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Hell on Wheels Vehicular Ramming Attacks As the Tactic of Choice

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Hell on Wheels Vehicular Ramming Attacks As the Tactic of Choice Designation: XXXXX-XX Work Item Number: WKXXXXX Date: 6/7/2011 1 Include Ballot Rationale Here (Required for all Ballots) 2 3 Standard Practice for 4 Selection and Application of Vehicle Barriers1 5 This standard is issued under the fixed designation X XXXX; the number immediately following the designation indicates 6 the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the 7 year of last reapproval. A superscript epsilon (ε) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval. 8 INTRODUCTION 9 Purpose—This practice provides the design requirements necessary to plan, design, construct, 10 and maintain vehicle counter-mobility barriers used within entry control facilities (ECF) or as 11 perimeter protection. This practice is to be used during the design of Department of Defense 12 (DoD) facilities to ensure an optimal vehicle barrier system is selected by engineers and security 13 personnel for a specific operation within an installation. Barrier performance, maintenance, and 14 cost should all be optimized. It is intended to establish consistent requirements, standards, and 15 design basis for barrier planning, design, construction, and maintenance for all military 16 departments. This practice identifies design features necessary to ensure that infrastructure 17 constructed today will have the flexibility to support future technologies, a changing threat 18 environment, and changes in operations. 19 A vehicle barrier selection and placement process is presented herein along with criteria for 20 the design, selection, installation, operation, and maintenance of security barrier systems. The 21 selected barrier system shall effectively stop or disable or both vehicles that pose a threat, 22 including explosive-laden vehicles, of breaching the perimeter of a protected area. Both passive 23 (static or nonmovable) perimeter barriers and active (operational for access control) barriers at 1 This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E54 on Homeland Security Operations and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E54.05 on Building and Infrastructure Protection. Current edition approved XXX. XX, XXXX. Published XXX XXXX. DOI: 10.1520/XXXXX-XX. 1 This document is not an ASTM standard; it is under consideration within an ASTM technical committee but has not received all approvals required to become an ASTM standard. You agree not to reproduce or circulate or quote, in whole or in part, this document outside of ASTM Committee/Society activities, or submit it to any other organization or standards bodies (whether national, international, or other) except with the approval of the Chairman of the Committee having jurisdiction and the written authorization of the President of the Society. If you do not agree with these conditions please immediately destroy all copies of the document. Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. All Rights Reserved. XXXXX 24 facility entrances are included. The examples presented in this practice are for illustration 25 purposes only and should be modified and adapted to satisfy installation specific constraints. This 26 practice is not intended to address procedural issues such as tactics and techniques; however, an 27 appropriately designed vehicle barrier system used within an entry control facility/access control 28 point (ECF/ACP) or along an installation perimeter can enhance and improve operations. 29 1. Scope 30 1.1 Commanders, security personnel, planners, designers, and engineers should use this 31 practice when designing vehicle barrier systems for entry control facilities (ECFs) or other 32 perimeter locations. Technical information considered generally known to professional 33 designers or engineers or readily available in existing technical references (unified facility criteria, 34 military handbooks, technical manuals, and so forth) has not been included. 35 1.2 This practice should be used in conjunction and coordination with UFC 4-020-01, Security 36 Engineering Facilities Planning Manual, UFC 4-020-02, Security Engineering Facilities Design 37 Manual, UFC 4-022-01, Security Engineering: Entry Control Facilities/Access Control Points, 38 and UFC 4-022-03, Security Engineering: Fences, Gates and Guard Facilities to guide the user 39 through a selection process to establish a protective barrier system around a U.S. Department of 40 Defense (DoD) installation and designated restricted areas within the installation (enclave areas). A 41 systematic approach is used. The main issues to be considered during the selection and design of 42 a vehicle barrier include: 43 1.2.1 Threat Analysis—To quantify the potential threat. For threat analysis, refer to UFC 4- 44 020-01 and UFC 4- 020-02. The procedures in these manuals will quantify and qualify all 45 potential threats, including the “moving” vehicle bomb threat necessary for the determination of 46 the appropriate vehicle barrier for a given location. 