anti- fungal activities of some novel Schiff bases containing 2,4-disubstituted thiazole ring, Eur. J. Med. Chem. 45 (2010)651–660;. 20. C. Loncle, J. M. Brunel, N. Vidal, M. Dherbomez and Y. Letourneux, Synthesis and antifungal activity of cholesterol-hydrazone derivatives, Eur. J. Med. Chem. 39 (2004) 1067–1071; 21. S. P. Garoufalias, N. Pouli, P. Marakos and A. C. Ladas, Synthesis, antimicrobial and antifungal activity of some new 3-substituted derivatives of 4-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)- 5-adamantyl-1H-1,2,4--triazole, Farmaco57 (2002) 973–977; Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 66

10

Identification of soil borne mycoflora of soybean (Glycine max) from different localities of Maharashtra state

A. M. Jamadar S. K. Khade Dept. of Botany, Dept. of Botany, PDVP College, PDVP College, Tasgaon, Dist. Sangli Tasgaon, Dist. Sangli

Research Paper -Botany ABSTRACT A survey of soybean (variety Ahilya) infected by different fungal diseases was carried out in different localities of Sangli, Kolhapur, Satara, Pune and Solapur districts of Maharashtra During present investigation 10 different localities of soybean grown regions were examined for their disease incidence. The survey from these districts showed that there were some fungal species which showed severe diseases to soybean. It was observed that Fusarium oxysporum(Schlecht)was dominant in all 10 isolates. This report indicates the increasing importance of effective disease management. To design an effective method for controlling soil borne diseases of soybean further biological and chemical applications are needed. Key words-Fusariumoxysporum , Soil borne mycoflora, Soybean, Introduction Soybean ( Glycine max (L) Merrill) is an important pulse food crop belongs to family fabaceae. India is one of the largest producer of soybean (60%) in world and in India the major cultivated regions are mainly Maharashtra, Karnataka, Gujrat, Andhrapradesh. This crop is treated as golden bean because of it’s three dimensional utility viz. pulse, oil seed and vegetable ( Anonymous, 2007). Soy oil finds a variety of uses for domestic and industrial Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 67 purposes besides its use in several food preparations and animal feeds. 53% of global production share of oil seed crops, soybean finds an important place in most of the agricultural production systems of major countries including USA, India, China and Brazil ( Muehlbauer and Singh, 1987). Immature green beans of soybean are eaten daily by more than billion people and also it fixes atmospheric nitrogen so increases soil fertility. Yield of soybean in USA is 2.27 ton/ ha, but in India it is one ton/ ha. The reasons behind low yield of soybean in India are due to many constrains but one of the most important cause is diseases ( Duke, 2012 ).Such a valuable crop is affected by many bacterial and fungal pathogens like Pseudomonas amygdale, Ralstonia solanacearum, Macrophominaphaseolina, Peronospora manshurica , Fusarium oxysporum . The main aim of present study is to investigate disease incidence due to fungal pathogen from different localities of Maharashtra state. Materials and Methods Study area- Sangli, Kolhapur, Satara, Pune, Solapur districts of Maharashtra state The survey of major soybean growing areas was conducted in different districts of maharashtra state. For collection the samples of soybean variety Ahilya exhibit diseased symptoms were brought to laboratory in sterile polythene bags. Infected parts were cut in to 3-4 mm pieces, these were surface sterilised with 70% alcohol for few seconds and then rinsed in sterilized distilled water 3 times to remove traces of alcohol. The cut pieces were aseptically blotted and inoculated on Czapek’s dox agar medium plates amended with streptomycin Sulphate and incubated at 28 ± 2 fc for 8 days. The fungal pathogen were identified with the help of relevant mycological literature (Barnett and Hunter ,1972) also followed the kochs postulates. Pure cultures were transferedto CDA slants and maintained at 4°C in refrigerator , used for further study whenever necessary. Result and Discussion The results are in agreement with earlier workers (Telmore, 2004; Ramteke, 2011; Sutar. 2015; and Andoji, 2016). It was observed that fungi like Rhizoctonia solani, Alternaria alternata, Fusarium oxysporum, Curvularialunata, Macrophominaphaseolina, Rhizopus nigricans,Aspergillusflavus,Cladosporiumherbarum, Penicillium sp., Helmanthosporium spp. Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 68 were observed. Curvularialunata,Macrophominaphaseolina ,Fusariumoxysporum,Aspergillus niger, were observed in majority of collected samples while Fusarium oxysporum most common in almost all samples causing root rot of soybean and was found dominant in all samples Table 1 -Mycoflora of Soybean from different localities of Maharashtra state Locality Pathogen Isolated Kavathemahankal Fusariumoxysporum(Schlecht), Macrophominaphaseolina(Tassi) (Sangli) Goid,Aspergillus nigervan Tieghem, Alternaria alternata(Fr.)Keissl., Cladosporium herbarum (Pers) Link., Rhizoctonia solaniJ.G. Kuhn. Kasbedigraj (Sangli) Fusariumoxysporum, Macrophominaphaseolina ,Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus rapens van Tieghem, Aspergillus flavusLink.,Cladosporiumherbarum, Penicillium sp. Link,Helmanthosporium spp. Durieu and Mont. Panhala (Kolhapur) Fusariumoxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani, Alternaria alternata, CurvularialunataR.R. Nelson and Haasis, Macrophominaphaseolina,Rhizopus nigricansVuillemin. Ichalkaranji Fusariumoxysporum, Macrophominaphaseolina ,Aspergillus (Kolhapur) niger, Cladosporium herbarumLink., Penicillium sp.,Helmanthosporiumspp Karad (Satara) Fusariumoxysporum, Macrophominaphaseolina ,Aspergillus niger, Cladosporium herbarum, Penicillium sp.,Helmanthosporiumspp, Rhizoctonia solani, Alternaria alternata, Curvularialunata, Indoli (Satara) Fusariumoxysporum, Macrophominaphaseolina ,Aspergillus niger, Rhizoctonia solani, Rhizoctonia solani, Alternaria alternata, Curvularialunata, Talegaon (Pune) Fusariumoxysporum, Cladosporium herbarum, Penicillium sp.,Helmanthosporiumspp, Rhizoctonia solani, Alternaria alternata, Curvularialunata Alandi (Pune) Fusariumoxysporum, Macrophominaphaseolina ,Aspergillus niger, Rhizoctonia solani, Rhizoctonia solani, Alternaria alternata, Curvularialunata, Barshi (Solapur) Fusariumoxysporum, Cladosporium herbarum, Penicillium sp.,Helmanthosporiumspp Akluj (Solapur) Fusariumoxysporum, Macrophominaphaseolina ,Aspergillus niger,Curvularialunata

Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 69

Plate 1- Isolated soybean mycoflora on CDA plates. Conclusion 12 fungus isolated from different plant parts were very effective in distruction of the plant and found that the producionwere reduced due to the infection. This rapid and less expensive technique to validate a primary alarm of contamination. Acknowledgement The authors thank the Principal Dr. Milind Hujare, PDVP College Tasgaon. References :-

1) Andoji, Y. S. (2016) Management of chickpea root rot, Ph.d. Thesis, Shivaji University, Kolhapur. 2) Anonymous, (2007)Marketing of soybean in Rajasthan. Pulses India,5(8): 16-21. 3) Barnett, H.L. and Hunter, B.B.(1972). Illustrated Genera of Imperfect Fungi. Burgess Publishing Co. Minneapolis, Mn, USA, pp. 241. 4) Duke, J. A. (2012). Handbook of legumes of world economic importance.Plenum Press, New York. pp. 52-57 5) Muehlbauer, F.J. and Singh,K.B. (1987). Genetics of soybean In: The Soybean. (ed) K. B. Singh and M. C. Saxena. Wallingford, UK, CAB Int., pp 115-145. 6) Ramteke, P. K. (2011). Studies on management of rhizome rot of ginger, Ph.D Thesis, Shivaji University, Kolhapur. Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 70 7) Sutar, M. A. (2015).Studies on management of kolhrabi yellows, Ph. D Thesis, Shivaji University, Kolhapur. 8) Telmore, K. M. (2004).Studies on management of some important diseases of Betelvine. Ph.D. Thesis, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar University, Aurangabad (M. S.) 9) Waghamare, M.B. (2010). Studies on management of some important diseases of rose. Ph. D Thesis, Shivaji University, Kolhapur.

•µÖÖêŸÖß“ÖÓ¦ü ¯ÖÛ²»Öêú¿Ö­Ö, »ÖÖŸÖæ¸ü. ISBN ­ÖÓ²Ö¸ü ­ÖãÃÖÖ¸ü ¯Öãß֍ú ¯ÖύúÖ¿Ö­ÖÖ“Öß ÃÖã¾ÖÖÔ ÃÖÓ¬Öß ¾Öî׿Ö™ü¶ê :- 1) ×¾ÖªÖ£Öá, ÃÖÓ¿ÖÖê¬Öú, ¯ÖÏÖ¬µÖ֯֍ú ¾Ö ‡ŸÖ¸ü »ÖêÖúÖÓ“Öê ¯Öãß֍ú '­ÖÖ ­Ö±úÖ ­ÖÖ ŸÖÖê™üÖ' µÖÖ ŸÖ¢¾ÖÖ¾Ö¸ü ISBN ­ÖÓ²Ö¸ü ­ÖãÃÖÖ¸ü ¯ÖύúÖ×¿ÖŸÖ ú¸üÖê. 2) ÃÖÓ¿ÖÖê¬Öú, ¯ÖÏÖ¬µÖ֯֍ú µÖÖÓ“µÖÖ M.Phil, Ph.D. ÃÖÓ¿ÖÖê¬Ö­ÖÖŸ´Öú ¯Öãß֍úÖÓ­ÖÖ ×¾Ö¿ÖêÂÖ ¯ÖÏÖ¬ÖÖ­µÖ. 3) µÖã.•Öß.ÃÖß. “µÖÖ ­Ö¾Öß­Ö ´Ö֐ÖÔ¤ü¿Öԍú ŸÖ¢¾ÖÖ­ÖãÃÖÖ¸ü ˆ““Ö ×¿ÖÖÖÖ´Ö¬µÖê úÖµÖÔ¸üŸÖ ÃÖÓ¿ÖÖê¬Ö­ÖÖ£Öá ¾Ö ¯ÖÏÖ¬µÖ֯֍ú µÖÖÓ­ÖÖ †Ö¯Ö»Öê ¯Öãß֍ú ISBN ­ÖãÃÖÖ¸ü“Ö ¯ÖύúÖ×¿ÖŸÖ ú¸üÖê †Ö¾Ö¿µÖú †ÖÆêü. ŸÖ¸üß, ÃÖÓ¿ÖÖê¬Ö­ÖÖ£Öá ¾Ö ¯ÖÏÖ¬µÖ֯֍ú µÖÖÓ­Öß †Ö¯Ö»Öê ´ÖÖî׻֍ú ÃÖÖ×ÆüŸµÖ ISBN ­ÖãÃÖÖ¸ü ¯ÖύúÖ×¿ÖŸÖ úºþ­Ö ‘µÖÖ¾Öê, Æüß ×¾Ö­ÖÓŸÖß. - ÃÖӯ֍úÖÔÃÖÖšüß ¯Ö¢ÖÖ - ¯Öύúֿ֍ú, •µÖÖêŸÖß“ÖÓ¦ü ¯ÖÛ²»Öêú¿Ö­Ö "µÖÖ­Ö¤êü¾Ö-¯ÖÖ¾ÖÔŸÖß", R-9/139/6, ×¾Ö¿ÖÖ»Ö ¿ÖÖôêû•Ö¾Öôû, ‹»Ö.†ÖµÖ.ÃÖß. úÖò»Ö­Öß, ¯Öϐ֟Öß ­ÖÖ¸ü, »ÖÖŸÖæ¸ü. ŸÖÖ. וÖ. »ÖÖŸÖæ¸ü - 413531.(´ÖÆüÖ¸üÖ™Òü),³ÖÖ¸üŸÖ †Öò×±úÃÖ ±úÖê­Ö ­ÖÓ. - 02382 - 241913 ´ÖÖê. ­ÖÓ.9423346913, 9503814000, 9637935252, 7276301000 Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 71

11

A Study of Turmeric Processing & Marketing In Sangli District

Rohini Bhiku Yewale Dr. V. J. Pawar Research Student, Research Guide, Pune District Education Association’s Research Center,Baburaoji Gholap College, Baburaoji Gholap College, New Sangvi, Dist. Pune. New Sangvi, Dist. Pune

Research Paper -Botany ABSTRACT This paper examines Sangli district in Maharashtra State is well known for turmeric(Rajapuri) production. It has also emerged as a wholesale market inturmeric though, the turmeric production is less than 10 per cent of thetotal production of turmeric in the country. In spite of the comparativeremunerativeness of Sugarcane, small farmers have been faithful toturmeric cultivation. Over generations, they never gave up thecultivation. The present day elevated position of the Sangli is due to thedynamic role played by the traders in Sangli, full proof storage facilitiesand ready finance.Despite the fact that turmeric is one of the major crops of thedistrict and Sangli is the main wholesale market of turmeric, scantattention was paid to its economic features, especially to marketing. Thereason is, the paucity of published material on the subject. The existingliterature on marketing of turmeric in Sangli is limited to a fewreferences in the publication of the Agricultural Marketing Advisor tothe Govt, of India, entitled ‘Marketing of Turmeric in India’ and to a fewpages in a similar publication of the Marketing Research Officer,Maharashtra State , entitled ‘Report on the Marketing of Turmeric in theState of Maharashtra’.Sangli is the only centre in Maharashtra, where there has been a long and big tradition and Marketing of Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 72

future trading in sangli of Turmeric, commencing from 1905. Therewas no association at that time and future, contracts jwere settled mutually amongst the traders and merchandised. Later on, attempts were made to form an association and the Sangli Forward Delivery Merchants Association (Sangli) was established in 1911. The assets and liabilities of this Association were taken over by the Sangli Forward Fixed Delivery Merchants Association, which was established * in 1948. In-1930, the Shri Sangli Mahajan Association was. started and it was registered under the Indian Companies Act of 1913 in 1947. Keynote : Study on turmeric , processing of turmeric, marketing of turmeric . Introduction : OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY : 1) To Study the various Process of Turmeric. 2) To Study the Marketing of Turmeric in sanglidistrict. METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY : The research study is descriptive in nature.The entire study is based on Secondary sources of data .The Secondary data has been collected from reputed Books , Journals , Govt. Report , magazines and Web-sites. In order to fulfill constructed objectives of the present study the secondary data has been assembled. Methodology The present study based on secondary data. PROCESSING OPERATIONS : Processing of farm products leads to enhanced form utility. Processing helps in the marketing of farm products by making them more edible , palatable and attractive . In addition , it adds to convenience in use , storage and transmit . It helps extend the availability of the product over a longer period of time . The government is encouraging the processing industry by providing tax exemptions on processed products, subsidies on packing costs , assured supply of power and by the creation of ‘ Processing Parks‘ where all infrastructural requirements are provided by the government at a subsidized cost . Turmeric, after harvest, undergoes the following processing operations. 1. Harvesting : After planting, the Turmeric crop gets ready for harvesting in about 8 to 9 months. Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 73 The main harvesting season starts from February and continues till April. In Maharashtra, harvesting starts from February and continues till April, and the main marketing season is March- June. In harvesting the Turmeric crop, care should be taken that the rhizomes are not cut or bruised and that the whole is lifted out with the dry plant, including the base of the stems by digging out rhizomes using pick axe or crow-bar . The leafy tope are then cut off, the roots removed, all the adhering earth is shaken or rubbed off and the rhizomes are then well washed with water. In Maharashtra, the cost of harvesting estimated to be about Rs.1250 to 1400 per hectare. 2.Cleaning : Harvested turmeric rhizomes (75.80%) are cleaned by freshwater under pressure for removal of soil and other foreign matter. After harvesting, the rhizomes are well washed with water. The separation of bulbs and fingers is done to facilitate uniform cooking of the rhizomes and quicker the process of boiling. 3.Curing : Cleaned rhizomes are submerged in hot water in tins and boiled uniformly. Cured rhizomes are then poured to a bamboo basket to drain the water and dried in yards. This process gives attractive colour and characteristics aroma to turmeric. Boiling kill the growth of fresh rhizomes, eliminates and odour, reduces the time of drying, ensures even distribution of color and gives better quality product by gelatinization of starch in rhizomes. Formerly, the fresh rhizomes were heaped in the pans or filled in to the pots, and water was added, a thick layer of dried sugar cane leaves or turmeric leaves was packed into the remaining space and, in the Pan method the leaves were covered with cow dung, in the pot method, the lids were fastened with the same material or, in some places, it was added directly to the water. The rhizomes were then boiled over a slow fire until they soften i.e. when a thin pointed stick would penetrate them easily. The boiling takes 3 to 4 hours. The rhizomes were then cooled and spread out to dry in the sun. 4.Drying Sun drying takes 12-15 days, till it becomes thoroughly hand and brittle and can broken with finger pressure with a metallic sound. The moisture content of the dried turmeric is kept at 8-10% for better storage. Artificial mechanical drying using cross flow heated air Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 74 dryers at 65 degrees centigrade is also used and found to provide best products, particularly for sliced turmeric a brighter colored product than the sun dried material. 5.Polishing Polishing of rhizomes is done by rubbing with hand under several Folds of gunny cloth or using a polishing drum water. 6.Coloring To impart uniform bright yellow color to the turmeric, the polished rhizomes are treated with an emulsion or mixture of turmeric powder and alum under continuous shaking in a basket. 7.Grading Grading refers to the process of sorting of products in to different lots on the basis of similar quality states s. s. China. Turmeric is graded in to bulbs and fingers in different reactions, based on their size. It is done either manually, which is time consuming or using mechanical reciprocating type grader. Grading for both rhizomes and turmeric power is performed as per India Agmark Standards. 8.Milling Usually, turmeric is milled on home scale in flour mills. Milling is done in two stages, namely breaking in to small pieces and powdering them to the desired fineness. 8. PackagingPackaging is defined by Archarya and Agarwal as the ‘putting of content in the market in a size pack which are convenient for the buyers .Well cured turmeric is kept in double burlap new gunny bags which are properly fumigated prior to packaging. Turmeric powder is packed in fiber board drums, multi wall bags and tin containers. 9.Storage Cured Turmeric bags are stored in a pit made on a raised ground with sides and the bottom padded with a thick layer of paddy straw. 10.Marketing Turmeric is marketed through terminal markets located in producing states and other major markets. MarketingofTurmeric in sangli district The producers, market almost their entire produce ( after leaving thequantity for Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 75 seeds and very small quantity for home consumption). Out ofthe total marketable surplus, less than 5 percent is sold to petty traders andco-operative societies at village level. Thus , the bulk of turmeric produce isbrought to Sangli regulated market for sale. The whole produce arriving atthe assembling market, is handled by the commission agents and cooperativesocieties working as commission agents.The commission agents act as a vital link between the producersellersand the purchasers in the assembling market. These agents operateon behalf of the cultivators in consideration of commission. The entireproduce brought by the producer has to pass through them. The producersellerhas no direct contact with the purchasers and all the transactions arethrough his agent. Channels of Marketing of Turmeric in Sangli Market The commission agents, besides arranging for the sale of the produce, takesthe responsibility of sorting the produce in proper condition until it isfinally sold.. They do not, usually, charge anything for sorting the produce.An important reason for establishment of link between the producersellersand the commission agents is the credit facilities extended by thelatter. The commission agents finance the producers at various stages ofcrop production and marketing.The transfer of the produce from the commission agents to the buyersis the next stage in the marketing channel. The method of sale by thecommission agents is open auction sale. The commission agents acting onbehalf of the producer-seller are also the major buyers in the Sanglimarket.The primary sorting in the sense of separating bulbs and fingers isdone by producers- sellers before bringing the produce to the market.The graded or sorted produce is then despatched either for polishingor for storage in pits. Usually, the fresh produce goes into the pits forstorage. From Sangli, the turmeric is despatched to many places likeAhmedabad, Rajastan and Delhi, etc., besides Mumbai. Co-Operative Marketing of Turmeric In Sangli district, theco-operative movement has taken rapistridesduring last five decades.Inthe field of marketing agricultural produce, however, the things aredifferent. The discussion that follows, therefore, is to focus attention on thisvital aspect.These factors, in the first instance, connected with the defects andmalpractices in the existing system of marketing agricultural produces.The need for co-operative marketing arises from a variety of factors.Justification for co-operative marketing does not merely depend upon theexacting Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 76 and acquisitive propensities of the traders. Co-operative marketingof agricultural produce, if efficiently carried out, should help to reduce theprice spread between the producer and consumers and, thereby ensure abetter return to the primary producer, without, at the same time affectingthe interests of the consumers. Whenever necessary, co-operative marketingorganization can also withstand the monopolistic tactics of the variouspressure groups. A co-operative, by bargaining far all its members canexercise more control over the prices of agricultural produce and can thus,off set monopolistic powers in the hands of buyers and obtain advantagesnot attainable if individual member sell independently. There is need for co-operative marketing even in normal marketconditions for disciplining the private trade. If the co-operative marketingof agricultural produce develops on a larger scale it will have a healthyimpact on the market trends and thus, help in the stabilization of prices.Promotion of co-operative marketing is assigned a high priority, not onlybecause co-operative marketing is desirable as such, but also because it isan essential requisite for the large scale expansion of co-operative creditenvisaged, particularly in view of the present shift in the emphasis fromland to crops as the main security. Co-operative marketing societies are notonly expected to ensure a better return to the farmer on the produce raisedby him alter taking loans from the co-operative resources, but also toProvide a built in mechanism for the recovery of production credit. Thesuccess of the co-operative credit program thus, depends largely on thedevelopment of co-operative marketing.The first thing that is essential for the fulfillment of a variety of theselaudable expectations is the progressive increase in the share of the.It can be said that, the working of the Sangli primary exchange hassatisfied all the above conditions.No doubt, the distribution of agricultural requisites and otheressential commodities to their members at reasonable prices are importantfunctions of the co-operative marketing societies and they performing themsatisfactorily. Agricultural produce handled by the marketing co- operatives.Considering the three main objectives for which the co-operativemarketing societies have been organised - advancing of pledge loans,marketing of agricultural produce and distribution of supplies - the actualperformance of marketing co-operatives in respect of marketing agriculturalproduce is not at all encouraging.The study of working of cooperative marketing societies with a viewto finding out the factors which help in the promotion of their developmenton the one hand and those which come in the way of their progress on theother Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 77 has tried to identify several factors that were responsible for thesuccess of some co-operative marketing societies- a) market orientedagriculture b) a fairly developed co-operative credit structure c) the marketstructure .The regulated market can indeed, be helpful to co- operativemarketing societies, firstly by drawing the cultivators within their orbit and,secondly, by standardizing market practices and thus, ensuring the societies fair competition by traders who, normally , indulge in various mal practiceswhich the co-operative societies can not adopt. Further , by enforcingpayment of price by trader promptly to sellers, the regulated market wouldrelieve the marketing societies from the burden of trade credit as well.But the ease and facility of securing the agencies of thesegoods and the attractive nature of distribution of requisites has resulted inthe neglect of marketing agricultural produce by the co-operative marketingsocieties.One important reason why most of the marketing co-operatives havefailed to develop marketing business is that, they are content with handlingwhatever little produce that comes to their door. The marketing societiesshould make a concerted drive for assembling produce at the village level. In this connection, it can be suggested that, all the credit co-operativesocieties in the area should be harnessed together for the purpose. Such anarrangement would necessitate - a) a compulsory affiliation of the credit cooperative society b) a provision for adequate representation to credit cooperativesocieties on the management of the marketing co-operative to theextent of at least 50 percent of the elected representatives and c) providingcredit societies with up-to-date market intelligence, speedy means oftransport, advance of pledge loans to members on behalf of the marketingco-operatives, etc. Credit co-operatives should also be encouraged as inRajkot, to undertake this work by awarding suitable prizes to those showingmaximum participation in the marketing activity.Even a well developed society like Shri. Ganapati Zilla co-operativepurchase and sale union, follow the tendencies of other marketing cooperativesin the district. The union has a good and devoted managerialcrew. Its position is economically sound. But the quantum of agriculturalproduce handled by the union is declining.At present, the marketing co-operatives act as the commission agentsand that too on a limited scale. So the cultivators prefer commission agentsto the marketing co-operatives , as the commission agents have moreflexible procedures and have close and personal contacts with thecultivators.The induction of trained marketing personnel, evolution of suitablebusiness Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 78 procedures and removal or restrictions on the purchase ofagricultural produce handled by the marketing co-operatives , will go a longway to enable the marketing co-operatives to play a meaningful anddynamic role in the marketing of agriculture produce.

