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Property, Postsocialism, and Post-Yugoslav Identity: a Feminist Communication Performance Ethnography

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Property, Postsocialism, and Post-Yugoslav Identity: a Feminist Communication Performance Ethnography University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Doctoral Dissertations Dissertations and Theses July 2018 Property, Postsocialism, and Post-Yugoslav Identity: A Feminist Communication Performance Ethnography Jennifer Zenovich University of Massachusetts Amherst Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_2 Part of the Critical and Cultural Studies Commons, Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies Commons, Gender, Race, Sexuality, and Ethnicity in Communication Commons, International and Intercultural Communication Commons, Performance Studies Commons, and the Slavic Languages and Societies Commons Recommended Citation Zenovich, Jennifer, "Property, Postsocialism, and Post-Yugoslav Identity: A Feminist Communication Performance Ethnography" (2018). Doctoral Dissertations. 1310. https://doi.org/10.7275/11634342.0 https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_2/1310 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Dissertations and Theses at ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. PROPERTY, POSTSOCIALISM, AND POST-YUGOSLAV IDENTITY: A FEMINIST COMMUNICATION PERFORMANCE ETHNOGRAPHY A Dissertation Presented by JENNIFER A. ZENOVICH Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Massachusetts Amherst in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY May 2018 Department of Communication © Copyright by Jennifer A. Zenovich 2018 All Rights Reserved PROPERTY, POSTSOCIALISM, AND POST-YUGOSLAV IDENTITY: A FEMINIST COMMUNICATION PERFORMANCE ETHNOGRAPHY A Dissertation Presented By JENNIFER A. ZENOVICH Approved as to style and content by: _________________________________________________ Leda Cooks, Chair _________________________________________________ Claudio Moreira, Member _________________________________________________ Kirsten Leng, Member __________________________________________ Mari Castañeda, Department Head Department of Communication DEDICATION To Pocket. ABSTRACT PROPERTY, POSTSOCIALISM, AND POST-YUGOSLAV IDENTITY: A FEMINIST COMMUNICATION PERFORMANCE ETHNOGRPAHY MAY 2018 JENNIFER A. ZENOVICH, B.A. CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, FRESNO M.A., CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, FRESNO Ph.D. UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS, AMHERST Directed by: Professor Leda Cooks This dissertation analyzes how women in the postsocialist former Yugoslavia perform gender in the transition from socialism to capitalism by considering their material and symbolic relationships to property. Using performance ethnography to theorize the relational, embodied, and discursive ways in which identity has been mobilized in the former Yugoslavia, the central question is how insights from the postsocialist world can critique notions of the individual as well as global capital. Through the prism of postsocialist and postcolonial feminist theory and performance studies, I focus on three contexts: women’s feminized labor as sustaining the tourism industry in Montenegro, my rape and women witnesses/survivors of rape testimony at the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, and representations of the nation in the work of Yugoslav performance artist Marina Abramović. Each chapter theorizes how symbolic and material property ownership performatively and relationally manifests on women’s bodies. Private property ownership is more than an economic relation, it is a discourse of power that determines the possibilities of gender, nation, and labor. In the former v Yugoslavia, the development of capitalism happens on the backs of dispossessed women and women’s labor. I offer property as performative lynchpin of capitalist and patriarchal oppression to theorize resistance to these systems of power. In postsocialist global capitalism, discourses of property ownership continue to interpellate humans as individuals (men) with the potential to own property and others as property (women, people of color). I argue that this performative property relationship is and foundational to the capitalist nation, enables conditions of violence, and must be resisted through feminist coalition. My dissertation contributes to three lines of thought: 1) it centers the performativity of property as a political site for transnational feminist coalition 2) it offers a theoretical analytic based on a cohabitation of postcolonial and postsocialist feminist theory 3) it builds on standpoint theory to disrupt the notion of the individual and to move toward structural critique and radically relational social justice. By theorizing performative radical relationality, the dissertation offers property as a site of resistance at the borders of identities, nations, genders, and bodies. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... v LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................... x CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 1 II. MONETENGRIN AND YUGOSLAV HISTORICAL CONTEXT ................... 10 A. Early History ................................................................................................ 11 1. National Formations .......................................................................... 15 2. Women Under Socialism ................................................................... 17 3. Feminism Under Socialism ................................................................ 21 B. Women in the Transition from Socialism to Postsocialist Capitalism ........... 24 C. Break Up of Yugoslavia ............................................................................. 27 1. Yugoslav Women in War ................................................................... 30 2. Some Gendered Effects of Post-War Transition .................................. 32 D. Montenegrin Independence in Transition and Historical Context Conclusion ................................................................................................... 34 III. THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK ...................... 36 A. Subject Formation Through Recognition of the Other .................................. 37 B. Feminist Standpoint ..................................................................................... 40 C. Performance Studies .................................................................................... 45 1. Traditional Ethnography and Performance Ethnography .................. 45 2. Performance Studies as Praxis of Performance Ethnography ............ 50 3. Heuristics of Performance Ethnography ........................................... 52 D. Autoethnography as Researcher/Researched ................................................ 54 1. Writing Autoethnography to Decolonize .......................................... 57 2. Autoethnography as Institutional Resistance .................................... 58 vii IV. TRANSITIONING PROPERTIES OF GENDER IN POSTSOCIALIST MONTENEGRIN TOURISM: A FEMINST PERFORMANCE ETHNOGRAPHY ..... 61 A. Property of the Nation and National Ownership .......................................... 65 B. Women in Socialism and Transition ............................................................. 68 C. Performance Ethnography and Postsocialist Relationality ............................ 72 D. Performance Ethnography and Postsocialist Montenegro ............................. 74 E. Foreign Male Ownership of Property .......................................................... 76 F. Women’s Bodies for Patriarchal Property ..................................................... 83 G. Women’s Bodies as Men’s Sexual Property ................................................ 87 H. Global Postsocialist Implications ................................................................. 89 V. PROPERTIES OF POSTSOCIALIST SEXUAL VIOLENCE: A FEMINIST AUTOETHNOGRAPHY OF RAPE, RESISTANCE, AND COALITION ................... 93 A. Historical Context ....................................................................................... 98 1. The ICTY and Women’s Bodies .................................................... 101 B. Undoing the Unitary Individual Subject ..................................................... 107 1. Nepantla as Experiential Frame for Trauma and Transition ............ 114 2. Autoethnographic Positionality ...................................................... 117 C. Body as Property ....................................................................................... 121 D. Nation as Property ..................................................................................... 126 E. Trauma as property ................................................................................... 133 F. Trauma in Radical Relation and Coalition ................................................. 141 VI. EMBODIED EX-YUGOSLAV BORDERS AND PROPERTY: THEORIZING THE NATION IN MARINA ABRAMOVIĆ PERFOMANCE ART ................................... 148 A. Abramović in and out of Yugoslavia ......................................................... 152 B. Performance and Relationality ................................................................... 157 viii 1. Identity as articulation ..................................................................
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