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Bagan Disaster Risk Management Plan (Drmp) Bagan Disaster Risk Management Plan (Drmp)

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Bagan Disaster Risk Management Plan (Drmp) Bagan Disaster Risk Management Plan (Drmp) BAGAN DISASTER Public Disclosure Authorized RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN (DRMP) Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized With support from the Japan-World Bank Program for Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Management (DRM) and the Tokyo DRM Hub Cover Photo : ©myoswethan BAGAN DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN (DRMP) BAGAN DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN (DRMP) FOREWORD Though it may be a part of history, the past can also be very much at risk. On August 24, 2016, we were forcefully reminded of this, when a magnitude-6.8 earthquake shook Myanmar, its people, and its cultural heritage. The Bagan Cultural Heritage Site saw the earthquake damage more than 350 monuments, and put our country on notice: we must act to safeguard our cultural heritage and the people inextricably linked to it. We have acted to assess, respond, and restore the Bagan Site following the earthquake. More importantly, we have and will continue our efforts to manage and reduce the risks that remain: the risks to the integrity of the site, the risks to the cultural and economic activity connected to Bagan, and the risks to the well-being of local people and communities in and around Bagan. That is why we have developed the Bagan Disaster Risk Management (DRMP) in our preparation of Bagan for submission as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The DRMP presents a useful approach to understand the risks to Bagan, as well as the management frameworks and current DRM measures in place. It then presents an Action Plan for strengthening and implementing measures to better address the risks and drivers of risk to Bagan. These efforts must continue to be integrated into the management and protection of Bagan going forward. We thank the World Bank, including the Tokyo World Bank Hub and the Japan-World Bank Program for Mainstreaming DRM, for their support for our efforts. Expert deployments from Japan, key workshops, and consensus-building among key stakeholders allowed us to shape our vision for a resilient Bagan. We look forward to work with our colleagues in the Government of Myanmar, the communities and people of Bagan and Myanmar, and our development partners to make this vision of a resilient Bagan a reality. Kyaw Oo Lwin Director General Department of Archeology and National Museums Ministry of Religious Affairs and Culture 2 BAGAN DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN (DRMP) ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This report was produced by the Ministry of Religious Affairs and Culture of the Government of the Union of Myanmar, under the guidance of: U Kyaw Oo Lwin, Director General, Department of Archeology and National Museum, Ministry of Religious Affairs and Culture; U Thein Lwin, Deputy Director General, Department of Archaeology and National Museum, Ministry of Religious Affairs and Culture; and U Win Kyaing, Principal, Department of Archaeology and National Museum, Ministry of Religious Affairs and Culture. The Bagan DRM Plan and the process to produce it benefitted from the careful and active contributions from our colleagues at the Ministry of Construction (MOC), Ministry of Transport and Communications (MOTC), Ministry of Social Welfare, Relief and Resettlement (MOSWRR), Ministry of Hotels and Tourism (MOHT), Ministry of Information (MOI), General / District Administration and Police (GAD), and the Myanmar Earthquake Committee (MEC). We thank the Myanmar Tourism Federation, Bagan Heritage Trust, Bagan Development Organization, Magakaryi Parahita, Bunyashin Parahita, Sake Satanar Free Clinic and Public Aids, Regional Economic Development Association, Myanmar Lacquerware Association, Myanmar Engineering Society (MES), Association of Myanmar Architects, and the MGS Myanmar Geosciences Society (Department of Architecture) for their engagements and contributions. We also appreciate the guidance and contributions of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat). We acknowledge the support of the World Bank team of James Newman (DRM Specialist), Khin Aye Yee (Operations Officer), Marina Djabbarzade (Heritage Management Specialist Consultant), Carlotta Rodriquez (DRM and Cultural Heritage Consultant), Rohit Jigyasu (Conservation & Risk Management Consultant; UNESCO Chair Professor, Institute of Disaster Mitigation for Urban Cultural Heritage, Ritsumeikan University, Kyoto; Vice President, International Council on Monuments and Sites - ICOMOS), Aung Naing Oo (Consultant), and Mae Myat Moe (Program Assistant), as well as Michael Bonte-Grapentin (Senior DRM Specialist) and Zuzana Stanton-Geddes (DRM Specialist). 