Source:-www.apeda.com In Sangli there were huge markets of turmeric. Its cold a Lilav of Turmeric Marketing. Purchase and sale of Turmeric are regulated in almost all the important markets in Western Maharashtra and Marathwada areas and the method of sale in vogue is open, auction. The sellers invariably appoint commission agents forsangli market. Sales take place in the ‘markets at the premises of the commission agent. The bags are heaped or Turmeric is kept in loose conditions so that the buyers may be able to inspect the produce before offering the bids.The small farmers who bring their produce to the market for sale are likely to be exploited by the merchants or commission agents because of. their lack of waiting capabilities. .It was with a view to protecting the interests of the farmers that the Bombay Agricultural Produce Market Act 1930 was passed. The Vasant Krishi Utpanna Bazar Samiti, Sangli was established in 1951, under the provision of this Act. The Act sought to regulate the sale and purchase of the agricultural commodities with a view to give a fair deal to the farmers.Commission agent, wholesale middleman; ‘ wholesale merchants, exporters and retail merchants are engaged in assembling and distribution of Turmeric in sangli. Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 79 References :-

1. Deepa. K.M. (2010) Turmeric: The golden spice, Facts for You, Sept: 19-20 GoI (Government of India) (1998) Spices Statistics, Spice Board, Ministry of Commerce, Cochin, Kerala. 2. Spices Statistics (2016) Spice Board, Ministry of Commerce and Industries, Govt of India, Cochin. 3. Swami, M.A. (2004). Economics of production and marketing of turmeric in of Maharashtra. M.Sc. (Ag.) Thesis, Marathwada Agricultural University, Parbhani, M.S. (India). 4. S.S.Guledgudda Department Of Agricultural Economicscollege Of Agriculture, Dharwaduniversity Of Agricultural Sciences,Dharwad - 580 005august, 2005; Thesis Submit Ted To The University Of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwadin Part Of The Requirements For Thedegree Ofdoctor Of Philosophy In Agricultural Economics; Production And Export Performance Of Cashew,An Economic Analysis. 5. Raveendran, N. and Aiyaswamy, P.K. (1982) An analysis of export growth and export prices of turmeric in India. Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics, 37(3): 323325. Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 80

12

UVB Tolerance Mechanisms in Medicinally Important Plant Simarouba Glauca : Phosphorus Metabolism

Sarika S. Patil D. K. Gaikwad Dept. of Botany, Dept. of Botany, Shivaji University, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, Dist. Kolhapur Kolhapur, Dist. Kolhapur

Research Paper -Botany ABSTRACT Medicinally important oil yielding evergreen one year old seedlings of Simarouba glauca were subjected to 10h/day UVB (280-320nm) irradiation treatments for 4, 8,12and16days. While control plants were kept in normal sunlight. Effect of UV-B radiation on the phosphorus content of root and leaves is significantly increased with increasing 4,8,12 and 16 days of UV-B treatments, while in stem tissue phosphorus content is slightly decreased. The activity of enzyme acid phosphatase is increased with increasing irradiations of UV-B radiations. This increase is more significant in 12 and 16 days irradiated leaves. Enzyme alkaline phosphatase activity is decreased with increasing exposure duration of UV-B radiations and this decrease is more significant in response to 12 and 16 days treatments. The effect of UV-B radiation on the activity of ATPase enzyme in leaves of Simarouba glaucaas increased with increasing irradiations of UV-B. This increase is more significant in 12 days and 16 days UV-B irradiations. This may helps to improve the energy balance of this plant under UV-B radiation stress. It Might be helpful for development of green belts of S. glauca for protection against the UV-B radiations, also helps to reduce green house effects. Key words- UV-B, Simarouba glauca, phosphorus metabolism Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 81 Introduction- A minor component of sunlight is UVB wavelengths (280-320 nm) have a major impact on terrestrial ecosystems because of their high energy levels (Mackenzie, et al., 2003 and Caldwell et al., 2007). The UV spectrum is divided into three regions UV-C (< 280 nm), UVB and UVA (>320 nm). UV-C radiation that comprises highly energetic wavelengths, which are eliminated by the stratospheric ozone layer and does not reaches on earth surface. UV-B (280-320 nm) reaches on earth surface and encountered by plants and day by day its concentration increases due to the depletion in the stratospheric ozone layer (Caldwell et al., 1989). UV-B radiation serves as an environmental stress and triggers several responses in plants, with continuous changes in growth and development, morphological and physiological aspect (Mackerness et al.,1998; Andrady A.L.and Neal M.A. (2009) and Hollosy, 2002). It has been estimated that for each 1% sustained decrease in stratospheric ozone, there would be an increase of 0.5% in the number of cataracts caused by solar UV rays (Van der Leunet al.1989). S.glauca is grown in rainfed waste habitat and it is used as ethnobotanical, pharmaceutical and domestic purposes. According to Lele, (2010) the leaves and bark of S.glauca are used as a natural medicine in tropics, for malaria and dysentery. Phosphorus is most consequential element which is necessary for various metabolic processes. In plants, reduction of phosphorus takes places in respond stresses which make several disturbances through glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathways. Along with various key metabolites like ATP and NADP, phosphorus also forms an essential constituent of nucleic acids, phospholipids, sugar phosphates. Enzyme acid phosphatase is primarily dispensed in higher plants (Parida and Das 2004). This enzyme mobilizes the reaction in which take out iP from organic phosphate monoesters in acidic medium (Vincent et al., 1992). This enzyme is classified as acid due to its activity at ideal pH i.e. below pH 7.0 (Sharmaet al., 2004). The enzyme acid phosphatase is most important enzyme in phosphorus metabolism, which is found in many plant parts like a roots, shoot, apex, root apex, stem, tubers bulbs, fruits, seeds, embryos, aleurone layer as well as in scutellum (Demir et al., 2004). Alkaline phosphatase is an extracellular enzyme in higher plants (Chaideeet al., 2008). It is also a cytosolic enzyme (Duff et al., 1994). According to Coleman and Gettins (1983) noticed that, Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 82 alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (EC. 3.13.1) is a Zn (II) metalloenzyme, catalyses the hydrolysis of phosphate monoester. In view of Ross and Ely (1951) hydrolysis of phosphates are possible when the substrates are present in the form of adenosine diphosphate, adenosine triphosphoric acid, guanylic acid, disphosphopyridine nucleotide, hexosediphosphates and inorganic pyrophosphate and metaphosphate were used. Enzyme ATPase holoenzyme is often known as ‘master enzyme’ of plant cell (Rockel et al., 1998 and Zhang et al., 2006). On the basis of their function and site ATPase are of two different types P-ATPase (Ec.3.6.1.35) and V- ATPase (EC.3.6.1.34) working site of P-ATPase enzyme is plasma membrane while working site of V. ATPase is tonoplast (Serrano, 1989; Taiz1992 and wang et al., 2000). Materials and methods- A.Plant Material Simarouba glauca DC. edible oil tree is commonly planted along wastelands or dry land forest areas by Department of forest in Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh as well as in agricultural Universities of these states. Freshly harvested seeds of S. glauca were purchased from Sri Institute of Agriculture, Bangalore. B. Methods 1. Supplementary UV-B radiation treatments- One year old seedlings of S.glauca where purchased from social forestry Kagal. Seedlings with plastic bags were kept in polyhouse under minimum and maximum air temperature at 21 to 310C respectively with relative humidity of air up to 55%. In early April seedlings were exposed to UV-B treatments. UV-B radiations were artificially supplied by UV-B tubes (Philips TL20 W/16, NV, Holland). The UV-B irradiance was provided for 10h (08:00am-18:00pm) for different days (4,8, 12 and 16 days) as per the method described by Lydon et al. ,(1986). The tubes were installed 15cm above perpendicular to the seedlings and oriented in an east - west direction. Tubes were wrapped with 13 mm cellulose diacetate (CA) film to remove out UVC radiation shorter than 290 nm. CA paper was changed per week to avoid photo degradation. Control seedlings were exposed to normal day light. According to method of Sekineet al., (1965) the phosphorous content was determined. In the test tube 2 ml. of acid digest was taken and to this some amount of 2 N HNO3 followed by 1 ml. of freshly prepared molybdate vanadate reagent (A-25 gm. Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 83 ammonium molybdate in 500 ml. of distilled water. B- 1.25 gm ammonium vanadate in 500 ml of 1N HNO3. A and B were mixed equally at the time of use) were added. The final volume was adjusted to 10 ml. with distilled water. Reaction mixture was mixed well and allows reacting for 20 minutes. Yellow colored complex was formed by reaction of Phosphorous with molybdate vanadate reagent. The intensity of the color developed measured by calorimetrically and comparing it with the color intensity of the known standards. Color intensity was noted at 420 nm. Without phosphorous blank was taken. With the help of standard phosphorous solution (0.110 g KH2PO4 per liter = 0.025 mg P5+ml-1) calibration curve of standard phosphorous was prepared. Amount of phosphorous in plant material is expressed in mg100 g-1 dry weight. The activity of enzyme Acid Phosphatase was determined by method of Mclachlan et al. (1987). 0.250 g fresh leaves of control and UV-B irradiated were extracted in 10 ml of ice-cold, 0.1 M acetate buffer (pH 5) and was filtered through 4 layers of muslin cloth and centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 20 minutes. Assay mixture containing 3 ml of p-nitrophenyl phosphate [0.1 mg p-nitrophenyl phosphate per ml of acetate buffer (pH 5)] and 1 ml enzyme. For 30 minutes the reaction was allowed to proceed and then was killed by the addition of 1.5 ml, 1.68 N NaOH. For 0 minutes another test tube in similar way the medium and the enzyme were taken and reaction was immediately killed. At 420 nm the optical density of the developed pale yellow complex was read. The method of Lowry et al., (1951) followed for determination of the soluble proteins from the enzyme extracts. The enzyme activity is expressed as moles p-nitrophynol h-1mg-1 protein. The activity of enzyme Alkaline Phospatase was assayed following the method of Weimberg (1970). 0.250 g fresh leaves of control as well as from irradiated plants were crushed in 10 ml ice cold 0.1 M. tris HCl buffer (pH 8.0) including 1 M. KCl , 0.01 M EDTA and 0.4 ml 0.2 M Mercaptoethanol. The suspension was filtered through four layered muslin cloth and filtrate was centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 20 minutes. Supernatant served as enzyme source. 0.5 ml crude enzyme was incubated with incubation medium (containing 1 ml 0.1 M tris HCl buffer (pH 7.5), 0.1 ml 0.05 M MgCl2, 0.1 ml 0.02 M p-nitrophenyl phosphate and 1.7 ml distilled water) at 300 C. After addition of enzyme absorbance was measured immediately at 410 nm and after 1 hour of incubation change in OD was noted. According to Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 84 method of Lowry et al. (1951) the soluble protein from enzyme extract were determined. The enzyme activity was expressed as moles p-nitrophenyl h-1 mg-1 protein. The activity of enzyme ATPase was determined according to the method described by Todd and Yoo (1964). The method of Weimberg (1970) was followed for the extraction of enzyme. 250 mg of leaf samples from UV-B irradiated and control seedlings were collected and homogenized in 10 ml ice cold, 0.1 M. tris HCl buffer (pH-8.0) containing 1 M KCl, 0.01 M EDTA and 0.4 ml. 0.2 M -mercaptoethanol. The homogenate was filtered through 4 layers of muslin cloth and filtrate was centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 20 minutes. The supernatant served as enzyme source. 1 ml of supernatant was added to reaction mixture (0.5 ml. of 0.01 M CaCl2 and 0.5 ml. 0.003 M ATP). The reaction was carried out at 380 C for 60 min and was terminated by adding 1 ml of 0.1 M NaOH. In another test tube the reaction mixture and assay medium were taken in a similar way and reaction was immediately stopped by adding 1 ml of 0.1 M NaOH and considered it as 0 min reaction. For determination of liberated inorganic phosphorous the method proposed by Fiske and Subbarao (1925) was used. From the above 0 min and 60 min reaction mixtures 1 ml of solution was mixed with 4 ml distilled water, 1 ml 5 N H2SO4, 1 ml 2.5% ammonium molybdate and 0.4 ml ANSA reagent (30 g sodium metabisuphite, 6 g sodium sulphate and 500 mg ANSA (1- amino, 2 – napthol, 4- sulphonic acid) in small quantities of distilled water were dissolved separately. All the solutions in corporate and volume adjusted to 250 ml. with distilled water. To stand overnight filtered and stored in refrigerator). It was allowed to develop blue color complex for 10 minutes, at 660 nm. The amount of liberated Pi was calculated by determination of change in OD with the help of standard curve of 0.025 mg KH2PO4 per ml. According to method of Lowry et al., (1951) the soluble proteins in enzyme extracts were estimated. The enzyme activity is expressed as g Pi h-1mg-1 protein. Result and discussion- The effect of UV-B radiation on the phosphorus content in root, stem and leaves of S. glauca is shown in fig.1. It is noticed from figure that the phosphorus content of root and leaves is significantly increased with increasing 4,8,12 and 16 days of UV-B treatments, while in stem tissue phosphorus content is slightly decreased in response to UV-B radiations. In the present study the phosphorus content was increased in root and stem tissue with the Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 85 increase in exposure time of UV-B radiations, which is also correlated with decrease in activity of alkaline and acid phosphatase as indicated by Mohomad (2003). The uptake of phosphorus in root, stem and leaf tissues was observed in Simarouba glauca which indicates the requirement of a continuous flow of ATP in the root, stem and leaf tissue under stress condition. Thus, the increased uptake of phosphorus in root and leaf tissues will be helpful for the maintenance of supply of phosphorus to the synthesis of nucleic acid and various metabolic or enzymatic reactions. This will helps to improve the overall metabolism and energy balance of this plant under UV-B radiation stress. Effect of UV-B radiation on the activity enzyme acid phosphatase in the leaves of Simarouba glauca is shown in fig.2. It is evident from figure that activity of enzyme acid phosphatase is increased with increasing irradiations of UV-B radiations. This increase is more significant in 12 and 16 days irradiated leaves. In the present study the activity of acid phosphatase elevated up to 16 days of UV-B radiation. This increase was significantly higher in 12 days treated plants thus increased activity of acid phosphatase under UV-B stress might be helpful for the improvement of phosphorus use efficiency leading to the increment of phosphorus uptake in plant tissues. The effect of UV-B radiation on the activity of enzyme alkaline phosphatase is as shown in fig.3. It is noticed from figure that the activity of enzyme alkaline phosphatase is decreased with increasing exposure duration of UV-B radiations and this decrease is more significant in response to 12 and 16 days treatments. In the present study the activity of Alkaline phosphatase was slightly changed due to 4 and 8 days of UV-B treatments and it was decreased 4 times fold in 16 days treated plants. Thus the supply of inorganic phosphorus to maintain the cellular metabolism is hampered due to 12 and 16 days of UV-B irradiation while the cellular metabolism was maintained at lower levels (4 and 8days) UV-B radiation stress. The effect of UV-B radiation on the activity ATPase enzyme in leaves of Simarouba glauca is as shows in fig.4. It is evident from the figure that, the activity of enzyme ATPase as increased with increasing irradiations of UV-B. This increase is more significant in 12 days and 16 days UV-B irradiations. It was noticed that the activity of enzyme ATPase was elevated up to3 to 4 times in 12 and 16 days UV- B exposed leaves. This increase in the activity of Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 86 enzyme ATPase in response to UV-B radiation might be helpful for the maintenance of iron uptake and cell turgure under the UV-B stress. Summary and conclusion- The uptake of phosphorus in root, stem and leaf tissues was altered in Simarouba glauca which indicates the requirement of a continuous flow of ATP in the root, stem and leaf tissue under stress condition. Thus, the increased uptake of phosphorus in root and leaf tissues might be helpful for the maintenance of supply of phosphorus to the synthesis of nucleic acid and various metabolic or enzymatic reactions. This may helps to improve the overall metabolism and energy balance of this plant under UV-B radiation stress. An increased activity of acid phosphatase under UV-B stress might be helpful for the improvement of phosphorus use efficiency leading to the increment of phosphorus uptake in plant tissues. The activity of Alkaline phosphatase was slightly changed due to 4 and 8 days of UV-B treatments and it was decreased 4 times fold in 16 days treated plants. Thus the supply of inorganic phosphorus to maintain the cellular metabolism was hampered due to 12 and 16 days of UV-B irradiation while the cellular metabolism was maintained at lower levels (4 and 8days) UV-B radiation stress. The activity of enzyme ATPase was elevated up to3 to 4 times in 12 and 16 days UV- B exposed leaves. This increase in the activity of enzyme ATPase in response to UV-B radiation might be helpful for the maintenance of ion uptake and cell turgor under the UV-B stress. Graphs- Table 1: Effect of UV-B radiation on phosphorus content of root, stem and leaves of S. glauca. Treatments Root Stem Leaves Control 143 191.4 183.3 158.3 159.33 160.6 4 (Days) (+10.69) (-16.75) (-12.38) 157.7 165.3 152.7 8 (Days) (+10.27) (-13.63) (-16.69) 162.4 189.8 161.9 12 (Days) (+13.56) (-0.83) (-11.67) 155.8 174.4 159.0 16 (Days) (+8.95) (-8.88) (+13.25) Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 87 Each value is mean of three determinations. Values are expressed as mg 100-1g dry wt. Values in parenthesis indicate percent increase (+) or decrease (-) over the control.