2 XXXXX 47 1.2.2 Performance—To determine the appropriate levels of protection (both to personnel and 48 property). An acceptable level of protection shall be defined by the installation commander. 49 1.2.3 Access Control Measures—Physical controls, operating procedures, and hardware and 50 software features used in various combinations to allow, detect, or prevent access. 51 1.2.4 Requirements—Appropriate standoff distance to maintain a level of protection compatible 52 with operational needs; passive or active barrier systems to stop the threat vehicle; barrier reliability 53 and maintainability, safety, sabotage and malfunction protection, and cost effectiveness. 54 1.2.5 Response—Potential structural damage to the vehicle barrier from blast loads produced 55 during an explosion. 56 1.2.6 Liabilities—Potential liability effects on the decision to protect assets against the effects 57 of a terrorist act. 58 1.2.7 Cost—Security expenditures based on the value of the asset to be protected and the 59 importance of the asset to national security and readiness. For protection against vehicle bombs, 60 the potential loss of human life generally drives the cost of security, overriding the value of the 61 property to be protected. The decision to use vehicle barriers and provide protection against terrorist 62 vehicle bombs is primarily motivated by protection of personnel. 63 1.3 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The 64 values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for 65 information only and are not considered standard. 66 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated 67 with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and 68 health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 69 2. Referenced Documents 70 2.1 ASTM Standard: 3 XXXXX 71 F2656 Test Method for Vehicle Crash Testing of Perimeter Barriers2 72 2.2 ISO Standard: 73 ISO/IEC 17025 General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration 74 laboratories3 75 2.3 Federal Standards: 76 Architectural Barriers Act Accessibility Standard4 77 SD-STD-02.1 Revision A Specification for Vehicle Crash Test of Perimeter Barriers and 78 Gates5 79 UFC 4-010-01 DoD Minimum Antiterrorism Standards for Buildings6 80 3. Terminology 81 3.1 Definitions Specific to This Standard: 82 3.1.1 active barrier systems, n—active barrier requires some action, either by personnel, 83 equipment, or both, to permit or deny entry of a vehicle and the system has some form of moving 84 parts. 85 3.1.1.1 Discussion—Active barrier systems include barricades, bollards, beams, gates, and 86 active tire shredders. 87 3.1.2 fixed barrier systems, n—permanently installed or requires heavy equipment to move or 88 dismantle. 89 3.1.2.1 Discussion—Examples include hydraulically operated rotation or retracting systems, 90 pits, and concrete or steel barriers. Fixed barrier systems can be either active or passive. 2 For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website. 3 Available from the American National Standards Institute, 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036. 4 Available from http://www.accessboard.gov/ada%2daba/aba-standards-dod.cfm. 5 Available from the U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Diplomatic Security, Office of Physical Security Programs, Physical Security Division, Washington, DC 20520-1403. 6 Available from http://dod.wbdg.org/. 4 XXXXX 91 3.1.3 passive barrier systems, n—passive barrier has no moving parts and passive barrier 92 effectiveness relies on its ability to absorb energy and transmit the energy to its foundation. 93 3.1.3.1 Discussion—Highway medians (Jersey), bollards or posts, tires, guardrails, ditches, 94 and reinforced fences are examples of passive barriers. 95 3.1.4 portable/movable barrier systems, n—can be relocated from place to place. 96 3.1.4.1 Discussion—It may require heavy equipment to assist in the transfer. Hydraulically 97 operated, sled-type, barricade systems, highway medians, or filled 55-gal (208-L) drums that are 98 not set in foundations are typical examples. Portable/movable barrier systems can be either active 99 or passive. 100 3.2 Acronyms 101 ACP Access control point 102 BDAM Blast damage assessment model 103 CCTV Closed-circuit television 104 DBT Design basis threat 105 DoD U.S. Department of Defense 106 DoDISS DoD Index of Specifications and Standards 107 DoS U.S. Department of State 108 ECF Entry control facility 109 ERASDAC Explosive Risk and Structural Damage Assessment Code 110 FACEDAP Facility and Component Explosive Damage Assessment Program 111 FRF Fragment-retention film 112 MIL HDBK Military handbook 113 NAVFAC Naval Facilities Engineering Command 114 NFESC Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center 5 XXXXX 115 PDC Protective Design Center 116 4.
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