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Zum Identitätsdiskurs in Den Sozialwissenschaften Ingrid Jungwirth Zum Identitätsdiskurs in den Sozialwissenschaften Ingrid Jungwirth (Dr. phil.) lehrt Soziologie an der Freien Universität Berlin und an der Brandenburgischen Technischen Universität Cottbus. Ihre For- schungsschwerpunkte sind Kultursoziologie, Geschlechterforschung und Cultural Studies. Ingrid Jungwirth Zum Identitätsdiskurs in den Sozialwissenschaften Eine postkolonial und queer informierte Kritik an George H. Mead, Erik H. Erikson und Erving Goffman Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Bibliothek Die Deutsche Bibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.ddb.de abrufbar. © 2007 transcript Verlag, Bielefeld This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License. Umschlaggestaltung & Innenlayout: Kordula Röckenhaus, Bielefeld Lektorat & Satz: Ingrid Jungwirth, Berlin Druck: Majuskel Medienproduktion GmbH, Wetzlar ISBN 978-3-89942-571-0 Gedruckt auf alterungsbeständigem Papier mit chlorfrei gebleichtem Zell- stoff. Besuchen Sie uns im Internet: http://www.transcript-verlag.de Bitte fordern Sie unser Gesamtverzeichnis und andere Broschüren an unter: [email protected] Inhalt Einleitung 9 1. Hintergründe der Untersuchung 15 2. Konzeption und Vorgehensweise 39 2.1 Kritik – Wissenschaftskritik 40 2.2 Die Rekonstruktion von Wissen 43 2.3 Wissenschaftskritik als Diskursanalyse 54 2.4 Eine feministisch, queer und postkolonial informierte Kritik 64 2.5 Skizze der Untersuchung 69 3. Historische Voraussetzungen für die Entstehung des sozialwissenschaftlichen Identitätsbegriffs 79 4. Selbst als Spiegel der Gesellschaft 89 4.1 Zur Organisierung sozialer Praktiken im „imperialen Zeitalter“ 91 4.2 Die Institutionalisierung der Sozialwissenschaften 97 4.3 Selbst und soziale Kontrolle 103 4.3.1 Sprache und Selbst 112 4.3.2 Einheit des Selbst 117 4.3.3 Die Konstitution des Selbst in der Entwicklung 123 4.3.4 Selbst und Geschlecht 132 4.4 Resümee 138 5. ‚Identität‘ versus Krise: Zur Entstehung sozialwissenschaftlicher Identitätsmodelle 145 5.1 Jugend gegen Krise 148 5.2 Norm und Natur: Die Definition von Normen 171 5.3 Normierende Wirkungen 186 6. Die Infragestellung vorherrschender Normen, oder: Anspruch auf den Status des Menschen 209 6.1 Fanons Kritik an Weißer Normativität 210 6.2 „Nobody knows my name“ – Die sozialen Bewegungen in den USA 223 6.2.1 Dekolonisation und Kolonialismus-Analogie 227 6.2.2 Identität und der Status des Menschen 245 6.2.3 Wissenschaftskritik 280 6.2.4 Die Kritik an allgemein anerkannten Normen 291 6.3 Resümee 300 7. Rollen und Darstellungen 309 7.1 Kohärenz der Darstellung 312 7.2 Soziale Organisation 330 7.3 Norm und Devianz 348 8. Resümee 361 8.1 Schwellen des sozialwissenschaftlichen Identitätsdiskurses 363 8.2 Normalismus und Rede von Identität 379 Literatur 383 Mit dem Generalthema Musik und kulturelle Identität wendet sich der Kon- gress einer zentralen Fragestellung zu. Die Tatsache, dass Musik ähnlich wie die Sprache ein wesentliches Element sowohl unserer individuellen als auch unserer vor allem lokal, regional oder national geprägten kollektiven Identität ist, hat das abendländische Musikdenken unter unterschiedlichen Aspekten bereits seit der Antike beschäftigt. Im Zeichen des zusammenwachsenden Europa der Regionen sowie der Globalisierung gewinnt die Frage nach der Bedeutung der Musik für kulturelle Identität eine neue Aktualität. XIII. Internationaler Kongress der Gesellschaft für Musikforschung, 16. bis 21. September 2004 Österreichisches Kulturforum Berlin, Galerie Heike Curtze Wien-Berlin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin präsentieren Gabriele Seethaler: Identität genotyp-phaenotyp Ausstellungsdauer: 14. Mai–9. Juni 2004 lee, in deutschland geborene tochter eines koreanischen arbeitsmigranten, geht nach seoul, um im land des vaters als freelancerin zu arbeiten. nicht- identitäten überlagern sich: fremdheit gegenüber sich selbst, dem körper, den zuordnungen, die einem von anderen aufgezwungen werden. […] raul zelik stellt einen auszug aus ‚bastard‘ vor. und schließlich zeigen karin michalski und elfe brandenburger ihren film ‚pashke und sofia‘. die beiden filmemacherinnen erzählen darin von den ‚virgines‘, von in einigen albani- schen bergdörfern lebenden frauen, die gegen ihre geschlechtszuschreibungen aufbegehren und männerrollen eingenommen haben. aus der perspektive sofias und pashkes berichtet der film über aufgezwungene identitäten, den wunsch nach emanzipation und alltägliche subversion. „identity is the crisis – can’t you see?“ themen-abend & book-release party. 