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Figure 1: Effect of UV-B radiation on phosphorus content of root, stem and leaves of S. glauca.

Table 2: Effect of UV-B radiation on the activity of enzyme acid phosphatase in leaves of S. glauca Enzyme acid Treatments phosphatase activity Control 61 67 4 (Days) (+9.83) 95 8 (Days) (+55.73) 159 12 (Days) (+160.65) 127 16 (Days) (+108.19) Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 88 Each value is mean of three determinations. Values are expressed as µmoles p-nitrophenol h-1 mg-1 protein. Values in parenthesis indicate percent increase (+) or decrease (-) over the control. Figure 2: Effect of UV-B radiation on the activity of enzyme acid phosphatase in leaves of S. glauca.

Table 3: Effect of UV-B on the activity of enzyme alkaline phosphatase in leaves of S. glauca. Enzyme alkaline Treatments phosphatase activity Control 65 43 4 (Days) (-33.84) 43 8 (Days) (-33.84) 29 12 (Days) (-55.38) 14 16 (Days) (-78.46) Each value is mean of three determinations. Values are expressed as µmoles p-nitro phenol h-1 mg-1 protein. Values in parenthesis indicate percent increase (+) or decrease (-) over the control. Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 89

Figure 3: Effect of UV-B on the activity of enzyme alkaline phosphatase in leaves of S. glauca. Figure 4: Effect of UV-B radiation on the activity of enzyme ATPase in leaves of S. glauca. Treatments Enzyme ATPase Control 50 64 4 (Days) (+28) 60 8 (Days) (+20) 160 12 (Days) (+220) 220 16 (Days) (+340) Each value is mean of three determinations. Values are expressed as µg Pi h-1 mg-1 protein Values in parenthesis indicate percent increase (+) or decrease (-) over the control. Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 90

Figure 4: Effect of UV-B radiation on the activity of enzyme ATPase in leaves of S. glauca. References :-

1. Andrady, A. L., & Neal, M. A. (2009). Applications and societal benefits of plastics. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B, 364, 1977– 1984. 2. Caldwell, M.M., Teramura, A.H., and Tevini, M. (1989). The chang- ingsolar ultraviolet climate and the ecological consequences for higher plants. Trends Ecol. Evol. 4, 363-367. 3. Chaidee, A., Wongchai, C. and P. Feiffer (2008). Extracellular alkalinephosphatase is a sensitive marker for cellular stimulation and exocytosis in heterotrophy cell cultures of Chenopodium rubrum.J. Plant Physiol.,165:1655-1666. 4. Caldwell, M.M., Bornmann, J.F., Ballare, C.L., Flink, S.D., &Kulandaivelu, G., (2007). Terrestrial echosystem, increased solar ultraviolet-B radiation and interactions with other climate change factors. Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 6: 252-266. 5. Coleman, J. and P.Gettins (1983). Alkaline phosphatase, solution structure and mechanism. In: Advances in Enzymology Meister. An interscience publication John Wiley and Sons. New York, Chichester, Brisbane, Toronto, Singapore. .382-452. Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 91 6. Demir, I. and K. Mavi (2004). The effect of priming on seedling emergence of differently matured watermelons (Thumb) Matsum and Nakai) seeds, Scientific Horticulture,102 : 467-473. 7. Duff, M.G.S.; Sarath, G. and W.C. Plaxton (1994). The role of acid phosphatase in plant phosphorus metabolism, Physio. Plant, 90:791-800. 8. Fiske, C. H. and Y. Subbarow (1925) The colorimetric determination of phosphorus. J. Biol. Chem.66:375-400. 9. Hollosy F. (2002). Effects of ultraviolet radiation on plant cells. Micron 33:179–197 DOI 10.1016/S0968-4328(01)00011-7. 10. Lele,S.(2010).LaxmiTaru (Simarouba). http://www.svlele.com/Simarouba.htm 11. Lowry, O.H.; Rosenbrough, N.J.; Furr, A.A. and R.J. Randall (1951). Protein measurement with folin phenol reagent. J Biol. Chem., 193: 262-263. 12. Lydon, J.; Teramura, A.H. and E.G. Summers (1986). Effects of ultraviolet-B radiation on the growth and productivity of field grown soybean. In Stratospheric Ozone Reduction, Solar Ultraviolet Radiation and Plant Life, R.C. Worrest and M.M. Caldwell 313-325 13. Mac Kenzie, D.I.;Nichols, J.D.; Hines, J.E.; Knutson, M.G. and A.B.Franklin (2003) Estimating site occupancy, colonization and local extinction when a species is detected imperfectly. Ecology, 84: 2200-2207 14. Mc Lachlan, K.; Elliott, D.; DeMarco, D. and J. Garran (1987). Leaf acid phosphatase isozymes in the diagnosis of phosphorus status in field-grown wheat. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research. 38:1-13. 15. Mohamed R.A., (2003). Role of open quarantine in regional germplasm exchange. Pp 63-65. In: Legg JP and Hillocks RJ (Eds), 2003. Cassava Brown Streak Virus Disease: Past, Present and Future. Proceedings of an International Workshop, Mombasa, Kenya, 27-30 16. Mackerness,.A.H.S.; Surplus, S.L.; Jordan, B.R.and B. Thomas (1998) Effects of supplemental ultraviolet-B radiation on photosynthetic transcripts at different stages of leaf development and light levels in pea (Pisum sativum): Role of active oxygen species and antioxidant enzymes. PhotochemPhotobiol68: 88–96 Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 92 17. Parida, A.K. and Dasa.B. (2004) Effects of NaCl stress on nitrogen and phosphorus metabolism in a true mangrove Bruguierapaeviflora grown under hydroponic culture. Journal of Plant Physiology ,161(8), 921-928. 18. Rockel, B.; Chen, J. and L.Ratajczak (1998). Day-night changes of the amount of subunit-c-transcript of the V-ATPase in suspension cells of Mesembryanthemumcrystallinum L. J Plant Physiol, 152: 189-193. 19. Ross, M.H. and J.O.Ely (1951). Alkaline phosphatases in fixed plant cells. Ex CellResearc.,2(3) : 339-348. 20. Sharma, A. D.; Thakur, M.; Rana, M. and K. Singh (2004). Effect of plant growth hormones and abiotic stresses on germination, growth and phosphatase activities in Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench seeds. Afr. J. Biotechnol.,3: 308-312. 21. Serrano, R. (1989). Structure & function of Plasma membrane At Pase. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 40: 61-94. 22. Sekine, T.; Sasakawa, T.; Morita, S.; Kimura, T. and K. Kuratom (1965). Labrotory manual for physiological studies of Rice. 23. Todd, G. W. and B.Y. Yeo (1964). Enzymatic changes in detached wheat leaves as affected by water stress. Phyton, (Buenos Aires), 21: 61. 24. Taiz, L. (1992). The Plant Vacuole. J. Exp. Biol., 172: 113-122. 25. Vincent, J.B., Crowder, M.W. and B.A. Averill (1992). Hydrolysis of phosphate monoesters: a biological problem with multiple chemical solutions. Trends Biochem. Sci., 17:105-110. 26. Van der Leun, J.C. (1989) In: Human Health: United Nations Environmental Program report on the Environmental Effects of ozone Depletion. Van der Leun JC, Tevini M, editors. EPA; Washington, DC: 27. Wang, B. S.; Ratajczak, R. and J. H. Zhang (2000). Activity, amount and subunit composition of vacuolar-type H+-ATPase and H+ PPase in wheat roots under severe NaCl stress. J. Plant Physiol., 157: 109-116. 28. Weimberg, R. (1970). Enzyme levels in pea seedlings grown in highly salinized media. Plant Physiol., 46: 466-470. 29. Zhang, J.; Jia, W.; Yang, J. and A. M. (2006). Role of ABA in integrating plant response to drought and salt stresses. Field Crops Res ., 97 : 111-119. Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 93

13

Effect of VA Mycorrhizae inoculation on vegetative growth in Hibiscus sabdariffa L (Ambadi)

A. M. Kanade R. S. Bhosale Dept. of Botany, Dept. of Botany, ACS College ACS College Narayangaon, Dist. Pune Narayangaon, Dist. Pune

Research Paper -Botany ABSTRACT Mature healthy seeds of Hibiscus sabdariffa were collected from local area, Narayangaon Tal. Junnar, Dist. Pune (Maharashatra) and used in present experiments to study the effect of VAM Glomus fasciculatumof vegetative growth of the experimental plant, improved phosphate absorption capacity of plants helps in improving the growth and development with the help of VAM. The result of present investigation clearly indicates that Hibiscus sabdariffa responds well to the mycorrhizal inoculation under pot condition. Introduction Hibiscus sabdariffa L is an annual or perennial herb or woodyshrub, growing to 2– 2.5 m (7–8 ft) tall. The leaves are deeply three- to five-lobed, 8–15 cm (3–6 in) long, arranged alternately on the stems. In Maharashtra, it is called Ambadi. The Ambadi leaves are mixed with green chillies, salt, some garlic to prepare a chutney which is served with Jowar or bajra made bhakri. This is eaten by Farmers as breakfast to start their day. A dry vegetable or Sukhi Sabzi made of Ambadi leaves tastes good with Bhakri. About VAM – VAM means vesicular arbuscular mycorrizal fungi. They form symbiotic association with majority of plants. This association is symbiotic association. They improve phosphate Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 94 absorption capacity of plants which helps in improving the growth and development. The VAM selected for the project is Glomus fasciculatum MATERIAL AND METHODS Investigation was conducted at the Department of Botany, Arts, Commerce and Science College, Narayangaon, Pune to study the response of three commercially important plant Hibiscus sabdariffa to VA mycorrhizal inoculation. Mature healthy seeds of Hibiscus sabdariffa were collected from local area, Narayangaon Tal. Junnar, Dist. Pune (Maharashatra) and used in all the experiments. Earthen pots with 30 cm diameter, and depth, with a hole at the base for drainage system were selected and were filled with 3 kg of sterilized soil mixture of sand: soil: FYM in 1: 2: 1 proportion. The pots were placed in full sunlight and were watered till field capacity a day before sowing and alternate days till the final harvest. Recommended phosphate fertilizer was procured from Suryakant agro service, Kalamb added at different levels as suggested in various treatments. In Hibiscus sabdariffa. There were five sets with five treatments in sterilized soil. Set I – UP00 - Control, uninoculated without phosphate. Set II – IP00 - VAM inoculated without phosphate. Set IV – IP100% - VAM inoculated with 1gm phosphate per pot. Set III – UP75% - Uninoculated with 0.75 gm phosphate per pot. Set IV – IP50% - VAM inoculated with 0.5 gm phosphate per pot. The similar sets were made for non sterilized soil also. Ten root segments of each species were collected and subjected for detection of mycorrhizal colonization. The root segments were fixed in F.A.A. for 24 hours and were autoc1aved in 10% KOH. The autoc1aved root segments were washed in 1 percent HCl- and stained with cotton blue in lactophenol. The stained roots were mounted on micro slide in lactophenol and were observed under microscope for the presence and kind of VAM fungi. Identification is attempted solely on manual for identification of VAM fungi by Schenck and Perez, (1987). Frequency was calculated using the formula,

Further observations were recorded at flowering period for vegetative parameters. Dry Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 95 biomass on 60th day for which samples were oven dried at 60° C for 48 hours. S.E was calculated using excel program. OBSERVATION Table 1: Growth performance of Hibiscus sabdariffain response to various levels of phosphate, and VAM in non sterilized and sterilized soil. Soil type Non sterilized Set I II III IV V VI Treatments UP00 IP00 UP100 IP100 IP75 IP50 Parameters * * * * * * Plant height (cm) 154.00±0.1 155.00±0.10 158.00 ± 0.2 170.00 ± 0.3 167.00 ± 0.10 164.00±0.02 No. of Leaves 29.00 ± 00 28.00±00 30.66±0.47 34.00±0.81 34.00±0.94 33.00±0.47 % VAM colonization 00 20 00 60 40 30 Spore count (Per 50 00 19 00 36 35 34 gm of soil)

Soil type Sterilized Set I II III IV V VI Treatments UP00 IP00 UP100 IP100 IP75 IP50 Parameters * * * * * * Plant height (cm) 144.00±0.2 150.00±0.03 152.00 ± 0.3 165.00 ± 0.1 160.00 ± 0.1 157.10±0.2 No. of Leaves 10.00 ± 00 9.00±12 11.66±0.46 15.00±0.33 15.00±0.58 14.00±0.33 % VAM colonization 00 10 00 60 30 20 Spore count (Per 50 00 10 00 27 25 24 gm of soil)

UP00 (Control , un-inoculated, without phosphate & VAM). IP00 (VAM Inoculated, without phosphate). UP100 (VAM un-inoculated with 1gm phosphate per pot). IP100 (VAM Inoculated with 1gm phosphate per pot). IP75 (VAM Inoculated with 0.75gm phosphate per pot). IP50 (VAM Inoculated with 0.50gm phosphate per pot). Standard *deviation (SD). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The result of present investigation clearly indicates that Hibiscus sabdariffa responds well to the mycorrhizal inoculation under pot condition. Maximum plant height was noted in plants inoculated with VAM at 100 percent recommended phosphate and least in control in both sterilized and non-sterilized soil. Collectively VAM and phosphate showed two-fold increase in growth as compared to un- inoculated control plants Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 96 Many workers showed that VAM alone or with phosphate increased growth. Maximum number of leaves were found in plants inoculated with VAM at 100 percent recommended phosphate and least in control in both sterilized and non-sterilized soil. VAM or Phosphate alone did not show marked effect as compared to combinations of VAM and phosphate. Similar trend was observed in Red Maple (Acer rubrum) reported by Daft and Hacskaylo (1977) in Tamarindusindica , L. , Acacia nilotica and Calliandracalothyrus by Reena and Bagyaraj(1990). Inoculation of plants with VAM without phosphate shows two-fold increase in total leaf area as compared to uninoculated plants without phosphate. VAM with 50 percent recommended phosphate shows tenfold increase as compared to uninoculated plants without phosphate. Percentage of VAM colonization was higher in mycorrhizal plants with 50 percent recommended phosphate in sterilized and non sterilized soil. Similar observation was reported by Okonet. al. (1996) in Gliricidiasepum and Senna siamea. VAM with 50 percent recommended phosphate shows maximum number of mycorrhizal spores in non-sterilized soil. Clamydospores were not observed in uninoculated plants. This suggests that the number of infective propagules in the soil is low and the infectivity of native fungi lower than that of inoculant fungus. Further there is decrease in VAM colonization level at 100 percent recommended phosphate and higher soil phosphate levels. There is increase in VAM colonization level in nonsterilized soil inoculated with VAM also observed by Bagyraj and Manjunath (1980) in Cotton Cowpea, Menge, et. al. (1998) in Citrus. Present investigation clearly indicates that Hibiscus sabdariffa L,.responds well to Glomus fasciculatum. VAM inoculation in combination with Phosphate at all levels increased height of shoot, Total leaf area and Dry biomass in both non sterilized and sterilized soil. References :-

1. Arafat, S. M., Sherif, M.A., Enany, M. H. and Saad, R. N. (1995). Effect of Rhizobium and VAM on growth, phosphorous and nitrogen uptake by Vinca fabia L. in hydrophonic culture. Egyptian Journal of Soil Science. 35 (1): 117-128. 2. Bagyaraj, D. J. and Manjunath, A., (1980). Response of crop plants to VAM (G. Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 97 fasciculataiinoculation in an unsterile indian soil. New Phytol.85 (1): 33-36. 3. Biermann, B. J. and Linderman, R. G. (1983). Effect of container plant growth medium and fertilizer P on establishment and host growth response to VAM fungus J. Am. Soc. For Hort. Sci 108: 962-971 4. Cox, G., Tinker, P. B. and Wild, J. A. (1975). Ultra Structural evidences relating to host endophyte transfer in a Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza. In: Endomycorrhizas (Eds), Sanders, F. E., Mosse, B. and Tinker, P. B. Academic Press. London. 297- 312. 5. Daft, M. J. and Hacskaylo,E. (1977). Growth of endomycorrhizal and non mycorrhizalred maple seedling in sand and anthracite soil. For. Sci.23(2): 207-216. 6. Lin, X. G., Hao, W. G. and Wu, T. H. (1993). The beneficial effect of dual inoculation of VAM plus Rhizobium on growth of white clover. Trcnicultura-11 (4): 151-154. 7. Menge, J. A., Labanuuskus, C. K., Johmson, E. L. V. and Platt, R. G.(1998). Partial substitution of Mycorrhizal fungi for Phosphorous fertilization in the green house culture of Citrus. J. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. 42: 926-930. 8. Mosse, B. (1973). Plant growth responses to vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae. IV.In soil given additional phosphate. New Phytol. 72: 127-136. 9. Mosse, B. and Hepper, C. M. (1975). Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal infection in root organ cultures. Physiol. plant Pathol.5 : 215-223. 10. Mosse, B., Hayman, D. S. and Ide, G. J. (1969). Growth response of plants in unsterilized soil to inoculation with vesicular arbescular mycorrhiza. Nature.224 : 1031-1032. 11. Okon, I. E., Osunobi, O. and Sanginga, N. (1996). VAM effects on Glericidiasepum and Senna siamea in a fallowed alley cropping system. Agroforestry systems. 33 (2): 165-175 12. Reena, J. and Bagyara, D. J. (1990). Growth stimulation of Tamarindusindica by selected VA mycorrhiza fungi. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 6 (1): 59-63. 13. Roselle plant, Encyclopaedia Britannica https://www.britannica.com/plant/roselle-plant 14. Schenck, N. C. and Perez, Y. (1987). Manual for Identification of VA mycorrhizal fungi, University of Florida, Graineville, Florida. Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 98

14

Seasonal Impact on Avian Diversity and Its Conservation at Sitakhandi Forest in Bhokar Tahshil of Nanded District

