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Taken to the Cleaners Taken to the cleaners Experiences of international students working in the Australian retail cleaning industry By Victorian TAFE International and United Voice VICTORIAN TAFE INTERNATIONAL INC Post Office Box 2195 Caulfield Junction, Victoria, 3161 Ph. 0401 072 372 Email: [email protected] www.vti.edu.au UNITED VOICE VICTORIA Ground Floor, 117-131 Capel St North Melbourne, Victoria, 3051 Ph. 03 9235 7777 Fax: 03 9235 7770 Email: [email protected] www.unitedvoice.org.au/victoria Approved by Jess Walsh, Secretary, United Voice Victoria, November 2012 ContentsContents FOREWORD 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 5 ABOUT INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS CLEANING SHOPPING CENTRES 5 EXTREME WORKLOADS A WAY OF LIFE 5 ‘IF YOUR SKIN IS NOT WHITE, YOU DON’T GET RESPECT’ 5 VISAS BEFORE RIGHTS 6 POVERTY PAY AND STOLEN WAGES 6 GUMTREE: THE UNDERBELLY OF RETAIL CLEANING EXPOSED 6 Introduction 7 ABOUT THE RESEARCH 7 A HIDDEN WORLD OF WORK : EXPERIENCES OF INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS 8 A MYRIAD OF NATIONS 8 INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS: A MYSTERY UNEXPLORED 8 THE BACKBONE OF CLEANING 9 INSIDE THE RETAIL CLEANING INDUSTRY 10 EXPLOITATION: THE HALLMARK OF AN INDUSTRY 10 WORKING HARDER FOR LESS 10 INEXPERIENCED AND RIPE FOR EXploitation: ABOUT SurveYED CLEANERS 11 EXTREME WORKloadS 12 HEALTH AND SAFETY 12 STOLEN WAGES 13 ‘THEY PUT PRESSURE ON EVERYONE’ 13 LITTLE UNDERSTANDING OF RIGHTS AT WORK 13 Culture OF ABUSE AND RACISM 14 RUDE OR ABUSIVE SUPERVISORS 14 LACK OF RESPECT 15 RACISM AND DISCRIMINATION 15 ‘THEY DON’T LIKE THE UNION’ 15 SURVIVING ON POVERTY WAGES 16 BUMPER PROFITS, POVERTY PAY 16 THE BURDEN OF BILLS 16 HEALTH FORGOTTEN 16 HOLIDAYS AN UNAFFORDABLE LUXURY 16 STOLEN WAGES AND WORKING FOR FREE 17 IN THEIR OWN WORDS 18 EXPOSING THE UNDERBELLY OF retail CLEANING 20 GUMTREE: WHERE employers FIND VULNERABLE workers 20 A CONTRACT FOR EXPLOITATION 20 93% LIKELY TO BE UNDERPAYING CLEANERS 21 CONCLUSION: WelcoME to AUSTRALIA, BUT DON’T ASK FOR RESpect 22 EndnoteS 24 Foreword VICTORIAN TAFE INTERNATIONAL Victorian TAFE International (VTI) is an association of staff who work in TAFE Institutes and dual sector universities in international education in Victoria, Australia. Participation is open to any international education staff members including those in management, recruitment, business development, admissions, and quality and compliance in member public vocational education institutions. VTI exists to support and inform members, improve communication between members and other bodies, to increase awareness and understanding of international education generally. In keeping with its aim to improve connections with other bodies, VTI is very pleased to collaborate on this report with United Voice. We were very pleased to discover that United Voice had undertaken surveys of its members, which included international students and to have our Executive Officer, Dr Kate Dempsey, work with United Voice staff in publishing the outcomes of their research more broadly. VTI members are aware of anecdotal reports of work rights abuses suffered by international students and are very concerned to get the message out both to students themselves about their work rights and to government bodies and decision makers. VTI hopes this report will improve knowledge and understanding of the situations our international students find themselves in when they work as they study in Australia. VTI member institutes provide considerable information to students before they arrive in Australia. In their first few weeks in the country, they also provide information, accommodation, support and referral. The institutes also give advice on safety, medical help, emergency services and after-hours assistance. Considerable information is given to students at orientation, including students’ work rights and responsibilities. As this report shows, students are well aware of the requirements of their visa conditions. But this report also shows that exploitation can still occur in the workplace for vulnerable groups like international students. UNITED VOICE United Voice is one of Australia’s largest unions, organising to win better jobs, stronger communities, a fairer society and a sustainable future. United Voice’s collaboration with VTI on this report is part of a campaign for respect, fair pay and safe workloads for cleaners working in shopping centres across Victoria, and around Australia. We recognise that the cleaners discussed in this report are not just workers and members of their union, but students who are part of Australia’s important education sector. Issues affecting them in the 4 workplace impact upon the education sector, and that is why collaboration with the VTI is so important. Executive summary Last year, almost 300,000 people came from around the world to begin their studies in Australia. Many ABOUT INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS find they must work to support themselves and the CLEANING SHOPPING CENTRES government recognises that, allowing them to work for 40 hours a fortnight during term