11. juni 2004 HAU 2 Einleitung Der Begriff Identität scheint aus unseren Vorstellungswelten nicht mehr wegzudenken zu sein. Brauchbar für unterschiedlichste Fragestellungen und Themen, zielt er auf maximale Reichweite: von der Antike bis heu- te, von Freiheit bis Zwang, von der genetischen Erbanlage bis hin zur Krisenerfahrung – die wiederum in der Migrantin und den kulturell anderen Gender-Bendern besondert werden muss. Trotz dieser Unter- schiedlichkeit der Gebrauchsweisen scheint evident, wofür der Identi- tätsbegriff steht. Dabei weist die Allgegenwärtigkeit der ‚Identitätsfrage‘ darauf hin, dass es sich um eine dominante und unhinterfragte Beschrei- bungsweise sozialer Phänomene handelt. Ausgangspunkt dieser Untersuchung ist die Feststellung, dass es ne- ben der Explosion der Rede von Identität in Alltag, Kulturproduktion, Politik und Wissenschaft auch die Hinterfragung des Identitätsbegriffs als deskriptiver und analytischer Kategorie gibt. AutorInnen1 wie Ed- 1 Ein paar Bemerkungen zur Schreibweise. Die feministische Sprachkritik an dem Gebrauch des Maskulinums als dem allgemeinen Genus für Perso- nenbezeichnungen muss vor dem Hintergrund von queer theory und der Infragestellung von Zweigeschlechtlichkeit etwas erweitert werden. Meis- tens benutze ich die Schreibweise mit Binnen-I, da diese Neuschöpfung die in dieser Arbeit problematisierte Zweigeschlechtlichkeit unterminiert. Manchmal verwende ich darüber hinaus das Femininum additiv zum Mas- kulinum sowie das Femininum als allgemeinen Genus, nicht nur um der Subsumierung von Frauen unter das Allgemeine zu begegnen, sondern auch um neue Sprachgewohnheiten zu schaffen. Außerdem greife ich die Schreibweise auf, die zunächst im Kontext des Black Power Movement entstanden ist, der zufolge „Schwarz“ im Sinne von Selbstermächtigung mit Großbuchstabe geschrieben wird. Im Deutschen wurde diese Schreib- weise z. B. in Oguntoye et al. (1986) aufgenommen. In der Auseinander- setzung mit Rassenkonstruktionen als Herstellungsmodus sozialer Wirk- lichkeit wurde auch die Markierung von „Weißen“ als Privilegierten des 9 ZUM IDENTITÄTSDISKURS IN DEN SOZIALWISSENSCHAFTEN ward Saïd und Judith Butler befassen sich mit dem Begriff von Identität als einem Effekt diskursiver Praxis. Saïd beschreibt einen Diskurs des Orientalismus, durch den „die Vorstellung von europäischer Identität als überlegen im Vergleich zu allen nicht-europäischen Völkern und Kultu- ren“ hergestellt wurde (1995 [1978]: 7).2 Butler zeichnet die regulieren- de Praxis von „Zwangsheterosexualität“ und „Phallogozentrismus“ nach, die die Konzeption kohärenter Identitäten ermögliche (1991 [1990]). Diese Kritik, die im Kontext sozialer Bewegungen in westlichen Indust- rienationen sowie von anti-kolonialen Befreiungsbewegungen entsteht, bezieht sich demnach auf die Möglichkeitsbedingungen der Rede von Identität. Mit Judith Butler wird zudem die Behauptung einer Identität – die affirmative oder gar emphatische Rede von Identität – fragwürdig. Eine Wissenschaftskritik Dem Diktum von der „Frage der Identität“ als immer schon gegebe- ne – als conditio humana – oder als kennzeichnend für die „Moderne“ im Allgemeinen, möchte ich die Untersuchung der historischen Hervor- bringung des Identitätsbegriffs gegenüberstellen. Das Vorhaben dieser Arbeit ist es, die Bedingungen für die Diskursivierung des Konzepts Identität zu rekonstruieren, indem sozialwissenschaftliche Problemati- sierungen von Identität in den Mittelpunkt einer diskursanalytischen Untersuchung gestellt werden. Die Arbeiten von George Herbert Mead, Erik H. Erikson und Erving Goffman prägen unser heutiges Verständnis von „Identität“ oder des „Selbst“, da darin Konzepte entworfen sind, die heute als kanonisch gelten. Diese Theorien stellen einen entscheidenden Beitrag zur Bedeutungsentfaltung und Verbreitung des Identitätsbegriffs dar, da sie für die „Wissenschaftlichkeit“ des Begriffs stehen. Darüber hinaus werden in die vorliegende wissenschaftshistorische Untersu- chung auch andere als sozialtheoretische Texte einbezogen und in Zu- sammenhang mit der Institutionalisierung sozialwissenschaftlicher Dis- ziplinen analysiert. Die Begriffe Identität und Selbst gelten als „sozial- wissenschaftlich“, insofern sie unter diesen institutionellen Bedingungen Rassismus eingeführt. Im Deutschen gibt es den Usus, auch „Weiß“ mit Großbuchstabe zu schreiben, um die soziale Konstruiertheit herauszustel- len (vgl. z. B. Arndt 2001a: 33; 2002). Zitate, die in der alten Rechtschrei- bung erschienen sind, werden hier ebenso wiedergegeben. 2 Übersetzung I. J.; Primärtexte werden in der Regel im englischen Original zitiert, außer wenn ein kurzes Zitat in einen Satz des Textes eingefügt wird. In diesem Fall wird das Zitat von mir ins Deutsche übersetzt oder angemerkt, um welche Übersetzung es sich handelt. Alle anderen verwen- deten Texte werden, soweit verfügbar, in ihrer deutschen Übersetzung zi- tiert. 10 EINLEITUNG
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