V. S. Jadhav Dept. of Zoology Raje Ramrao Mahavidyalya Jath, Dist. Sangli

Research Paper -Zoology ABSTRACT The Sitakhandi forest is 9 Km away from Bhokar. The forest consist of various plant and trees like Teak (Tectonagrandis), Neem (Azadirectaindica), Babul (Acacia arabica), Mango (Magniferraindica), Sitaphal, (Annona squamosa), Chinch (Tamarindusindica), Pimpal (Ficus religiosa), Bor (ZizyphausJujuba), Dhawada (Anogeissueslatifolia), Moha (Madhucaindica). The forest consist of various types of grasses, some wild animals are also visit at various habits in this forest. There are many local birds; migratory birds are also visits various habits of the forest. Such as House crow, Bulbul, Common myna, House swift, Parakeet, Lapwing, Dove, Black Drango, Cuckoo etc. birds are found. So for no scientific data is available for on the avian fauna of these forest the present study is carry out from June 2009 to July 2011 for avian fauna of given spots. Key words-Avian diversity, Sitakhandi forest. Introduction The Sitakhandi forest is 9 Km away from Bhokar. The forest consist of various plant and trees like Teak (Tectonagrandis), Neem (Azadirectaindica), Babul (Acacia arabica), Mango (Magniferraindica), Sitaphal, (Annona squamosa), Chinch (Tamarindusindica), Pimpal (Ficus religiosa), Bor (ZizyphausJujuba), Dhawada (Anogeissueslatifolia), Moha Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 99 (Madhucaindica). The forest consist of various types of grasses, some wild animals are also visit at various habits in this forest. There are many local birds; migratory birds are also visits various habits of the forest. Such as House crow, Bulbul, Common myna, House swift, Parakeet, Lapwing, Dove, Black Drango, Cuckoo etc. birds are found. Ghazalal Shahabuddin et.al. (2004). Studies birds forest & conservation in Rajasthan, Islam et.al. (2004) Studies in important bird area in India, Sankar et.al.(1993) Studies birds of Sariska Tiger reserve Rajasthan, S. Subramanya et. al. (2004) Studied Puttanahalli tank Banglore. He found 126 bird species belonging to 50 birds’ families, Rajeevan et.al. (2004) Studied grey heron breeding in Kerela, Ali Salim (1969) Studied birds of Kerela. David et.al. (2004) Sighting of thick-billed Wrabler near Panchagani Maharashtra, Ahmed (1997), (1998) Studied live bird trade in Northern India, Studied some green avadavat in Indian birds trade, Butler (1975-77) Study on avifauna of Mount Aboo and Northern Gujarat, RFS (2003) studied Rajasthan forest statistics Govt. of Rajasthan, Sharma (2002) Studied preliminary biodiversity of survey of protected areas of southern Rajasthan. Material and methods The present study avian diversity identified at the spots as per guidelines given by Ali and Ripley (1996), Ali (2002), Chitampelli (2002) by using binoculars 7x and 8x Magnification. The present study is based on observation made June 2009 to July 2011, regular visits for the survey and identification of bird’s monthly visits were done in morning (7am-10am) and evening (4 to 5-30pm) hours. Result and Discussion The observed birds are listed in table No.1 on the basis of their common names, scientific names, total counts and nature of abundances and migratory behavior. In Sitakhandi total 80 species of birds were identified out of them 24 Residential Common (RC), 24 Residential Uncommon (RU), 09 Residential rare (Rr), 05 Residential Migrant Common (RMc), 01 Residential Migrant (RM), 05 Residential Migrant rare (RMr), 02 Migrant Uncommon, (MU), 02 Migrant rare (Mr) , 02 Winter Migrant Common (WMc), 05 Winter Migrant Uncommon (WMu) and 01 Winter migrant rare (Wmr). The different types of birds were recorded at Sitakhandi due to local environmental conditions and season has impact on composition and diversity occurrence birds. The bird’s Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 100 population was more during winter and summer (Kulkarni et.al. (2005). It was noted that birds move out from one station to other to avoid unfavorable, environmental conditions. (Ghazi (1962), Davidar (1985), Ali (1932), Kulkarni et.al (2006), Singh (1929), Gaikwad et.al. (1997), Manakadan et.al. (2001), Wadatkar (2001), Prasad (2003), Jathar et.al. (2004), FSI (2001), Bird Life international (2001), Gazetter of India (1974). The species feed on fishes therefore affecting reservoir fishery. They are also carries pathogens (Lagler (1978), Jhingran (1988)) and there it is necessary to reduce their population. These can be done by eradicating aquatic weeds and clearing the periphery margins of reservoirs.K.B. Patel (2011) observed 39 species of birds from Patan district also find out taluka wise population status. The results indicated that 5 to 10 species of birds were found very common in most of the taluka. These were Cattle egret, Blue Rock Pigeon, Rose- ringed Parakeet, Green Bee eater, Babbler, House sparrow. Present research work focused on the qualitative and quantitative aspects of avian diversity that can be used to understand and help in prioritization of areas for conservation. In order to conserve local bird population structure and status of bird is essential. Conservation and suggestion The following action plan is proposed for the conservation of birds and wetlands of Sitakhandi forest. Anthropogenic factors are the root causes for wetland degradation and habitat destruction of water birds. Therefore, conservation education and awareness programmes are essential for local farmers, students and fishing community to the pond. Studies on vegetation have revealed that intensive biomass extraction (mainly through grazing and fuel wood collection) is leading to changes in vegetation structure and composition of the forest. These changes in forest structure are leading to changes in bird species composition. Agricultural areas in India probably experience the most heavy and indiscriminate use of pesticides leading to direct and indirect mortality of predatory and frugivorous birds. Despite the above studies, the state of our knowledge on bird control is preliminary. Local people should be made aware of the importance of wetlands, waterfowl and other common birds. Without the involvement of common people of this region conservation of the wetlands will not be successful.As grasslands are preclimax they are maintained by annual burning, grazing and floods. Grasslands are managed by the annual Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 101 prescribed burning at the beginning of the dry season and this is the most important and crucial management activity. However, burning may be harmful to grassland birds, especially if it is carried out too frequently or too intensively. Control and management of accidental fires in the forest, during early summer has some adverse effect on the forest dwelling species. Measurement of water chemistry should be done on a regular basis to allow long-term monitoring of changes in nutrient levels and other parameters. Thus, the site is an ideal place for conservation of endemic and globally threatened birds and also to a large number of important flora and fauna. Due to the increase in human population the forest is presently facing disturbance in the edges which will increase in due course of time if proper conservation measures are not taken up immediately. Conservation awareness programmes among the local people is required to sensitize the people about the sustainable use of the forest resources to conserve it for future generations. This suggests that the providing natural habitat, availability of food, water, climatic conditions and surrounding vegetation arefavorable for avian fauna. Table No - 1Seasonal Variation of Birds atSitakhandi Forest

10 11 09 10 - -

09 10 - - Stat- - - Sr.No Common Name Scientific Name us Total Rainy Rainy Winter Winter Summer Summer Galliformes Francolinuspondiceria 1 Phasianidae Rr 7 6 9 6 8 7 43 nus Grey Francolin 2 Common Quail Coturnix coturnix RMr 7 5 12 9 8 13 54 3 Indian Peafowl Pavocristatus RC 8 8 14 7 16 13 66 Anseriformes 4 Anatidae Anas acuta MU - 8 5 - 6 - 19 Northern Pintail 5 Spot-billed Duck Anas poecilorhyncha RMc 17 18 13 35 20 7 90 6 Common Pochard Aythyaferina WMr - 5 - - 10 - 15 Piciformes Picidae 7 Chrysocolaptesfestivus Rr 6 4 4 2 4 5 25 Black-shouldered Woodpecker Megalaimidae Megalaimahaemaceph 8 Rr - 5 4 4 6 3 22 Coppersmith Barbet ala Coraciiformes 9 Coraciidae Coracias benghalensis Rr - 3 4 3 3 4 17 Indian Roller Alcedinidae 10 Cerylerudis RU 5 4 5 8 3 5 30 Lesser Pied Kingfisher

Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 102 11 Small Blue Kingfisher Alcedoatthis RU 3 5 - 5 6 5 24 12 Blue-eared Kingfisher Alcedomeninting RU 6 5 4 4 3 5 27 Meropidae Meropsorientalis RMc - 7 6 4 8 5 30 13 Small Bee-eater Cuculiformes 14 Cuculidae Clamatorjacobinus Mr - 8 11 5 7 5 36 Pied Crested Cuckoo 15 Asian Koel Eudynamysscolopacea RC 7 15 14 9 12 10 67 Centropodidae 16 Centropussinensis RU 4 8 3 7 4 4 30 Greater Coucal Psittaciformes 17 Psittacidae Psittaculakrameri RC 8 18 15 10 13 25 89 Rose-ringed Parakeet Apodiformes 18 Apodidae Apus affinis RMr 10 17 30 13 15 35 120 House Swift Strigiformes 19 Strigidae Otusscops RMr - 1 2 - - 1 4 Eurasian scops-owl Columbiformes 20 Columbidae Columba livia RC 20 9 12 12 19 13 85 Blue Rock Pigeon Eurasian Collared- 21 Streptopeliadecaocto RC 18 26 9 9 18 10 86 Dove 22 Spoted Dove Streptopeliachinensis RU 5 8 10 4 5 6 38 Gruiformes 23 GruidaeDemoisella Grus vigro Mr - 8 6 - 4 5 23 Crane Rallidae Amaurornisphoenicur 24 White breasted RC 7 6 8 10 8 15 54 us Waterhen 25 Purple Moorhen Porphyrioporphyrio RC 17 12 10 7 10 17 73 Ciconiiformes Pteroclididae 26 Pteroclesexustus Rr - 9 7 8 7 6 37 Chestnut-billed Sandgrouse ScolopacidaeCommon 27 Actitishypoleucos WMu - 4 - - 5 - 9 Sandpiper 28 Curlew Sandpiper Calidrisferruginea WMu - 7 - - 9 - 16 29 Wood Sandpiper Tringaglareola WMu - 5 - - 3 - 9 Jacanidae Hydrophasianuschirur 30 RMr - 5 6 6 8 - 25 Pheasant-tailed Jacana gus

Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 103 Charadridae 31 Vanellus indicus RC 38 55 23 40 63 35 254 Red-wattled Lapwing 32 Little Ringed Plover Charadriusdubius WMu - 3 - - 14 - 17 Himantopushimantopu 33 Black-winged Stilt WMc - 15 - - 14 - 29 s Accipitridae 34 Milvus migrans RU - - 1 - 3 - 4 Black Kite 35 Shikra Accipiter badius Rr 6 - 4 - 5 - 15 36 White eyed Buzzard Butasturteesa RMr - 7 3 - 4 5 19 Podicipedidae 37 Tachybaptusruficollis RMc 4 12 7 10 14 14 61 Little Grebe Phalacrocoracidae 38 Phalacrocoraxniger RMc 4 7 10 13 8 16 58 _Little Cormorant Ardeidae 39 Ardeolagrayii RC 21 23 13 11 36 18 122 Indian Pond Heron 40 Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis RC 14 34 40 17 43 41 189 41 Little Egret Egrettagarzetta RC 18 35 13 10 19 36 131 Threskiornithidae 42 Pseudibispapillosa RU 5 11 12 6 14 20 68 Black Ibis 43 Eurasian Spoonbill Platalealeucorodia WMu - 7 - - 6 - 13 Passeriformes 44 Lanidae Laniusexcubitor RU 6 10 11 14 9 15 65 Great Grey Shrike 45 Bay-backed Shrike Laniusvittatus RU - 4 5 4 3 5 21 Corvidae Dendrocittavagabund 46 RU - 4 4 6 5 3 22 Indian Treepie a 47 House Crow Corvussplendens RC 7 10 5 10 8 20 60 48 Jungle Crow Corvusmacrorhynchos RU - 3 3 6 4 8 24 49 Black Drongo Dicrurusmacrocerus RC 10 7 8 10 8 11 54 50 White-bellied Drongo Dicruruscaerulescens RU 5 - 4 2 3 4 18 51 Common Iora Aegithinatiphia RU 2 3 4 2 3 4 18 Tephrodornispondicer 52 Common Woodshrike RU - 4 6 10 7 10 37 ianus Muscicapidae 53 Ficedulawestermanni RC 65 33 24 13 64 50 248 Little pied Flycatcher 54 Indian Robin Saxicoloidesfulicata RU 6 6 5 3 8 7 35 Sturnidae 55 Acridotherestristis RC 5 6 8 20 12 18 69 Common Myna 56 Brahminy Starling Sturnus pagodarum RC 10 15 10 16 12 13 76 57 Asian Pied Starling Sturnus contra RU 4 3 2 5 2 5 21 Paridae 58 Parus major Rr - 2 3 5 6 3 19 Great tit Hirundinidae 59 Hirundorustica RMc 7 8 5 10 8 7 45 Common Swallow 60 House Swallow Hirundotahitica RC 7 13 17 14 15 15 81

Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 104 61 Dusky Crag-Martin Hrundo concolor RC 15 8 12 20 12 21 88 Pycnonotidae 62 Pycnonotuscafer RC 60 40 28 41 66 45 280 Red-vented Bulbul Hypsipetesleucocephal 63 Black Bulbul Rr - 5 6 5 4 3 23 us Cisticolidae 64 Priniainornata RU - 5 8 8 7 10 38 Plain Prinia 65 Jungle Prinia Prina sylvatica RU 5 4 6 5 6 7 33 66 Common Tailorbirds Orthotomussutorius Rr 3 4 5 2 3 - 17 Zosteropidae 67 Zosteropspalpebrosus RU 3 4 2 3 4 5 21 Oriental White-eye Silvidae 68 Turdoidesmalcolmi RC 6 10 15 12 8 12 63 Large Grey Babbler 69 Jungle Babbler Turdoidesstriatus RC 4 5 4 6 6 8 33 Alaudidae Calandrellabrachydac 70 RU - 4 2 5 3 4 18 Greater short-toed lark tyla Nectarinidae 71 Nectariniazeylonica RU 10 5 8 8 10 6 47 Purple-rumpedSunbird 72 Small Sunbird Nectarinia minima RU 40 15 16 35 36 18 160 Passeridae 73 Passer domesticus RC 40 30 17 28 50 57 216 House Sparrow 74 Yellow Wagtail Motacilla flava WMc - 7 - - 8 - 15 75 White Wagtail Motacilla alba MU - 5 5 2 8 7 27 Dendronanthus 76 Forest Wagtail RM - 5 5 4 4 5 23 indicus 77 Baya Weavers Ploceusphilippinus RC 8 6 6 7 8 15 50 78 White-throated Munia Lonchuramalabarica RC 30 32 15 21 32 18 148 79 Spotted Munia Lonchurapunctulata RU 9 7 5 8 8 10 47 80 Black-throated Munia Lonchurakelaarti RU - 10 8 6 8 7 39

Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 105 Abbrevation and total species : RC -(Residential Common)= 24 ,RU- ( Residential Uncommon) = 24 , Rr - (Residential rare) = 09 , RMc - ( Residential Migrant common) = 05 , RM -( Residential Migrant) = 01 , RMr - (Residential Migrant rare) =05 , MU - (Migrant uncommon) = 02 , Mr - ( Mirant rare) = 02 , WMc - ( Winter Migrant common) = 02 , WMu - ( Winter Migrant uncommon) = 05 , WMr - (Winter Migrant rare) = 01 . References :-

1) Ali, Salim. (1969). Birds of Kerala, Madras, Oxford University press. 2) Ali S. (1932). Flower-birds and birds flower in India. J. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. 35:573-605. 3) Ahmed, A. (1997). Live bird trade in northern India. Delhi: TRAFFIC- India. 4) Ali s. and Ripley S.D. (1996). A pictorial guide to the birds of Indian sub-continent, Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. Mumbai., PP 1 -172. 5) Ali S. (2002). "The book of Indian birds" J. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., Mumbai PP. 1 - 326. 6) Butler, E. A. (1975 -77). Notes on the avifauna of mount Aboo ant northern Guzerat. Stray feathers III: 437 -500; IV: 1 - 41; V: 207-235. 7) Bird life International (2001). Threatened Birds of Asia. The bird life international Red data book. Birdlife international Cambridge, UK. 8) Chitampelli, M. (2002).Pakshikosh publ. Sahityprasar Kendra, Sitabardi Nagpur, India. 9) David, L. Adelson and Rahul Purandare (2004). Sighting of thick-billed Warbler Phragmaticolaaedon near Panchgari, Maharashtra, India. Newsletter Vol. -I. 10) Davidar, P. (1985). Ecological interaction between mistletoes and their avian pollinators in South India. J. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. Mumbai.82:45-60 11) Forest Survey of India (2001). State of forest report 2001. Ministry of environment and forest. Dehra Dun. 12) Ghazala Shahabuddin, Ashok Verma and Raman Kumar (2004). Bird's forest and conservation: Critical issues in Sariska Tiger Reserve, Rajasthan, India. Ornithologist Vol. 1: 82 - 84. Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 106 13) Ghazi, H.K. (1962). Piscivorous birds of Madras. Madras J. Of Fisheries. 1(1): 106 -107. 14) Gazetteer of India (1974). Maharashtra state gazetteers, General Series -fauna Maharashtra state. Mumbai. 15) Gaikwad, N.S., Puranik and N. Shah (1997). A check list of birds around Solapur. 16th Maharashtra state, friends of birds meets at Solapur. 11th Jan 1997, 1 -30 PP (unpublished 16) Islam, M.Z. and A.R. Rahmani (2004). Important bird areas in India: priority sites for conservation. Indian bird conservation network: Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. And Birdlife international (UK). Mumbai. 17) Jhingran, V.G. (1988).Fish and fisheries of India. Hindustan Publishing Co-operation, New Delhi, pp.1-664. 18) Jathar, G. and Rahmani, A.R. (2004). Status of critically Endangered Forest Owlet Heteroglanixblewim (Hume) in Maharashtra. J. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. Mumbai. 11 pp (unpublished). 19) Kulkarni, A.N., V.S. Kanwate and V.D. Deshpande (2005). Birds in and Around Nanded City Maharashtra. Zoos print J. 20 (11): 2076 - 2078. 20) Kulkarni, A.N., V.S. Kanwate and V.D. Deshpande (2006). Checklist of bird of Shikhachi wadi, Reservoir, Dist. Nanded, Maharashtra J. Aqua Biol., vol. 21(1): 80 - 85. 21) Lagler, K.F. (1978).In freshwater fishery biology, W.M.C. Brown Comp. Publ. Dubuque, Lowa. 22) Rajeevan. P.C., Suraj and C. Sashikumar (2004). Grey Heron Ardeacinerea breeding in kerala, India. Newsletter vol. I. 23) Manakadan, R. and A. Pittie (2001).Standardised common and scientific names of the birds of the Indian sub continentBuceros 6 (1): 1 - 37. 24) Prasad, A. (2003). Annotated cheek list of birds of Western Maharashtra. Buceros vol. 8 (2 & 3). 25) R.F.S. (2003). Rajasthan Forest statistics. Govt. Of Rajasthan, Jaipur. Pp 80. Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 107 26) Sankar, K., D. Mohan and S. Pandey (1993). Birds of Sariska Tiger Reserve, Rajasthan, India. Forktail 8: 133 - 141. 27) S. Subramanya and O.C. Naveein (2004). Puttanahalli Tank, Bangalore (India) and surrounds. Newsletter vol. I. 28) Sharma, S.K. (2002). Preliminary biodiversity survey of protected Areas of southern Rajasthan, unpublished report pp 24. 29) Singh, T.C.N. (1929). A note of the pollination of Erythringindica by birds. J. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. 33: 460 - 62. 30) Wadatkar,J.S. (2001). Checklist of Birds from Amravati Universities Camus. Amravati. Zoos. Print Journal 16(5):497-499. Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 108

15

An Assessment of Impact of Lockdown on Environment - Review Study

Pooja R. Bhatia Y. K. Ghadage V. Y. Deshpande Dept. of Zoology Dept. of Zoology, Dept. of Zoology, Yashvantrao Chavan Institute of Yashvantrao Chavan Institute Yashvantrao Chavan Institute Science, Satara of Science, Satara of Science, Satara

Research Paper -Zoology ABSTRACT The COVID 19 pandemic considered as most critical global health crisis and greatest challenge to human. It has resulted in numerous impacts on the world especially in all parts of human society. Following the outbreak of corona virus many countries has adopted lockdown to break the chain of infection. Due to the forced restrictions, all countries have drastically slowed down the pollution just within a few days. Lockdown had caused industrial activity to shut down, lesser travelling by people, cancelled flights and other journeys. This in turn led to the pollution in air dropping significantly and decline in nitrous oxide. Lockdown effect was also seen on biodiversity plants are growing better because of clean air and water. Again, where fish is concerned, lockdown has caused decline in fishing causing fish biomass to increase. Also, animals have been spotted moving out freely. Corona virus lockdown across the world appear to have a number of positive effects on the environment. This paper describes the impact of lockdown on clean air to liberated wildlife. Keywords: - COVID 19, Lockdown, Environment, Biodiversity and Pollution Introduction: - The COVID-19 is pandemic impacting all parts of human society. The novel Corona Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 109 Virus (COVID- 19) first reported in Wuhan, Hubei Province and spreading its circle to many countries like Japan, Italy, Iran, Pakistan and finally to India.The virus is novel because it is never seen before.As of now, a certain source of the outbreak is unknown.Virus is spread from person to person from respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. It is also spread by touching a surface or object if virus is present on it and again by touching the mouth, nose and eyes (Ali P.Yunuset al., 2020). Till now virus has killed4,64,467 people all over the world. Since no vaccine is available to prevent or cure the COVID 19. So, to stop the chain of infection, the governmental bodies have implicated lockdown in most of the countries. While lockdown it was not allowed people to gather social distancing is important,factories were closed, bans on international and national flights also complete transportation and use of vehicles was restricted. Several countries and territories were closed to keep people stay at their homes and to maintain social distancing.Normal life has come to standstill around the globe since 2020. Due to forced restrictions several anthropogenic activities were stopped which are the key drivers of pollution in the environment (Akimoto 2003). Human beings often forget that we are largely dependent on Mother Nature and become ignorant towards taking care of it.We have been so reluctant to the preservation of natural resources and sustainable development that we had forgotten the beauty of the Earth completely.The Covid-19 lockdown imposed throughout the world has struck a chord in every one of us and it has made us thinking how nature is so important for our day to day living. The tangible improvements in nature have made us believe that the Earth can be saved. It has made us see that our actions can very well impact the Earth’s sustainability for breathing pure air to greener trees, spotting various wildlife into the cities. Materials & Methods- All the theoretical study was done through articles published in newspapers and confirmed from forest officials and department of pollution. Observation & Result- Two weeks after the nationwide lockdownsome important environmental changes are observed during coronavirus lockdown in India. Firstly, we can see there was sudden decrease in Air pollution. As the COVID-19 pandemic has caused industrial activity to shut Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 110 down and cancelled flights and other journeys, slashing greenhouse gas emissions around the world. The Indo-Gangetic plain the drop in air pollution was clearly visible in satellite feeds. NASA data from space showed nitrogen and other pollutant levels had been decreased. One of the example New Delhi in winter and other big cities are enveloped in a blanket of smog. The air tends to clear during this lockdown(Fig. 1).