time. The United Voice survey found that international students working in Victorian shopping centres were, There has been little research on the working on average, less experienced than their counterparts experiences of international students in Australia. This is permanently living in Australia. surprising given the plethora of media reports, evidence to inquiries and investigations pursued by the Fair Work They also worked shorter shifts and were much more Ombudsman (FWO) — so many of which have found that likely to be working on a part-time or casual basis. international students are frequently exploited. Nearly one quarter — 23 per cent — clean Westfield In the retail cleaning industry, many international shopping centres. Around half of them were born in students — around half of whom are born in India — are India. exploited because the industry is in crisis. Barriers to A surprisingly high proportion — more than one in five entry are low, so new contractors can win business from — were supporting children, while 42.4 per cent were large shopping centre owners like Westfield and Colonial married or in a de facto relationship. First State. The money they earn, therefore, is not just to support Having won a cleaning contract at a low price, these their studies but to support their growing families at a operators soon find the easiest route to profitability is to critical time in their lives. intensify the workloads of the cleaners they employ. This means demanding that cleaners do more work in EXTREME WORKLOADS A WAY OF less time, leading to extreme workloads that can impact upon the health and safety of their cleaners. Hygiene can LIFE also suffer, as cleaners are forced to take shortcuts. In recent years, cleaners working at shopping centres have seen their workloads rise to extreme levels. It can also mean cutting pay or conditions. Or International students have not been immune to the contractors can seek to deliberately underpay cleaners. trend, with 48.5 per cent saying they do not always have In some cases, they do all three. Sham contracting and time to do their jobs properly. ignoring workplace laws are also a significant problem. Some 37.1 per cent experienced stress caused by these In fact, an FWO investigation into the cleaning industry intense workloads. These results were lower than for in Victoria recently found that 44 per cent of audited their non-student colleagues, but this could be attributed employers were breaking workplace laws. to their typically shorter shifts, and are still clearly high. All these problems can be intensified because of the A significant number of international students reported many sub-contractors that can stand between the working for free on occasion, with 35.5 per cent saying ultimate client — the shopping centre owner — and the they worked additional hours without being paid for cleaner. With each looking to make a profit, less and less them. is left for the cleaners doing the work. Shopping centre owners like Westfield also contribute ‘IF YOUR SKIN IS NOT WHITE, YOU to the crisis by insisting on cutting back on the value of their contracts, forcing contractors to shift an even DON’T GET RESPECT’ greater burden on to cleaners. International students report positive aspects of working International students are left bearing the brunt of this in Australia, including forging friendships. crisis, with the majority struggling to pay even their But for a significant number, employment here was, at rent. A third also worked additional time without pay, times, a degrading experience. exacerbating an already difficult financial situation. Forty per cent suffered rude or abusive behavior by a Some are also asked to violate their visas, putting them supervisor. Tellingly, this was almost twice as high as at risk of deportation. reported by cleaners who are not international students. This report serves to highlight the need for shopping Four of the students interviewed said they were treated centre owners to support reform of the retail industry differently by managers or customers because of their and end a crisis that is putting the welfare of its workers colour, their nationality or their gender. at risk. Said ‘Dewan’: “If your skin is white you get the respect. If Shopping centre cleaners themselves have been your skin is not white, you don’t get the respect — simple campaigning for fundamental reform of their industry, and easy.” seeking an end to extreme workloads, low pay and a culture that fosters a lack of respect and, at times, A quarter of foreign students surveyed added that their discrimination. employers were hostile towards their membership of 5 a union, with many saying their managers had made it clear they did not want them to join or remain in a union. GUMTREE: THE UNDERBELLY OF RETAIL CLEANING EXPOSED VISAS BEFORE RIGHTS After a jobs ad for cleaners on the Gumtree website The international students interviewed were well aware — which demanded that “no Indians or Asians” should of their visa restrictions, which forbid them to work more apply — was the subject of media attention, an analysis than 40 hours a fortnight during term time.
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