Fig. 1. New Delhi India Gate Before and After lockdown The major cause of water pollution is the toxic industrial waste which is directly discharged into the river Since all the factories are closed due to the lockdown, the Ganga river has become cleaner. Thewater quality of river Ganga at Har-ki-Pauri in the holy city of Haridwar has been classified as ‘fit for drinking’, an unprecedented success which the ambitious schemes of the government could not do for years even after pumping thousands of crores. Hundreds of people used to come to take a holy dip in Haridwar every day the numbers used to swell to thousands. Since the lockdown has come into effect people cannot come here. Accordingto the Uttarakhand Environment Protection and Pollution Board, there has been a 34 per cent reduction in faecal coliform and 20 per cent in biochemical oxygen demand in Haridwar.The water quality of the Ganga river in Uttar Pradesh has seemingly improved. (India Today)

Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 111

Fig. 2. Har-ki-Pauri in the holy city of Haridwar Ganga river While lockdown humans staying indoors, wild animals are reclaiming the streets and happily wandering around - not just in India but worldwide. Amused and somewhat enthralled - social media users are duly documenting the animals frolicking through the deserted cities. Some rarely seen and some often seen but not in such large numbers, these animals are now feeling courageous to explore not just the city streets, in some cases the beaches too.The elephant strolling through Dehradun, Deer on Ooty Coimbatore road, Whales at Bombay High from Indonesia, even internationally, many widely shared pieces of information about animals moving around during the lockdown, with the one about dolphins in Venice canals has been observed (The Hindustan Times)

Fig. 3- Animals wandering around the world. Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 112 Discussion- Every coin has two sides. Similarly, the current pandemic has shown positive implication on biodiversity conservation, pollution and specially on Environment. Through this lockdown we are conducting the largest ever global and ecological experiment. Over a relatively short period of time, we’re turning off major air pollutant sources in industry and transport which shows mother earth is recovering itself. This study shows that COVID 19 has become boon to Environment. But after the lockdown period the industries, tourism activity and all other businesses will again re-open as usual. And again, pollution will start to increase which will cause threat to diversity and environment. So,let’s encourage ecological farming, forestry, low impact fisheries and ecosystem conservation and restoration, sustainable mobility causing community led planning. Economic slowdowns and monumental stress on healthcare system has made governments realize, it is better to prevent than to struggle hard for a cure. Policy makers are being urged to undertake stringent measures against high-risk wildlife markets and wildlife trafficking. Ban has been imposed by Wuhan on the trade, hunting, breeding and consumption of wild animals. With well-established links between pandemics and ecosystem health, biodiversity conservation might receive much needed attention from governments in the form of research funding and legislature. Ongoing COVID 19 pandemic has taught us not to take anything for granted and also taught how people can live with less resources. Conclusion- It is too early to evaluate the overall impacts of the coronavirus pandemic on biodiversity and our ability to protect it, but some preliminary conclusions are possible. At this point, protected areas appear to be safe and, in many places, biodiversity is benefitting from reduced human activities. Most important that this lockdown has provided us simple solution for conservation and sustainable development. If we close down hill-station, Pilgrimage or most of the areas for week, months then pollution will be reduced in future and world will be secured.And without pandemic of any kind we can give chance for natural habitats to recover. Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 113

References :-

1. Akimoto, 2003 H. Akimoto Global air quality and pollution Science, 302 (2003), pp. 1716-1719 2. Ali P.YunusabYoshifumiMasago bYasuakiHijiokabScience of The Total EnvironmentVolume731, 20 August 2020, 139012 https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.scitotenv.2020.139012 3. BBC Future Planet. [Online] Accessed on May 25, 2020. https://www.bbc.com/ 4. India Today May 03, 2020. 5. Lokmat newspaper April 14th 2020. 6. Mongabay News & Inspiration from Nature Frontline in India. [Online] Accessed on May 25, 2020. https://india.mongabay.com/ 7. National Centre for Biological Sciences. [Online] Accessed on May 26, 2020. https:/ /www.ncbs.res.in/ 8. National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). [Online] Accessed on May 25, 2020. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ 9. Science Direct. [Online] Accessed on May 25, 2020. https://www.sciencedirect.com/ 10. South Asian Network on Dams, Rivers and People (SANDRP) April 11th 2020. 11. The Hindustan times April 21st 2020. Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 114

16

Study of Ethno medicinal Plants of Birwadi, Mahad Tehsil, Raigad District, Maharashtra

R. S. Bhosale V. G. Inamdar Dept. of Botany, Dept. of Botany, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar College, Mahad, Dist. Raigad College, Mahad, Dist. Raigad

Research Paper -Botany ABSTRACT Mahad is one of the important city in Raigad District of Maharashtra well known as central market place from historic times. It is rich in plant diversity due to its close association with Sahyadri range and Savitririver. It is the major historic route which connects and ghats. Within it resides many tribal villages and tribes as Bhilla, Thakar, Kokana,Gavit, Kathkari, Kathodi, Mahadev- koliandDongar-koli. These tribes use many plants as source of food, fodder and medicine traditionally. Considering the scope for ethno botanical study few villages were observed and plants with ethno medicinal uses were identified and studied. Keyword : Mahad, Tribes, ethno medicine Introduction Medicinal plants are used by world for long time. Recently terms like herbal medicine and nutraceutical are in trend due to application and preference of plant based products and medicines by large population in world. These plant based product are popular as they do not impart any to adverse effect on consumption or application. Plant based products are said to be safer than synthetic chemical products. As we know people are becoming more conscious towards natural product, it is increasing demand for its study and utilization. The roots of plant utilization by human civilization lie in history and tribal civilization. Study of such Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 115 plants used as medicine by tribal communities is called as ethno medico botany. This branch of science includes taxonomical study, Pharmacognostic evaluation, cultivation practices and non-conventional uses. Recent research survey was carried out in similar tribal areas to observe and record ethno medicinal plants used by some tribal villages of Mahad tehsil in Raigad district. The major tribes, Bhilla, Thakar, Kokana, Gavit, Kathkari, Kathodi, Mahadev-koli and Dongar-koli are present in this tehsil. These tribes survive on natural resources or some labour works in neighboring villages. Hunting for food used to be their livelihood business. Further due to national forest policies hunting were banned. Then they started exploring other resources in forest based on their traditional knowledge. These resources mainly include plants used as food and medicine along with other uses like construction of huts, making of utensil and other house hold uses. Apart from all this tribal communities are known for their knowledge of medicinal plants as traditional medicinal plants still play a vital role in primary healthcare needs of tribal communities in India. Gupta et al., (2009). Material and Methods 1) For conducting survey and study guidelines by Jain, (1991) were followed. 2) Seasonal field visits were organized during 217-18 in the different tribal villages. 3) Selected source of information Local tribal leaders, sarpanch, bhagats, vaidyas, suin and school teachers were contacted, interviewed and requested to visit tribal areas for documenting traditional medicinal plants and their uses. 4) Collected information was saved in the form of photographs and word documents. 5) Collected information was authenticated by cross checking with other sources of information within the selected source of information. 6) Plants were identified using floras and websites. 7) Doubtful and unknown plants were confirmed by experts and taxonomist. Result and discussion: Results in table 1 shows that traditional medicine is more popularly used by various tribes for general illness like fever, dysentery, skin problems, snake bites, cold and cough, wounds, piles, tonic, antiemetic, anti vomitic, antidepressant agent etc.Inspite of use by tribal groups further study is needed for the documentation of wild edible plants used by tribes as Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 116 stated by Oaket al., (2015). Traditional knowledge plays an important role in identifying and utilizing wild plants. There is scarcity of documentation of such knowledge and whatever is documented must be verified similar conclusions were made by Gupta et al., (2009). In some cases some plants used for specific disease differed from literature cited therefore proper authentication is required similarly it was reported by Prashantet al., (2008). Conclusion Ethno medicine is study of the traditional medicine used by various traditional tribes. It isalso known as traditional medicine. This traditional knowledge contributes a lot to modern system of medicine or can be denoted as directory of modern medicine. There is lot more still to be revealed and discovered for the wellbeing of human and animal community. Tribal people, communities and their relation with plants and animals sets a model for sustainable development of our ecosystem. It is always a give and take symbiotic relationship which is to be respected as a human being. As far as Mahad tehsil is considered there are many tribal villages which still utilize forest recourses as source of food and income. The knowledge they contribute towards the medical application of plants is appreciable. Trend of utilization and prescription of traditional medicine is being practiced generation after generation but the trend seems to be decreasing reasons for the same may be development of industries in the vicinity of forest and improved lifestyle which accepts modern system of medicine. Table: 1 List of some Ethno medicinal plants from tribal areas of Mahad Common/ Botanical Name Family Vernacular name Acacia leucophloea(Roxb.) Willd. Mimosaceae Hiwar Acacia nilotica(L.) Del. Mimosaceae Babul AchyranthesasperaL. Amaranthaceae Aagada Aeglemarmelos(L.) Corr Rutaceae Bael AilanthusexcelsaRoxb. Simaroubaceae Marukh Alstoniascholaris(L.) R.Br. Apocynaceae Satvin Andrographispaniculata(Burm. f.) Acanthaceae Olikirayat Wall ex Nees. Bryophyllumpinnatum(Lam.) Oken Crassulaceae Panphuti Buteamonosperma(Lamk.) Taub. Fabaceae Palas Calotropis gigantean (L.) Dryand. Asclepiadaceae Devrui Carissa carandas L. Apocynaceae Karvand Crinum latifoliumL. Amaryllidaceae Amar kanda Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 117 DalbergiasissooRoxb. Fabaceae Shisam Haldinacordifolia(Roxb.) Ridsdale Rubiaceae GiriKadamb Haplanthodesverticillatus(Roxb.) Acanthaceae Kateri R.B. Majumdar Leucascephalotes(Roth) Spreng. Lamiaceae Kumbh MatricariachamomillaL. Asteraceae Kanuk PhyllanthusemblicaL. Phyllanthaceae Avala RicinuscommunisL. Euphorbiaceae erand SterculiaurensRoxb. Sterculiaceae kullu TamarindusindicaL. Fabaceae Chinch Kinjal, TerminaliapaniculataRoth Combretaceae Kindal TridaxprocumbensL. Asteraceae Kambermodi Wrightiaantidysenterica(L.) R.Br. Apocynaceae Kala kuda

References :-

1) Gayatri Oak, PoonamKurve, SiddhishaKurve, MadhuriPejaver (2015) Ethno- botanical studies of edible plants used by tribal women of Thane District.Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies, 3(2): 90-94. 2) Gupta R, Vairale M. G., Chaudhari P. R. and Wate S. R. (2009) Ethno medicinal Plants Used by Gond Tribe of , Maharashtra in the Treatment of Diarrhea and Dysentery, Ethno botanical Leaflets 13: 900-09. 3) Jain, S. K.,( 1991). Dictionary of Indian Folk Medicine and Ethno botany. Deep publications, New Delhi. 4) Prashant Y. Mali, Vijay V. Bhadane (2008) Some rare plants of ethnomedicinal properties from Jalgaon district of Maharashtra,International Journal of Green Pharmacy 76-78. 5) Rakhi Gupta, M. G. Vairale, P. R. Chaudhari and S. R. Wate (2009) Ethnomedicinal Plants Used by Gond Tribe of Bhandara District, Maharashtra in the Treatment of Diarrhoea and Dysentery,Ethnobotanical Leaflets 13: 900-09. 6) Theodore, Cooke. CIE. (1967).The flora of the Presidency of Bombay, Vol. 1 and 2, Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta. Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 118

17

Survey of Tree Flora Growing in Mining Area of Alirajpur District of Madhya Pradesh India

Dr. S.C. Mehta Rajkumar Jamra Govt. BSPG College, Govt. PGCollege, Jaora, M.P. Alirajpur, M.P.

Research Paper - ABSTRACT The present study was undertaken to analyzetree flora growing in mining area of Alirajpur district of Madhya Pradesh, India. The study revealed that the number of tree species was low in mining area due to various activities during the mining as compared to adjacent area.Present study records a total of 26 plants species, 22 genera, and 12 families which are found along mining area. Casuarinaceae, Meliaceae, Myrtaceae, Rubiaceae, Rutaceae, and Ulmaceae have one member of each is found. Apocynaceaehave 2 member are found. Caesalpiniaceae, and Malvaceae have three members. Fabaceae, Mimosaceae and Moraceae have four members are found along mining area.Distributions of tree along mining areas are related to the soil types, terrains and local weather conditions. There are various benefits that can be obtained from the tree. These include potential economic returns, land protection, environmental landscape restoration and the supply of timber for future uses. Key words: Mining, Alirajpur,tree flora Introduction In these days living beings are the “Islandsin the sea of death.” In our history showed that mankind hasbeen benefited from plants in many ways, fundamentally forfood and shelter and other purposes including clothing,medicines and cosmetics to name the few Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 119 (Pachaya&Sainkhediya, 2014). Natural resources are an integral part of human civilization. Non-renewable natural resource is obtainable through excavation.In India, the process of globalization has encouraged the industrial giants to mine the natural resources which have witnessed a virtuous symbol of economic activity since then. Due to mining loss of agro- based livelihood, decrease of natural capital, pollution and ill health are becoming the matter of concern globally (Das,2015).Mining has given rise to positive implications on financial capital and can be held responsible for mixed impacts on human and physical capital.It is providing a wider atmosphere for diversified sources of livelihood generation.Now a day’s drastic changes in environmental conditions, biotic factors, and destruction and loss of habitat, urbanization andindustrialization have affected the flora(Saket& Saini, 2017). Recently urbanization, mining and industrialization haveaffected the flora of Alirajpur and its surroundings a lot. So,the main focused on comprehensive taxonomic biodiversityand conservation point of view, because it very necessary toexplore existing floristic structure of Alirajpurregion updateand revise the earlier data. In this point of view,vegetation study along mining area of Alirajpur district of Madhya Pradesh, India is very important aspect. Study area In the state Madhya Pradesh, district Alirajpur is one of the most important agricultural district having 3 tehsils, 6 blocks and 551 villages. Alirajpur district lays on the geographical coordinates of 22018’ N and 740 21’ E. covers an area of 3182 square kilometers. Topography of area included extremely hilly area comprising number of parallel ranges rising abruptly from the level ground. The area is undulating with a number of small hillocks rising 10 to 30m. above the surrounding place. The highest point here is 1430ft. above Seed level. The soil is sandy in nature, yellow brown in colour, acidic in reaction, low water holding capacity and has low organic matter and nutrients.Mahee and Narmada rivers make its Eastern and Southern border. According to census 2011, Alirajpur population is 728,999. Alirajpur district average rainfall is 912.8 mm. Alirajpur district temperatures ranges between 230C - 300CThe average annual temperature is 26.40C & max is the warmest month of the year and January is the coldest month of year. Materials and Methods A study area was selected in the core of the mining belt of Alirajpur district in the Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 120 state of Madhya Pradesh, India. Kundis the major centre for mining was taken as the centre of the study area, which is located about10 km north of the district headquarters. To analyze the impact of mining on vegetation, distance gradient analysis was carried out. The structure and composition of vegetation was studied in different directions from the centre of the study area. The floristic vegetation in mining areas sampling was done at every two km interval taking samples plots for trees. The species encountered in the quadrates were identified with the help of the regional floras (Verma etal., 1993; Mudgal et al,.1997; Khanna et al., 2001). Results The present study was undertaken to analyzetree flora growing in mining area of Alirajpur district of Madhya Pradesh, India and tree population structure is affected by its proximity. The study revealed that the number of tree species was low in mining area due to various activities during the mining.The tree species showed a drastic reduction in their number in the mining sites. Based on study mined sites were mostly dominated by 26 species in study area.The present study is a unique attempt to know more about the tree species in found along mining area of Alirajpur district are Madhya Pradesh, India. Present study records a total of 26 plants species, 22 genera and 12 families which are found along mining area (Table-1).Casuarinaceae, Meliaceae, Myrtaceae, Rubiaceae, Rutaceae, and Ulmaceae have one member of each is found. Apocynaceae have 2 member are found. Caesalpiniaceae, and Malvaceae have three members. Fabaceae, Mimosaceae and Moraceae have four members are found along mining area.In this research, it was found that the tree species such asAcacia auriculiformis L., Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr., Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn., Holarrhenapubescens Wall. ex G. Don, AzadirachtaindicaJuss., Butea monosperma (Lamk.)Taub., Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile etc.are found in mining area. It was observed, that the distribution of tree along mining areas was concentrated in the vicinity of accessible roads. Distributions of tree along mining areas are related to the soil types, terrains and local weather conditions. There are various benefits that can be obtained from the tree. These include potential economic returns, land protection, environmental landscape restoration and the supply of timber for future uses. Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 121 Acknowledgement I am very much thankful to Principal ofGovt. BSPG College,Jaora M.P. & Govt.P G College Alirajpur, M.P. for providing research and library facilities.

References :-

1) Das N, 2015.Socio-economic Impact of Mining on Rural Communities: A Study of the in . Ph.D. Thesis.Nat. inst. Tech., Rourkela Odisha, India. 2) Khanna KK, Kumar A, Dixit RD and Singh NP, 2001. Supplementary flora of M.P. BSI. Pub., Calcutta, India. 3) Mudgal V,Khanna KK and Hajara P K, 1997. Flora of M.P. BSI Pub, Calcutta, India 2. 4) PachayaJ,Sainkhediya J.2014. Floristic Studies In Govt. PG College,Alirajpur Campus (Madhya Pradesh) India. Naveen Shodh Sansar.1:8.18-21. 5) Saket, SP, Saini VK 2017. Some noteworthy updates to the flora of Jabalpur district, Madhya Pradesh. International Journal of Botany Studies.2:4-84-87. 6) Verma D M, Balakrishnan, NP and Dixit RD, 1993. Flora of M.P. BSI, Pub, Calcutta, India.1 Table-1: Tree species along mining area of Alirajpur district of Madhya Pradesh, India s. n. Botanical name family 1. Acacia auriculiformisL. Mimosaceae 2. Acacia nilotica(L.) Delile Mimosaceae 3. Aegle marmelos(L.) Corr. Rutaceae 4. Albizialebbeck(L.) Benth. Mimosaceae 5. Albiziasaman(Jacq.) Merr. Mimosaceae 6. Alstoniascholaris(L.) R. Br. Apocynaceae 7. Anthocephaluscadamba(Roxb.) Miq. Rubiaceae 8. Artocarpus integer (Thunb.) Merr. Moraceae 9. AzadirachtaindicaA. Juss. Meliaceae 10. Bauhinia acuminataL. Caesalpiniaceae Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 122 1. Bombax ceiba L. Malvaceae 2. Butea monosperma(Lamk.)Taub. Fabaceae 3. Cassia fistula L. Caesalpiniaceae 4. Casuarina equisetifoliaL. Casuarinaceae 5. Ceiba pentandra(L.) Gaertn. Malvaceae 6. Dalbergia sissoo DC. Fabaceae 7. Delonix regia (Hook.) Raf. Caesalpiniaceae 8. Erythrina variegataL. Fabaceae 9. Eucalyptus globulus Labille Myrtaceae 10. Ficus bengalensisL. Moraceae 11. Ficus elasticaRoxb. ex Hornem. Moraceae 12. Ficus religiosa L. Moraceae 13. Gliricidiasepium(Jacq.)Walp. Fabaceae 14. GrewiaasiaticaL. Malvaceae 15. HolarrhenapubescensWall. ex G.Don Apocynaceae 16. HolopteleaintegrifoliaPlanch Ulmaceae

Fig. -1: Diversity of Family, Genera and Species Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 123

18

ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION DUE TO EXPLORATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES IN PANVEL, NAVI MUMBAI: A CASE STUDY OF ONGOING CONSTRUCTION OF NAVI-MUMBAI INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT (NMIA) Prabhakar R. Pawar Rajaram A. Patil Santosh S. Supnekar Mahatma Phule Arts, Mahatma Phule Arts, Mahatma Phule Arts, Sci. & Comm. College, Sci. & Comm. College, Sci. & Comm. College, Panvel, Dist. – Raigad Panvel, Dist. – Raigad Panvel, Dist. – Raigad

Research Paper - ABSTRACT Living organisms interact with biotic & abiotic components of the environment for food & feeding, survival, protection and continuation of species. In recent years, due to population explosion, deforestation, industrialization, urbanization, pollution and non-sustainable exploration of natural resources, environment is degraded to such an extent that it poses a serious threat to human and wildlife.Present study was carried out from June 2019 to May 2020to assess the current status of natural resources in Panvel, Navi Mumbai.Results of the study shows that on-going construction of Navi-Mumbai International Airport (NMIA) near Panvelhas resulted into exploration of natural resources to a great extent. Along with relocation of about 2,786 households located across 10 villages, the project has also impacted the wildlife.Natural mountain resources & mangroves from Panvel are slaughtered for filling the proposed area of NMIA of 1,160 hectareswith an average of 14 feet. The mountain resources are excavated and transferred to the project area for land filling. This has affected the livelihood of fishermen, farmers along with stress on wildlife. The study have also documented the mortality of 28 species of wild life including the vulnerable species like Indian cobra, Russels’s viper, Chameleons, Indian grey mongoose, Indian Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 124

flying fox&Greater bandicoot rat. It is concluded that from Panvel region, natural resources are degraded due to habitat loss/fragmentation, deforestation, excavation, coastal degradation & pollution.Sustainable use of natural resources, reforestation of mangroves & other flora, planned development&to create awareness among general public for safety of wild lifeis rrecommended. Keywords: Exploration,Natural resources, wildlife mortality, Navi-Mumbai International Airport (NMIA), Panvel, Introduction: Exploitation of natural resources is an essential condition of human existence and humans have manipulated natural resources to produce the materials they needed to sustain growing human populations. Natural resources are an important material basis for a stable natural economy and social development. With industrialization and urbanization mankind’s great demands for natural resources and their large-scale exploitation and their consumption has resulted in weakening, deterioration and exhaustion of these resources (Gutti et al., 2012). Biodiversity is the variability among organisms from all sources, including terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems, and the ecological complexes of which they are part. It includes diversity within species, between species and of and between ecosystems. Biodiversity provides various goods and services that include soil formation, provision of food and fibre, air quality and climate regulation, the regulation of water supply and quality, and the cultural and aesthetic values of certain plants and species(CBD, 2004). According to Sharma & Mishra (2011), loss in biodiversity is due the change in environment which adversely affects the biodiversity & is mainly due to the human activities (Kannan & James, 2009). Also, by deforestation, trees are felled for several purposeswithout replanting to replace the ones felled. Deforestation is done for furniture making, economic development and as a source of domestic energy, is going on at alarming rate&leads to erosion of soil, loss of biodiversity, land degradation, desertification, draught, flooding and climate (Ismawi et al., 2012). Use of the natural resources at a rate higher than nature’s capacity to restore itself can result to environmental degradation, ecological disturbances, destruction of natural flora Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 125 and fauna, pollution, global warming and desertification (Gutti et al., 2012).Many studies in recent years have investigated the effects of climate change on the future of biodiversity. Current estimates are very variable, depending on the method, taxonomic group, biodiversity loss metrics, spatial scales and time periods considered.Because of climate changes, species may no longer be adapted to the set of environmental conditions in a given region and could therefore fall outside its climatic niche (Bellard et al., 2012). Roads have diverse and systemic effects on many aspects of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. The ecological effects of roadsconsists of creating habitat fragmentation and facilitating ensuing fragmentation through support of human exploitative activities. Roads are a widespread and increasing feature of most landscapes and they are associated with negative effects on biotic integrity in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. General effects of roads includemortality from road construction,collision with vehicles, modification of animal behaviour, alteration of the physical environment, alteration of the chemical environment, spread of exotics, and increased use of areas by humans (Trombulak&Frissell, 2014). Ongoing construction of Navi-Mumbai International Airport (NMIA) by the City and Industrial Development Corporation (CIDCO) in the vicinity of Panvel creek has resulted into encroachment, reclamation and urbanization in the study area.NMIA have affected the livelihood of local fishermen & also degraded the natural resources to great extent.Habitat loss/fragmentation, deforestation, excavation of earth, soil erosion, desertification, flooding & resource depletion are the major factors responsible for environmental degradation in areas near Panvel creek. Literature review suggests that barring few reports, meagre information is available on exploration of natural resources &wild life mortality in Navi Mumbai area. Hence the present study was undertaken to assess the environmental degradation due to exploration of natural resources in Panvel, Navi Mumbai: A case study of ongoing construction of Navi-Mumbai International Airport (NMIA). Materials and Methods Study Area Navi Mumbai is basically a satellite township on the west shore of Maharashtra. It was made in 1971 to be another urban township of Mumbai by Government of Maharashtra. Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 126 As per Census India 2011, it had a population of 1,119,477. Panvel is located in Raigad district of Maharashtra in Konkan region and is a node of Navi Mumbai city. Geographically, Panvel is near Panvel creek which opens up in Thane creek. Kalundre river flows across the city in the south-west region and opens up into Panvel creek. Panvel with a population of 180,464 (Census India 2011) is a highly populated city due to its closeness to Mumbai. It is located in the Mumbai Metropolitan Region. Panvel is situated on the banks of Panvel Creek. It is also surrounded by mountains on 2 sides. Study Location The present study was carried out for the period of one year (June 2019 to May 2020). Monthly two to four visits were taken in the areas adjoining to Panvel & Panvel creek. Early morning & evening time was chosen for the visits & photography of degraded natural resources from the study area. Monitoring of wildlife mortality is also done on the major local roads, highways & express way passing from Panvel. Photography of the victimized animals is also done to develop mitigation measures for vulnerable species. A checklist of wildlife mortality was prepared by identifying the animals using field guides of wild animals.

Fig. 1. Location map of study area representing Panvel creek. Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 127

Fig. 2. Tributaries of the Panvel creek (Source: Google maps) Results and Discussion Ongoing construction of NMIA covers an area of 1,160 hectares (4.5 Sq miles) in the vicinity of Panvel creek. The airport project has relocated 2,786 households located across 10 villages. Villages like Chinchpada, Kopar, Kolhi, Ulve, Upper Owale, Waghivalipada, Vaghivali, Ganeshpuri, Targhar&Kombadbhunje are relocated in the nearby area of creek. The airport area has to be filled with an average of 14 feet. For filling the airport area, nearby mountain resources were excavated at an alarming rate, without considering its impact on biodiversity. As a result, the livelihood of fishermen & farmers is affected. Also, the wildlife from the study area is facing stress & are victimized to mortality. Mortality of 28 species of wildlife animals belonging to 28 genera, 23 families and 15 orders were observed. Wild life belonging to various taxon groups like arthropods, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals were recorded during present study. Arthropods were represented by beetles, bugs, butterflies, dragon flies, scorpions, crabs and centipedes. Among the 10 species of arthropods recorded, butterflies and crabs were mostly affected. Reptiles were represented by 8 species of snakes and 2 species of lizards.Mortality of large number of snakes, chameleons, Indian grey mongoose, Indian flying fox, Greater bandicoot rat is of serious concern noted in this study (Fig. 3 to 7). Conclusion: Natural resources from area adjoining to Panvel are degrading due to the ongoing Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 128 construction of NMIA. The key factors responsible for degradation of natural resources include habitat loss & fragmentation, deforestation, excavation of the earth, coastal degradation & pollution, wildlife mortality, unplanned developmental activities, aquaculture and construction of roads. Sustainable use of natural resources, reforestation of mangroves & other plants, planned development and to create awareness among public for safety of wild life is recommended. Present information could be helpful as a baseline data for further study on exploration of natural resources and wild life mortality in areas adjoining Panvel, Navi Mumbai. Acknowledgements: Encouragement and support provided by Hon. Prin. Dr. Ganesh A. Thakur, Principal, Mahatma Phule Arts, Science & Commerce College, Panvel, Dist.-Raigad, Navi Mumbai- 410206 is gratefully acknowledged. Authors are thankful to The Head, Department of Zoology for providing necessary facilities for the present study. Special thanks to F. Y., S. Y. and T. Y. B. Sc. Zoology students who worked as trained volunteers for this study. Fig. 3. Undisturbed natural resources around Panvel, Navi Mumbai

Panvel creek, Navi Mumbai

Sporadic patches of mangroves along Panvel creek

Aquaculture & fishery along Panvel creek Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 129 Aquaculture & fishery along Panvel creek

Fishery along Panvel creek

Undisturbed forests & mountain ranges around the Panvel creek

Traditional paddy fields & wetlands near Panvel Fig. 4. Degradation of habitat & deforestation around Panvel, Navi Mumbai

Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 130

Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 131 Fig. 5. Ongoing construction of Navi Mumbai International Airport (NMIA)

Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 132 Fig. 6. Deforestation, habitat destruction & fragmentation for developmental activity

Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 133 Fig. 7. Wildlife mortality in areas adjoining Panvel due to loss of habitat

Rhinoceros Beetle Stink Bug Common Tiger Spotted Small Flat

Yellow-tailed Ashy Skimmer Indian Red Scorpion Freshwater Crab

Tree-living Crab Indian Tiger Centipede Indian Bullfrog Common Wolf Snake

Banded Kukari Rat Snake CheckeredKeelback Spectacled Cobra

Indian Rock Python Russell’s Viper Indian Chameleon House Crow

House Sparrow Indian Grey Mongoose Greater Bandicoot Rat Indian Flying Fox Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 134

References :-

1) Bellard Celine, Cleo Bertelsmeier, Paul Leadley, Wilfried Thuiller& Franck Courchamp. 2012. Impacts of climate change on the future of biodiversity. Ecol Lett. 15(4): 365–377. doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01736.x. 2) Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). 2004. “Addis Ababa Principles and Guidelines for the Sustainable Use of Biodiversity”. URL: http://www.cbd.int/ sustainable/addis-principles. 3) GuttiBabagana, Mohammed M. Aji&GarbaMagaji. 2012. Environmental impact of natural resources exploitation in Nigeria and the way forward. Journal of Applied Technology in Environmental Sanitation. 2(2): 95-102. 4) Ismawi S. M. et al. 2012. Effect of deforestation on soil and other selected chemical properties of tropical peat. swamp forest. International Journal of Physical Sciences. 7(14): 2225 – 2228. 5) Kannan R. & James D. A. 2009. Effect of climatic change on global biodiversity: A review of key literature. Tropical Ecology. 50(1): 31-39. 6) Sharma Dushyant Kumar & J. K. Mishra. 2011. Impact of Environmental Changes on Biodiversity. Indian J. Sci. Res. 2(4):137-139. 7) Trombulak Stephen C. & Christopher A. Frissell. 2014. Review of Ecological Effects of Roads on Terrestrial and Aquatic Communities. Conservation Biology. 14 (1): 18-30. DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.99084.x. Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 135

19

Effects of Covid-19 Pandemic lockdown of Fish Diversity of Ashti Lake in Wardha District

S. S. Nimgare Dept. of Zoology, Hutatma Rashtriya Arts and Science, College Ashti, Dist. Wardha.

Research Paper -Zoology ABSTRACT The aquatic ecosystem has large economic importance especially fish which is an important source of food. The fish diversity of a water bodies, basically represents the Ichthyofaunal diversity. Indian water bodies have rich variety of fish species. Fish played an important role to providing protein rich and less fat diet to the mankind. Present study deals with effects of Lockdown due to COVID- 19 on diversity of fish population in AshtiLakein Wardha District (Maharashtra), India. It is observed that there is tremendous increase in fish population and its diversity due to decrease in pollution. Total 32 species of fishes are observed in Ashti Lake during COVID-19 Pandemic. Same number of species were found in previous study but population is found to be increased in the present study. Keywords:Fish Diversity, Ashti lake, COVID-19, Effects, Lockdown period. Introduction: Water is an indispensible resource gifted by the nature to us like a boon and one of the most needed factors for the existence of living organisms. The importance of fresh water resources in maintaining a healthy and prosperous nation in a healthy environment is amply understood from the very existence of the civilizations on this earth, out of the total global water 3% in the form of fresh water, which is suitable for human consumption. Fresh water is considered as universal solvent having many chemicals dissolved in it. The tremendous increase Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 136 in works population resulting in spurt in Urbanization, Industrialization, fisheries, Irrigation and Agriculture has put tremendous pressure on these water resources. Western Ghats of India is a rich freshwater fish fauna. Fish played an important role to providing protein rich and less fat diet to the mankind It is one of the main sources of protein in diet computed 11 kg/yr./person (Govt of India, 1976). The per capita availability of fish is 3.05 kg/yr in 1961, which increased up to 5.31 kg/yr., which further increased to 8kg/yr. (Piska, 2000). The changes takes place in the water bodies due to human’s interference, it is difficult to monitor water quality only by using physico-chemical methods due to large number of pollutants and their low concentrations and it necessary to plan future fishery activity of the water bodies. Present study is carried out on fish diversity of Ashti lake in Wardha District during lockdown period of COVID-19 Pandemic. However, the pollution level of air and water has decreased drastically; there is a clear visibility of the blue sky; animals are roaming freely and wild birds are seen flying fearlessly; vehicular traffic has been declined to almost zero; industries and construction sites that are usually buzzing with activity are eerily silent. So, present study has been taken to evaluate present status of fish diversity to protect the biological resources of traditional use values of local communities depending upon the lake environment. Materials and Methods: Study Area

Fig.1 Ashti Lake Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 137 Status of Ashti Lake ecosystem Ashti lake is located 1 km away from Ashti town, it is a Tahsil place in Wardha district in the state of Maharashtra, India. Ashti lake named as KapileshwarTalav and is a famous due to Kapileshwar Mandir built at the base of talav, so named as Kapileshwartalav, now local name is Kapileshwar (Ashti) lake. it was constructed in 1960 as an irrigation project by the Government of Maharashtra. It was constructed on and impounds a local Nallah. It is good Picnic spots and a popular Tourist attraction for its scenic beauty.The marginal area of the lake used for cultivation. Ashti lake is situated at latitude of 21°12’32"N, 78°11’47"E and at an elevation of 303 Meters. The Ashti Town mostly benefited by this lake. The lake is surrounded by agricultural fields, dense forest and the lake water is suitable for domestic purpose, irrigation and fishery activity. Sampling Procedure Sampling and data collection were in April and May 2020.The fishes were collected by local fisherman. Specimens were packed, labelled in separate polythene bags, then brought into laboratory, washed, cleaned, observed and then identified up to species by referring standard literature of Qureshi and Qureshi (1983), Day (1958), Talwar and Jhingran (1991) and Jayaraman (1999). The checklist of identified fish fauna is prepared and presented in table form. Immediately on reaching the laboratory fishes were separated according to the species and live fishes were killed in a solution of formalin. Before fixation the color pattern of the fishes, specific marks, spots and designs were noted as far as possible in live condition, since formalin decolorizes the fish color on long preservation. The present study was carried out easily and was possible as the rules of lockdown were not so strict in Wardha District due to absence of Corona positive cases in that period. Observation: In the present study period total 32 species of fishes (Table 1) were noted and identified, belongs to five Order Cypriniformes, Ophiocephaliferma, Osteoglossiformes, Siluriformes and Beloniformes and belongs to nine Families Cyprinidae, Siluridae, Clavidae, Notoptevidae, Heteropueustidae, Sisuridae, Bagridae, Charidae and Belonidae. Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 138 Thirteen species were belonging to Family Cyprinidae viz. Garramullya, Anabusranga, Anabusnama, Oxygasterbacaila, Punctitiusticto, Punctitiussophore, Punctitiussarana, Punctitiuspunctitius, Rasbora rasbora, Catlacatla, Cirrhinus mrigal, Labeorohita and Cyprinus carpio.Seven species were belongs to Family Charidae, viz Channamarulius, Channa punctatus, Channastriatus, Channagaclura, Anabustestudineus, Nandus nandus and Glassogobiusgiuriu Three species were belonging to Family Siluridae viz. Wallago attu, Ompokpabda andOmpokbimalulatus. Three species were belonging to Family Bagridae viz.Mystusseenghala, Mystusaor and Mystuscavasius. Discussion: In the present investigation, total 32 species were identified among those, 05 were of Order of Cypriniformes were 13 spp., Ophiocephaliformswere 07 spp., Siluriformes were 07 Osteoglossiforms were 04, and Beloniformes was only one species. Similarly, Jitendra et al., (2013) reported total 62 fish species belonging to 41 genera, 20 Families and 09 Orders were identified, Order Cypriniformes (22 spp.) contributed maximum as compared to Siluriformes (20 spp.) and Perciformes (09 spp.) and Synbranchiformea shared (03 spp.) while Clupeiformes, Mugiliformes and Osteoglossiforms contributed two species where as Beloniformes and Traodontiformes shared on one species of Faizabad U.P. Sakhare (2001) investigated the occurrence of 23 fish. viz Order Cypriniformes fallowed by order Siluriformesand orders like Osteoglssiformes, Perciformes and Channiformes. Dubey et al., (2017) reported 13 species belonging to 03 Order, 05 Families and 10 genera order Cypriniforms was dominant 06 species fallowed by Siluriforms 02 species and Perciformes 02 species at Sarangpani lake, Bhopal. Mistry (2016) reported total of 37 species of fish belonging to 19 families out of 47 species 20 species of Cyprinidae family was dominated in the Ahiran lake, Murshidabad (W.B). Nayaka (2018) reported on the basis of percentage composition and species richness order Cypriniformes was dominant (05 spp.) followed by Perciformes (03 spp.), Siluriforms (02 spp.) at Mallasandra lake of Tumakuru, Karnataka. Kumar (2012) reported 40 species belonging to 18 families, 27 genera and 09 Order were identified in Turkauli lake, East- Champaran, Bihar.Out of 32 species found in this lake, Catlacattla, Labeorohita and Common carp and Mrigal spp. were most abundantly and remaining fishes were shown their presence less in the lake. Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 139 In present investigation, only three fishes catla, rohu and common carp found most abundant in the lake during lockdown period. Though Ashti lake is rich in fish diversity and population throughout the year but fish population was found to be increased during lockdown period of COVID-19 due to decreased contamination of water because of decreased human activities during this period. Table 1: Check list of fishes Ashti lake during Lockdown period of COVID-19. Sr. Order Family Scientific Name No. 1 Ophiocephaliforms Charidae Channamarulius 2 Ophiocephaliforms Charidae Channa punctatus 3 Ophiocephaliforms Charidae Channastriatus 4 Ophiocephaliforms Charidae Channagaclura 5 Ophiocephaliforms Charidae Anabustestudineus 6 Ophiocephaliforms Charidae Nandus nandus 7 Ophiocephaliforms Charidae Glassogobiusgiurius 8 Osteoglossiformes Notoptevidae Notopterusnotopterus 9 Osteoglossiformes Notoptevidae Notopteruschitala 10 Osteoglossiformes Heteropueustidae Heteropneusters fossils 11 Osteoglossiformes Clavidae Clariasbatrachus 12 Siluriformes Siluridae Wallago attu 13 Siluriformes Siluridae Ompokpabda 14 Siluriformes Siluridae Ompokbimalulatus 15 Siluriformes Sisuridae Glyptothorax spp. 16 Siluriformes Bagridae Mystusseenghala 17 Siluriformes Bagridae Mystusaor 18 Siluriformes Bagridae Mystuscavasius 19 Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Garramully 20 Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Anabusranga 21 Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Anabusnama 22 Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Oxygasterbacaila 23 Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Punctitiusticto 24 Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Punctitiussophore 25 Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Punctitiussarana 26 Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Punctitiuspunctitius 27 Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Rasbora rasbora 28 Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Catlacatla 29 Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Cirrhinus mrigal 30 Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Labeorohita 31 Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Cyprinus carpio 32 Beloniformes Belonidae Xenanthodoncancilla Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 140

References :-

1. Day, F. (1958): The fishes of India, being a natural history of the fishes known to inhabit the seas and freshwaters of India, Burma and Ceylon., Test and atlas, 4 ports London India 16(1): pp.149-154 2. Dubey, Monika Ujjania N. C. and Kamlesh Burranna (2017): Ichtyofaunal diversity in Sarangpani lake, Bhopal, India. Int. Joul. of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies 3. Jayaraman, K.C. (1999): The fresh water Fishes of the Indian Region. Narendra Publishing House, Delhi. pp.551. 4. Jhingran, A.G. (2005): Fish relation to water quality. Limnology in the Indian, subcontinent. Ukaaz publications, Hyderabad: pp.228 - 251. 5. Jitendra, Kumar, Pandey A. K., Dwiwedi A. C., Kumar Naik A.S., Mahesh V. and Benkappa S. (2013): Ichthyofaunal diversity of dist. Faizabad (U.P) India. J. Exp. Zool. India 16(1): pp.149-154 6. Kumar, Niraj (2012): Study of Ichthyofaunal Biodiversity of Turkaulia Lake, East- Chaparan, Bihar, India. I. Res. J. Environment Sci. 1(2): pp.21-24. 7. Mistry, Jayanta (2016):Ichtyofaunal diversity of Ahiran lake in Murshidabad Dist. West Bengal, India, International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies 4 (2) 8. Nayaka, B.M. Sreedhara (2018): Ichthyofaunal diversity of Mallasandra lake of Tumakuru, Karnataka State, India. N.J. M. R. D.3 (2): pp.15-17. 9. Nikam, D. S., Shaikh A. L., Salunkhe P.S., KambleA.B.and Rao K.R (2014):Ichtyofaunal diversity of Ashti lake, Tal. Mohol, Dist. Solapur (M.S.), Global Journal for Research Analysis 3(2): pp.4-5 10. Piska, R. S. (2000): Concept of aquaculture, Lahari publications, Hyderabad. 11. Qureshi, T.A. and Qureshi, N.A. (1983): Indian fishes published by Brij brother, Sultania Road, Bhopal, M.P. 12. Sakhare V.B. (2001): Ichthyofauna of Jawalgoanreservoir.Maharashtra Fishing Chimes 2001; 19(8): pp.45-47. 13. Talwar, P. K. and Jhingran A. G. (1991): Inland fishes of India and adjacent countries. Oxford and IBH Publishers, New Delhi. Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 141

20

Diversity of Icthyofaunal at Lumboti Dam, in Loha Tahashil Dist. Nanded (MS)

Dr. M . S. Pentewar Dept. of Zoology, Gramin ACS Mahavidyalaya, Vasantnagar, Dist. Nanded.

Research Paper -Zoology ABSTRACT In the present investigation the main aim of thesurvey of species composition of fresh water fishes fromLimboti Dam. The Limno-ichthyological study was conducted during the yearJuly 2017 to June 2019. The Limboti Dam is one of the most important aquatic resources inLoha taluka District Nanded. The results of investigation of fish fauna showed 11 major fish species, belonging to 6 families. All these species constitute economical, nutritional and medicinal value and the study deals with variety of fresh water species of this water body. Key Words :Fish fauna, Limboti dam. INTRODUCTION Fishes comprises very important biotic community in any natural water body. They not only harvest nutrients and live biomass but also provide much needed proteins. The Limbotidam is a large reservoir having full water spread area during rainy season The Nanded is one of the most important District of Maharashtra state for fish production and natural water resources. There is wide scope for the further development in the fisheries sector 6000 hector fields comes under irrigation of this dam. The under capacity of this dam is3.5 T.M. The scientific data on theLimno-ichthyological study has scanty in present work, the nutritive and medicinal value of fish have been recognized from immemorial time. World fish production has increased many folds in last decade. Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 142 Fishery play an important role in Indian economy and it help to elevate the economic condition of common fisherman. Fish forms a rich source of food and nutrition and serve as an important item in the diet. It is an important source of protein, fat and vitamin A and Vitamin D and also provides certain other useful byproducts. Inland fishery in India has great potential of contributing to the food security of the country. Fish faunal diversity is a major aspect for its development and management for developing fishery. It is necessary to understand their population dynamics. MATERIAL AND METHODS Fishes were collected from different sites of Limboti dam with the help of fisherman and preserved in 4% formalin for identification. This work was conducted between July 2017 to June 2019. The identification of fish species was carried out with the help of book Day ( 1829-1889 ). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Table Showing Fish fauna of Limboti dam during July 2017 to June 2019 with its taxonomic position. ORDER FAMILY GENUS AND SPECIESS STATUS Perciformes Channidae Channapunctatus * Gobiidae Glossogobius giuris * Cichlidae Oreochromis mossambicus *** Siluriformes Siluridae Wallago attu * Bagridae Rita rita * Cypriniformes cyprinidae Catla catla *** Lebeo calbasu * Labeo rohita *** Cyprinus carpio ** Cirrhinus mrigala mrigala * Cirrhinus reba *

*** Most Abundant , ** Abundant , * Rare In the present 11 fish species belonging to 9 genera, 6 families and 3 orders were recorded from the different sites of this water body. The members of cypriniformes were dominated by 6 species followed by perciformes by 3 species.11 species are recorded from this water body, out of the 11 species Oreochromis mossambicus, Labeo rohita, Catla catla, Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 143 Cyprinus carpio are found in abundancewhile Cirrhinus mrigala mrigala, Cirrhinus reba, Lebeo calbasu, Glossogobius giuris, Wallago attuare found rare. All these species were caught and preserved by traditional methods. The fish catch is regularly marketed in adjoining area including Loha, Kandhar and Ahmedpur fish market. It was also reported that as the site is pollution free as no domestic sewage is released in this area. In India more than 1600 species of fishes have been reported ( Salaskar and Yeragi 2004). Rajlakshmi 2006 reported 44 species belonging to 16 families and 26 genera. Savalla murali et al., (2006) reported 31 species. Lohar(2003) reported 24 species belonging to 16 genera and 7 families.Dubey et al., (2017) reported 13 species belonging to 03 Order, 05 Families and 10 genera order Cypriniforms was dominant 06 species fallowed by Siluriforms 02 species and Perciformes 02 species at Sarangpani lake, Bhopal. Mistry (2016) reported total of 37 species of fish belonging to 19 families out of 47 species 20 species of Cyprinidae family was dominated in the Ahiran lake, Murshidabad (W.B). Nayaka (2018) reported on the basis of percentage composition and species richness order Cypriniformes was dominant (05 spp.) followed by Perciformes (03 spp.), Siluriforms (02 spp.) at Mallasandra lake of Tumakuru, Karnataka. All these fishes constitute economical, nutritional and medicinal value and are useful on the basis of their feeding, ecology, based on their food and feeding habits the fishes can be categorized herbivores, carnivores and omnivores. As the site is pollution free this water body can be extensively used for fishery. References :-

1. BattulP.N., RaoK.R.,NavaleR.A.,BagaleM.B. and Shah M.V. 2007.Fish Diversity from Ekrukh lake near Solapur, Maharashtra. J.Aqua.Biol.22(2): 68-72. 2. Babu Rao, M. and Y.Shiva Reddy.1984. Fish fauna of Husainsagar. Jantu 2 : 1-6 3. Chandanshive N.E., S.M.Kamble and B.E. Yadav.2006. Fish fauna of Pavana River of Pune Maharashtra J.Of Aqua.Biol.21(3):7-9 4. Dubey, Monika Ujjania N. C. and Kamlesh Burranna (2017): Ichtyofaunal diversity in Sarangpani lake, Bhopal, India. Int. Joul. of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies 4(2):pp.15-18. Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 144 5. David A. P., B. V. Ray, K. Govind, V. Rajagopal and R. K. Banerjee (1969): An investigation report on limnology, fisheries biology and fish exploitation of the multipurpose Tungabhadra reservoir Bull. Cen. Inland fish Res. Inst. Barrackpore 13 India. 6. Day (1889) : The fauna of British India including Celyon and Burma- Fishes, London Taylor and Francies, 1: 548 pp.2 - 509 pp 7. Dwivedi S. N. (2000): Approach for exponential growth in fish production in survenir, the fifth Indian fisheries from CIIAPP 14 – 18. 8. Francis, Day. 1829-1889. And his collections of Indian fishes. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Historical Series 5(1): 1-189, Pls.1-4. 9. Jayabhyae U.M. and khedkar., Khedkar, G.D.2008, Fish diversity of savanna Dam in Hingoli District of Maharashtra. J. Of Aqua. Biol.Vol 23(1): 26-28. 10. Mistry, Jayanta (2016):Ichtyofaunal diversity of Ahiran lake in Murshidabad Dist. West Bengal, India, International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies 4 (2): pp.15-18. 11. Nayaka, B.M. Sreedhara (2018): Ichthyofaunal diversity of Mallasandra lake of Tumakuru, Karnataka State, India. N.J. M. R. D.3 (2): pp.15-17. Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 145

21

Assessment of the Physicochemical Properties of Rajjalwadi Water Reservoir near Sillod Town in District Aurangabad

S. T. Naphade P. S. Patil Dept. of Zoology, Dept. of Zoology, Yeshwantrao Chavan College Yeshwantrao Chavan College Sillod, Dist. Aurangabad Sillod, Dist. Aurangabad

Research Paper -Zoology ABSTRACT Water is one of the most important and basic need in the life of all living organisms including human being also. The changes occurred in the physicochemical properties of water due to the environment is one of the most challenging issues in everywhere. In Maharashtra and other places of India certain work done on the physicochemical properties of water. Changing environment is one of the major issue due to that water body causes variation in the physicochemical properties of water. The biological wealth of a water body is mainly dependent on its water quality and it is of major issue of concern to mankind today. Rajalwadi water reservoir near Sillod town in Aurangabad District of Maharashtra, it is the main source of water for the people of nearby area for drinking and domestic purposes. No previous record about the physicochemical properties of the water reservoir was found after the drought period. For the present work during the period of June 2018 to May 2019 the water samples were collected at the interval of one month. From these water samples different physicochemical properties analyzed and observed that most of the value shows variation in the range of water properties but these results are within the permissible limit and suitable for biodiversity and domestic purposes. Keywords: Physicochemical properties, Rajalwadi, Water reservoir, Sillod town. Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 146 Introduction: The first life was originated in the water. Every living organism cannotsurvive without water, sowater is most important in the life of living organisms. “Save Water Save Life” mostly this word used up by various advertisements through Government channel and social agencies. Because water is a universal solvent and essential to human health and food securing as well as ecosystem which contains food chain and food web. The occurrence of the living organisms influenced by water and the characteristics of water are changing due to environmental and other type of pollution. Human interference by the people in the study area are also responsible to disturb the properties and quality water.Water of the reservoir is used for different purpose like irrigation, home use and drinking for pet animals, Keeping in view the severity of the issues it is becoming necessary and important to analyzing the water properties periodically, that‘s why many workers from various places in India and abroad they engaged in this field and periodically analyzed the water samples from different sampling stations for its properties. Workers includes Anita Jadhav et. al. (2014) Ubarhande et al. (2017), Bade et. al. (2009), Medudhula et. al. (2012), AjitKalwale et. al. (2012), Pushpalata et. al. (2017), Umeshkumar Mishra (2016), Mudbe (2015), Sonia Sethi (2016), Chaudhari (2014), Dhugana (2019). Rajalwadi water reservoir is the source of water for Sillod town for drinking and domestic purposes. But after draught period no one carried out the work on this aspectso selected this water reservoir for the analysis of water properties. Materials and Methods: For the investigation of water properties in the changing environment the present work is done on the water reservoirRajalwadi after the drought period. It is located near the Sillod town in District Aurangabad Marathwada region of Maharashtra. For the present study, during the period of June 2018 to May 2019 water sample were collected with the interval of one month from selected sampling stations in 2-liter capacity of plastic containers. These water samples were subjected to analyze the physicochemical properties including pH, Temperature, Turbidity are recorded on the spot at the sampling station because these properties are liable to change during the transportation, for the analysis of other properties like dissolve of oxygen, free Co2, Alkalinity, Hardness, TDS etc. samples of water brought to the laboratory within two hours of sample collection from the sampling site and analyzed. For Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 147 the analysis of pH recorded by using pH pen meter and for the analysis of theremaining physicochemical properties of water samples standard methods were used (APHA 1985, Kodarkar 1998).

Sillod

Rajalwadi Reservoir

Fig.1: Map showing water reservoir Rajalwadinear Sillod town. Results and Discussion: The results of the present study i.e. range of obtained values of the collected water samples have been shown in the Table 1. These data values obtained range indicated that the variation occurs in the physicochemical properties of water samples from the Rajalwadi reservoir are due to the differences or changing environmental conditions. Table.1. Table showing range of obtained values of physicochemical properties of water during the study period. Sr. Physicochemical properties Range of the obtained values No. 01 pH (mg/lit) 6.9 - 7.5 02 Temperature (0C) 20 - 31.5 03 Turbidity (NTU) 8 – 26 04 Dissolve Oxygen (mg/lit) 3.8 - 5.7 05 Free Co2 (mg/lit) 0.9 - 1.5 06 Alkalinity (mg/lit) 79 –147 07 Hardness (ppm) 37 - 67 08 T D S (mg/lit) 45 –131 pH: It is the valuable and most important physical properties of water. It plays very important role to determine the stability and suitability of the water. During the study period Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 148 the obtained range of pH of the water found 6.9 - 7.5 mg/lit, in that the obtained minimum value of pH of the water is recorded during the month of April and obtained maximum value of pH of the water is recorded during the month of December. The results of the present study are more or less similar to the results of earlier study reported by(Ubarhande et. al. 2017) in their study minimum value of pH 7.0, 7.1 value observed by (Bade et. al. 2009), 6.99 value of pH reported by (Medudhula et. al. 2012), 7.0 to 8.1 values of pH obtained in their study to (AjitKalwale et. al. 2012) Temperature: It isalso most important physical properties of water. This property of water generally depends upon the atmospheric condition of the sampling station at the time sample collection. During the study period the obtained range of thetemperature of water from 20 - 31.5 0C, in that the obtained minimum value of water temperature recorded during middle of January month and obtained maximum value of water temperature recorded during middle period of the month of May.This variable range of temperature of water usually depends on the climatic factors or condition of particular location at the time of sampling. Such type of results is obtained to the workers like (Pushpalata J. K. et. al. 2017) values are 20.2, 20.5 at different sampling station, (Umeshkumar Mishra et. al. 2016) and (AjitKalwale et. al. 2012) also reported similar findings to the present results and the obtained values range from 19-28. Turbidity: It isimportant chemical properties of water. This property of water generally causes due to the presence of suspended matter in the water collected water sample. During the study period the obtained range of the turbidity of water from 8 - 26 NTU, in that the obtained minimum value of turbidity recorded at the end of January month and the obtainedmaximum value of turbidity of water recorded at the end of the month of June.(Mudbe P. K. 2015)reported the range of minimum 7.0 and maximum 24.0 turbidity value these results are similar to the obtained value of the present study. Dissolved oxygen: It is most essential property of water with the help of this propertythose living organism live in the water i. e. aquatic animals, necessity of DO is for well survival of these aquatic animals. The obtained range of Dissolve oxygen in the water from 3.8 - 5.7 mg/lit during the Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 149 study period.The minimum obtained value of Dissolve oxygen in the water recorded during the month of May and maximum obtained value recorded during the month of December.

Free Co2: Duringthe study period the obtained range of free carbon dioxide in the water from 0.9 - 1.5 mg/lit during the study period.The minimum obtained value of free carbon dioxide in the water recorded during the month of December and maximum obtained value recorded during the month of May. (Mudbe P. K. 2015) reported 2.0 the free Co2 valuein the water sample, this value also more or less supported to obtained maximum value of the present study. Alkalinity: Alkalinity of natural waters is due to primarily to the salts of weak acids, although weak or strong bases may also contribute. Bicarbonate represents the major form of alkalinity. During the study period the obtained range of the alkalinity of water from 79 -147 mg/lit., in that the obtained minimum value of totalalkalinity recorded during the month of October whereas the obtained maximum value of total alkalinity of water recorded in the month of December.The results of total alkalinity in the present study are correlated to the month wise findings reported by (Mudbe P. K. 2015) Total hardness: Hardness of water mostly increases due to the mixing of domestic waste in that water reservoir. During the study period the obtained range of the total hardness of water from 37 - 67 ppm,in that the obtained minimum value of total hardness recorded during the month of April whereas the obtained maximum value of total hardness of water recorded in the month of December.Similar finding of the total hardness i. e. 67 reported in the month of October 2013 by (Umeshkumar Mishra et. al. 2016). Minimum value of total hardness 35 reported by(Mudbe P. K. 2015), and similar finding also reported by (Chaudhari U. E. 2014) in Satnoor Dam, all these findings reported by these workers are supported to the value obtained in the present study. Total dissolved solid: Duringthe study period the obtained range of total dissolved solid in the water from 45 - 131 mg/lit. The minimum obtained value of total dissolved solid in the water recorded Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 150 during the month of August and maximum obtained value recorded during the month of December. Maximum value of TDS 130 reported by (Umeshkumar Mishra et. al. 2016) these values similar to the maximum value obtained in the present study. Variation in the values of physicochemical parameters was observed according to the season in various months reported by (Anita Jadhav et. al. 2014) these findings are supported to obtained value of physicochemical properties of the present study. (Manjare S. A. et. al. 2010) reported that all parameters were within permissible limits according to the values obtained in their study, similarly physicochemical properties of water and obtained values are more or less correlate to the present study. Conclusion: Assessment of this water sample indicates that the value of physicochemical properties of water shows variation in the Rajalwadi water reservoirbut these results are within the permissible limit and suitable for biodiversity and domestic purposes. This also indicates that it is non-hazardous to biotic and abiotic components of an ecosystem. Acknowledgements: Authors are thankful to the Principal, Yeshwantrao Chavan Arts, Commerce and Science College, Sillod, Dist. Aurangabad (M.S.) India, and Head Department of Zoology, for providing laboratory and library facilities for the present work. References :-

1) Anita Jadhav and Prajapati (2014): Study of physicochemical parameters of Dewale lake in Panvel, Dist. Raigad (M. S.), Int. J. of Sci. and Res. Vol. 3, Issue 9: 768- 772. 2) Shivaji Ubarhande and Jaywant Dhole (2017): Study of physicochemical parameters from Jeevrekha Dam, Maharashtra, India, IJRBAT, Sp. Issue 1, Vol. V: 72-80. 3) Bade B. B., Kulkarni P. A., Kumbhar A. C. (2009): Studies on physicochemical parameters in Sai reservoir Latur District Maharashtra, Int. Res. Journal, Vol. II, Issue 7: 31-34. 4) MedudhulaThirupathaiah, Ch. Samatha, ChinthaSammaiah (2012): Analysis of water quality using physicochemical parameters in lower manair reservoir of Karimnagar Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 151 District Andhra Pradesh, Int. J. of Env. Sci., Vol. 3, No. 1:172-180. 5) AjitKalwale and PadmakarSavale (2012): Determination of physicochemical parameters of DeoliBhorus dam water, adv. In Applied Sci. Res., 3 (1): 273-279. 6) Pushpalata J. K. and Mary Esther C. J. (2017): Physicochemical characteristic of Jurala reservoir, Int. J. of Life Sciences, Vol 5, (1): 111-113. 7) Umeshkumar Mishra, Aditya Narayan and Praveen Kumar (2016):Wter analysis of physicochemical parameters from Sajnam Dam District Lalitpur (U/ P.) India, Asian J. of Agri. And Life Sci., Vol. 1 (2): 1-4. 8) Mudbe P. K. (2015): Physicochemical parameters of Turori dam, Turori, District Osmanabad, during the period Feb. 2009 to Jan. 2010, Eng. And Sci. Int. J. Vol. 2, Issue 4: 102-106. 9) Sonia Sethi, Alok Pandey and Akshay Palande (2016): Analysis of wter quality using physicochemical and microbiological parameters in Verjeshwari reservoir of Mumbai India, Int. Jour. Of Applied and Nat. sci., Vol. 5, Issue 3: 107-114. 10) Chaudhari U. E. (2014): Physicochemical parameters assessment of dam water in different sites of Warud region, Rasayan J. Chem. Vol. 7, No. 2: 156-160. 11) Dhungana, R. P. (2019): The Current Status of Physicochemical Parameters and Water Quality of Sundarijal Reservoir. Journal of Science and Engineering, 6, 64- 70. 12) APHA (1985): Standard methods of for the examination of water and waste water. American Public Health Association, Washington DC. Pp 1244. 13) Kodarkar M.S., D. D. Diwan, N.Murugam, K. M. Kulkarni and Anuradha Ramesh (1998):Methodology for water analysis (Physico-Chemical, biological and micro biological) Indian Asso. of Aqua. Biologists, Hyderabad. Pp 102. 14) Rahatgaonkar R. L. (2016): Physicochemical analysis of water quality of Kondeshwar lake in Amravati district Maharashtra, JETIR, Vol. 3, Issue 11: 1213-1215. 15) S. A. Manjare, S. A. Vhanalkar and D. V. Muley (2010): Analysis of water quality using physicochemical parameters of Tamdale tank in Kolhapur district, Maharashtra, Int. Jour. Of Adv. Biotech and Res., Vol 1, Issue 2: 115-119. Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 152

22

Positive Impact of Lockdown on Environment

U. W. Fule Dept. of Zoology, Hutatama Rashtriya Arts and Science College, Ashti, Di.Wardha

Research Paper -Zoology ABSTRACT The COVID-19 pandemic is a crisis that affects everyone. A new Coronavirus name covid-19 was reported in Wuhan, China in December 2019. The first time these cases were published they were classified as “pneumonia of unknown etiology.” The etiology of this illness is now attributed to a novel virus belonging to the coronavirus (CoV) family COVID-19. Different from both MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV, 2019-nCoV. It is the seventh member of family of coronavirus to infect humans and positively affected to enviorment. This research paper shows the positive impact of Covid-19 during lockdown period on the Enviorment. Our research shows that there is a significant association between contingency measures and improvement in air,water, and noise pollution,cleaner water,clean beaches,wildlife liberated. Keywords- Covid-19, Pandemic, Enviormental Impact, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV Introduction- World Health Organisation (WHO) has declared the outbreack of Covid-19 now to be pandemic. This has been a great concerned to all human being health. Where Mortality has been found to be increased. Being so deadliest WHO and Health Ministry advised all to be home and follow the guidelines regarding physical distancing. While the origin of outbreak Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 153 and its transmission pathway are yet to be asserted, we know diseases passed from animals to human (Zoonotic Diseases). Currently, organization such as the WHO do not believe that the Novel corona virus is airborne. However, research into its transmission route in ongoing. SARS- CoV-2, which causes COVID-19, is one of many corona viruses. The Biosphere constitute a vital life support system for man. Its existence in healthy and functional state is essential for existence of human race. It is the collection of innumerable organisms, the biological diversity, which makes our life pleasant and possible biodiversity is the total variety of life on the planet (Raghunathan et.al.2012). The novel corona virus infectious disease in a late 2019 with human to human transmission (Covid-19) was identified in Wuhan, China, which now has turn into a global pandemic. It has shown drastic effects on natural environments (Sulaman et. al. 2020). Observation and Discussion- Cleaner Water- 1) Amid the nationwide lockdown to curtail the spread of the Covid-19 outbreak, the water quality of Ganga river at Har-Ki- Pauriin the Holy city of Haridwar has been classified as fit for drinking an unprecedented success which the ambitious schemes of the Government could not do for years even after pumping thousands of crores.. Now the Ganga- Yamuna is shimmering and is so transparent that one can see its aquatic life in deep water. It has been also reported that there is an increase in Dissolved oxygen and decrease in Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD). Faecalcolliform count (FCC) has also decrease. 2) In Venice, famous for winding canals, water quality appears to have improved amid Italys stringent corona virus lockdown. 3) Residents in the city have said the Waterways are benefiting from the lack of usual boat traffic brought on by the hordes of tourists who visit each other. Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 154

Cleaner Air- 1) Cleaner air has perhaps been the single greatest positive effect of the lockdowns on the environments. 2) Nationwide lockdown due to pandemic has led to drastic decline of NO2 emissions and reduced air pollution levels in Delhi and Nepal. The drop in air pollution exposure, Mount Everest is over 150km from Kathmandu, the mountain is still visible due to improved air quality. 3) The Air Quality Index now is recorded about 60 which reaches up to 600 in Diwali in cities like Delhi. 4) Citizens in Northern India are seeing the view of the Himalayan Mountain range for the first time in their lives, The Mount Everest is over air quality, due to the drop in airpollution caused by the country’s corona virus lockdown. Liberated Wildlife- 1) Numerous pink Flamingos painted the TalaweWetland with their arrival. Almost 500- 600 patch of the creek turned bright pink. The Migratory birds, which visit every year, have arrived in huge numbers, in the middle of a lockdown to check the spread of corona virus. 2) Some Microbiologist presumed that pink coloration is the outcome of Red algal bloom having a beta carotene that is multiplying in the saline water. 3) According to the Bombay Natural History Society, there has been a 25 percent increase in Flamingo migration since last year, when 1.2 lack birds had come visiting. This year, over 1.5 lack birds were spotted just in the first week of April. 4) Peacocks walk on a lane near Lodhi road during a nationwide lockdown to curb the Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 155 spread of corona virus in New Delhi. Conclusion- The COVID-19 Lockdown have forced us to stay indoors but it’s really a boon for environments. Industries shut and people staying indoors due to lockdown, Nature appears to be in a Rejuvenation mode. The protected areas appear to be safe and Biodiversity is benefiting from reduced human activities. This may not be true everywhere, especially where the enforcement hasweakened but threats have not led to Covid-19 and reduction of polluting activities.

References :-

1. Backe, J.A.Klinkenberg, D; (2020):Incubation period of 2019 Novel corona virus infection travelers from Wuhan, China, 20-28 January 2020. 2. Hung,C. Wang, Y. Li, X. Ren, L. Zhao, J.Hu,Y; (2020): Clinical feature of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China Lancet, 395,pp.497-506. 3. OECD Interim Economic Assesment, Corona virus; (2020): The world Economy at risk oecd.org/economic.outbreak (2 March 2020). 4. Morcos, F.Gisleria, B; (2020): Association between climate variables and global enviorment and prevention. Science of the Total Enviorment Vol 728. 5. Phan, L.T. Nguyen, T.V. Luong, Q.C. Le, H.Q; (2020): Importation and Human to human transmission of a Novel coronavirus in Vietenom N.Engl.J.med;382(9),pp.872- 874. 6. Raghunathan, C; (2012): Recent advancement in Biodiversity of India ISBN 978- 81-8171-303-2. 7. Rawat and Mukesh; (2020): Corona virus in India: Tracking Countrys first 50 Covid- 19 cases, what number tell http:/www.india today.in/india/story/coronavirus-in-india- tracking-country-s first-50-covid-19 8. Riou, J. Althus, C. L; (2020): Pattern of early human to human transmission of Wuhan 2019 Novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) December 2019 to January 2020, Eurosurveillance, 25 (4). Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 156 9. Sulman, M; (2020): COVID-19 pandemic and Enviormental pollution: A blessing in disguise?scienceof the total enviorment Vol.728. 10. World Health Organisation, (2004): Summary of probable SARS cases with onset of illness from 1 November 2002 to 31 July 2003 http://www.who.int/csr/sars/ country/tab le 2004-04-21/en/(2004), Accessed 5th February 2020. 11. Yoo, J. H;(2020): The fight against the 2019-nCoV outbreak: an advous march has just begun J.Korean med. Sci (2020),pp. 35-36

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23

Diversity of Spiders Along the Basins of River Netravati in Bantwal, Dakshina kannada, Karnataka, India

Supreet Kadakol Mohammed Mustak Dept. of Zoology, Dept. of Zoology, Sri Venkataramana Swamy College, University, Mangalagangotri, Bantwal, Mangalore, Karnataka Mangalore, Karnataka

Research Paper -Zoology ABSTRACT The present work is designed to study diversity of spiders along the basins of river Netravati which is one of the short west flowing river about 106kms in Karnataka. Study area isselected and measures about 10kms from which river flows in different habitats including urbanized area from Bantwal taluk to Mangalore taluk. Our main aim is to evaluate the impact of industrialization, urbanization on the biodiversity of those 8-legged arthropods arachnid orders along with the diversity studies. The objective also extended to find out the possibility of existence of bio indicator, if any. Eight study sites were selected from the East part of Bantwal taluk to west part of Mangalore taluk covering 12 km aerial distance. Out of eight different study sites, five were distributed in urbanized area and three in non-urbanized area including areca nut, coconut plantation area. During this study, total of 56 species belonging to 27 genera were documented during the study period. Of these, ten genera were found to be arboreal, grassland ecosystem has species belonging to three genera and six were found to be in human constructions. Biodiversity indices revealed that the species richness in arboreal and dominance of some species over others in human constructions. During this study, a total of 56 species under 27 genera in 37 Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 158

families of spiders were documented. Binary data of 5 orders revealed that the species richness of Jumping spiders Salticidae, two tailed spiders Hersilia and Huntsman spider Hetropoda were higher in non-urbanized zone in comparison to that of urbanizedzone. Results of multivariate analyses are compared with the species richness data for all the eight study sites. It is concluded that even in an apparently homogeneous ecological condition species richness may drastically change with the influence of urbanization. Total spider fauna decline by at least 23.33% is noticed in urbanized areas. It is found that some species spiders are susceptible to urbanization and some of the members of these may be considered as a bio indicator group. Keywords –Biodiversity, Bio indicators, Spiders, Urbanization, NetravatiRiver. Introduction Spiders are one of the most widely recognized group of arthropods and they make up a diverse portion of the world’s invertebrates1. They are distributed on every continent except Antarctica and have adapted to all known ecological environments except air and open sea2. There are about 47,099 globally described spider species in 4,073 genera and 113 families3. They are unique among all organisms in their modes of silk production, camouflage, prey & predatory, usage and of reproduction and cannibalism. Spiders are clearly an integral part of the global biodiversity since they play an important role in ecosystems as predators and source of food for other creatures4. They primarily feed on insects, but also eat other arthropods, including other spiders. They are suitable biological indicators of ecosystem changes and habitat modifications due to their small body size, short generation time, and high sensitivity to temperature and moisture changes5. Spiders form one of the most diverse groups of organisms existing in India.In India, 1,520spider species belonging to 377 genera of 60 families have been recorded6.Of these 1,520 species, 1,002 are endemic to Indian mainland, 71 species are endemic to Andaman and Nicobar Islands and one species is endemic to Lakshadweep7. Previous conservation efforts in India have focused on the larger vertebrates while invertebrates were ignored. Documentation of spider fauna is more important because they play a significant role in the regulation of insects and other invertebrate populations in most ecosystems. A comprehensive Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 159 data on diversity and distribution of spiders from Costal Karnataka region is sparse as compared to other regions of the country. Very little work has been done on spider diversity of Karnataka. The aim of this study was to compile the first checklist of spiders of the Netravati river basin of Bantwal taluk and to determine the percentage of species protected. Materials and Methods Study Area We conducted our study in the Netravatiriver basin, located between 12052’29.33’’ to 12054’05.4’’ North latitude and 75000’26.2’’ to 75005’11.o’’ East longitude. It spread over an area of 28.76 km2 spreads two administrative bodies in the taluk of Bantwal of Mangalore District of Karnataka. The Netravati River emerges from the Western Ghats hills at an elevation of 175 m above MSL having a length of 105 Km and directly flows into the at Mangalore. The river basin is topographically complex, biodiversity-rich, fragmented and densely populated cultural landscape. Even though the Netravati River is prominent among the rivers in Karnataka and serves an important drinking water source to Dakshina Kannada District of Karnataka. There are many reserved forest patches in the river basin as it flows in Southern Western ghats. Our study area mainly consists of industrlized and Urbanized area of Bantwal taluk of Dakshina Kannada which measures about 12 kms of aerialdistance (Figure iii). According to land use or land cover pattern, the study area has major subdivisions such as Lateritic exposed area, Sacred Groves, Plantations and Agroecosystems, Mangrove or marsh (Figure-i and ii).

Fig(i). Showing River Netravati joining Arabian Sea Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 160

Fig (ii). Showing the tributaries of River Netravati

Fig (iii). Different study sites were selected from the East part of Bantwal taluk to west part of towards Mangalore covering 12 km aerial distance. Sampling The study has been carried out during the month of April 2019 to March 2020 in the Netravatiriver basin ofBantwal taluk of Dakshina Kannada, Karnataka. Four surveys were conducted per month at selected areas of the river basin. Spider collection was done during the morning (7.00 am to 11.00 am) and evening (16.00 pm to 18.00 pm) time to maximize the species richness. An all-out search method was used for spider collection and the collection was conducted mainly by handpicking and beating methods. Pitfall sampling was also employed for spider collection. Spider microhabitats like fallen logs and leaf litters were thoroughly Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 161 checked for ground-dwelling spiders while leaves of trees and visible webs were searched for arboreal spiders. Smaller spiders were collected by leading them into tubes containing alcohol with the help of brush dipped in alcohol. Most of the spiders were photographed in the field itself with the help of SLR Camera Canon EOS 70D Mark-III. Identification was done at the Instrumentaion Lab, Dept. of Applied Zoology, Mangalore University, Mangalagangotri, Mangalore, Dakshina Kannada. The specimens were preserved in 70% alcohols with proper labeling of locality, date of collection and other notes of importance for further molecular analysis. The mature specimens were identified up to the species level with the help of stereo zoom microscope (Magnus MSZ TR) and also with available literature17,18,19,20,21. Results and Discussion A total of 112 species of spiders belonging to 81 genera and 21 families were collected (Table 1) during the study period. The genera such as Oxyopes and Neoscona show high species diversity. Out of the 438 genera reported from Indian region, 81 genera were collected from NetravatiRiver Basin. Maximum generic diversity was found in families including Salticidae (18), Araneidae (14), Theridiidae (9) and Thomisidae(8). Out of the 60 families recorded from the Indian region, 21 families were collected from Netravati river basins. This represents 35% of the total families reported from India. Araneidae was the most dominant family corresponding 24 species from 14 genera constituting 21.5% of total spider population. The second dominant family was Salticidae with 22 species from 18 genera constituting 19.5% of the total population. The relative species abundance of various families recorded during the study can be represented as Salticidae> Theridiidae> Thomisidae Tetragnathidae> Oxyopidae> Lycosidae= Uloboridae> Pholcidae= Sparassidae= Pisauridae> Ctenidae= Gnaphosidae= Linyphiidae=Eutichuridae =Scytodidae>Corinnidae=Eresidae=Hersilidae =Philodromidae=Theraphosidae (Figure-iv & v). The spiders collected from the study area can be divided into seven functional groups or guilds based on the classification system proposed by Uetz et al.,22. Orb weavers was the dominant feeding guild with 32% of the total population, which was followed by stalkers with 28%, ambushers with 12%, space web builders with 12%, ground runners with 7% , foliage runners with 6%, wandering sheet weavers with 2% and sheet web weavers with 1% (Figure- Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 162 iv and v).

Fig iv. Species diversity in different families found in Nertavati

Fig v. Graph structure analysis of spiders collected from Netravati river basin The spider fauna of the regions of Netravati river basin has never been documented or summarized. The present study covers the entire ecosystems of Netravati river basin and it resulted in the documentation 112 species of spiders. The study emphasizes that the spider fauna of Netravati river basin is qualitatively rich. This area holds a wide range of unique habitats and these varied habitats provide a greater array of microhabitats, microclimatic features, alternative food sources, retreat sites and web attachment sites. The rich floral and faunal diversity is the key to building microhabitats for a variety of spiders. All of which probably favours the colonization and establishment of a high number of spider species in the Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 163 study area. Many other studies also have demonstrated a correlation existed between the structural complexity of habitat and species diversity23. In 1991, Uetz24 reported that structurally more complex shrub can support a more diverse spider community. Photographs during the field work

MyrnerachnespChrysillaspjumping spiderCarhottusviduus jumping spider Ant mimicking spider

EpeusindicaJumping spiderTilamoniadimidiate Thianiabhamoesis Jumping spider Jumping spider

CyrtophoracitricolaOpadometafastigataLycosidaesp Wolf Spider Tent web spider

Nephila piliphesSiler semigalucasArgiope amula Orb Web SpiderJumping SpiderSignature spider

Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 164 Conclusion This was the first attempt to document spider diversity in Netravati river basin of Bantwal taluk Mangalore, Karnataka India. The diversity both at ecosystem and microhabitat level supports large number spiders in the Netravati river basin. Since the study area is a human dominated landscape, they are facing threats like habitat loss, pollution and changes in land use pattern. Appropriate conservation strategies should be developed and implemented to conserve the faunal and floral diversity in the costal Karnataka of the region. Acknowledgement I wish to place upon record my sincere thanks and gratitude to my guide Dr. M.S. Mustak, Associate Professor, Department of Applied Zoology, Mangalore University for his valuable guidance, tolerant indulgence and unwavering support. I am highly obliged to Prof. Dr. Bhasker Shenoy, Chairman & Head of the Department and Prof. Dr. Sreepad. K.S,Department of Applied Zoology,Mangalore University for approving my research topic and also for the infrastructural facilities provided. Also, I thank my college Sri Venkataramana Swamy College, management, principal and staff for their support.

References :-

1. Coddington, J.A. & Levi, H.W., Systematics and evolution of spiders (Araneiae). Ann. Rev. Ecology and Systematics; 22: 565-592 (1991). 2. Foelix, R.F., Biology of spiders. (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press, New York (1996). 3. World Spider Catalog, World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern, online at http:// wsc.nmbe.ch, version 18.5, accessed on 27/12/2017 (2017). 4. Sharma S., Vyas A. & Sharma, R., Diversity and abundance of spider fauna of at Rjghat (Barwani) (Madhya Pradesh) India. Researcher. 2(11):1- 5 (2010). 5. Kremen, C., Colwell, R.K., Erwin, T.L., Murphy, D.D., Noss, R.F. &&Sanjayan, M.A., Terrestrial arthropod assemblages: their use in conservation planning. Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 165 Conservation Biology 7, 796-808(1993). 6. Samways, M.J., Insect conservation ethics. Environmental Conservation. 17, 7-8 (1990). 7. Adarsh, C.K. &Nameer, P.O., Spiders of Kerala Agricultural University Campus, Thrissur, Kerala, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 7(15): 8288–8295(2015). 8. Adarsh, C.K. &Nameer, P.O., A preliminary checklist of spiders (Araneae: Arachnida) in Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary, Western Ghats, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 8(4): 8703–8713 (2016). 9. Sebastian, P.A., Murugesan, S., Mathew, M.J., Sudhikumar, A.V. &Sunish, E., Spiders in Mangalavanam, an ecosensitive mangrove forest in Cochin, Kerala, India (Araneae). European Arachnology (Suppl. No. 1): 315–318(2005). 10. Joseph, Jaimon., Bhardwaj, A. K & Zacharias, V. J., Note on a collection of Spiders from Periyar Tiger Reserve, Kerala, S India. Indian Forester. 124(10): 869- 871(1998). 11. Patel, B.H., A preliminary list of spiders with descriptions of three new species of spiders from Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary, Kerala. Zoos’ print journal. 18(10): 1207-1212 (2003). 12. Sudhikumar, A.V., Mathew, M.J., Sunish, E., Murukesan, S. & Sebastian, P.A., Preliminary studies on the spider fauna in Mannavanshola forest, Kerala, India (Araneae). Acta zoological bulgarica, suppl. No. 1: pp. 319-327 (2005). 13. Sunil Jose K., Sudhikumar, A.V., Samson Davis & Sebastian, P.A., Preliminary studies on the spider fauna (Arachnida: Araneae) in Parambikulam wildlife sanctuary in Western Ghats, Kerala, India. J. Bombay. Nat. Hist. Soc. 105(3): 264-273 (2008). 14. Sudhikumar, A.V., Distribution pattern of spiders along an elevational gradient in Nelliyampathy hill ranges of the Western Ghats, Kerala, India. International Journal of Science and Research, ISSN (Online): 2319- 7064 (2015). 15. Palot, M. J. &Balakrishnan, V. C., Biodiversity of Madayipara (Illustrated Field Guide) Kerala Forest Research Institute.100 pp (2014). 16. Tikader, B. K., Thomisidae (Crab-spiders). - Fauna of India (Araneae), 1: 1-247 (1980). Issue : XIV,Vol. - I IMPACT FACTOR ISSN 2348-7976 VRJF P S 6.30 Jan. 2020 To June 2020 166 17. Tikader, B. K., Family Araneidae (Argiopidae), typical orb weavers. - Fauna of India (Araneae), 2: 1-293 (1982). 18. Tikader, B.K., A hand book on Indian spiders. Zoological survey of India, Culcutta(1987). 19. Barrion, A.T &Listinger, J.A., Riceland spiders of South and Southeast Asia. CABI. 765pp (1992). 20. Sebastian, P.A & Peter, K.V., Spiders of India. Orient Blackswan, Hydrabad. 754 pp (2009).

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