3 BAGAN DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN (DRMP) TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 4 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS 5 SECTION I – Introduction 6 1. SITE SUMMARY 8 2. CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE 8 3. EARTHQUAKE OF AUGUST 24, 2016 8 4. BAGAN’S DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT APPROACH 9 5. ALIGNMENT WITH NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL FRAMEWORKS 9 SECTION II – Risk Identification in Bagan 11 1. EXPOSURE AND VULNERABILITY 12 1.1 Exposure and Vulnerability of the Monuments and Integrity of the Site 13 1.2 Exposure and Vulnerability of the Cultural and Economic Activity of the Site 13 1.3 Exposure and Vulnerability of Well-Being of Local People and Communities 13 2. HAZARDS 13 2.1 Threats from Natural Hazards 13 2.2 Threats from Human-Induced Hazards 16 3. PRELIMINARY RISK SUMMARY 19 SECTION III – Management Frameworks 23 1. LEGAL FRAMEWORK 24 2. INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK 25 SECTION IV – Current Measures to Manage Risks in Bagan 29 SECTION V – Action Plan for New and Enhanced Measures to Manage Risk in Bagan 35 SECTION VI – References 42 SECTION VII – Annexes 43 ANNEX 1 – MEASUREMENT OF EXPOSURE FOR BAGAN ANCIENT MONUMENTS 44 ANNEX 2 – ANALYSIS OF OUTSTANDING UNIVERSAL VALUE (OUV) ASSETS 45 AND VULNERABILITY TO WORLD HERITAGE CENTER CRITERIA ANNEX 3 – SAMPLE RISK ASSESSMENT FIELD INVESTIGATION FORM 46 ANNEX 4 – PARTICIPANTS AT BAGAN DRMP WORKSHOPS (DECEMBER 7 AND 29, 2017) 51 4 BAGAN DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN (DRMP) ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ADPC Asian Disaster Preparedness Center AGO Attorney General’s Office Bagan DRMP Bagan Disaster Risk Management Plan BaganCOM Bagan Committee for the Management of the Cultural Heritage Property and Buffer Zone CDC City Development Committee CH cultural heritage DANM Department of Archaeology and National Museum DFID U.K. Department for International Development DFS Department of Fire Services DHUD Department of Housing and Urban Development DMH Department of Meteorology and Hydrology DOF Department of Forestry DRM disaster risk management DWIR Directorate of Water Resources and Improvement of River Systems ECD Environmental Conservation Department EIA environmental impact assessment EOC Emergency Operations Center EWS Early Warning System GAD General Administration Department GECD General Environmental Conservation Department GOM Government of Myanmar ha hectare ICOMOS International Council on Monuments and Sites IFRC International Federation of Red Cross JICA Japan International Cooperation Society km kilometer MAPDRR Myanmar Action Plan on Disaster Risk Reduction MDPA Myanmar National Disaster Preparedness Agency MEC Myanmar Earthquake Committee MES Myanmar Engineering Society MGS Myanmar Geosciences Society MIMU Myanmar Information Management Unit MMS Mescal-Modified Scale MNREC Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation MOAI Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation MOALI Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation MOC Ministry of Construction MOHA Ministry of Home Affairs MOHT Ministry of Hotels and Tourism MOI Ministry of Information MOSWRR Ministry of Social Welfare, Relief and Resettlement MOTC Ministry of Transport and Communications MPF Myanmar Police Force MRAC Ministry of Religious Affairs and Culture MRCS Myanmar Red Cross Society NMDC National Disaster Management Committee NNDMC National Natural Disaster Management Committee OUV Outstanding Universal Value PGA peak ground acceleration RRD Department of Relief and Resettlement UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization 5 BAGAN DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN (DRMP) 6 BAGAN DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN (DRMP) SECTION I INTRODUCTION The Bagan Disaster Risk Management Plan (Bagan DRMP) is an initiative of the Government of Myanmar (GOM) to: • understand the risks facing the Bagan Cultural Heritage Site, especially in terms of the heritage attributes, visitors, and residents; • clarify relevant management frameworks; • capture the current measures pursued by Bagan’s many stakeholders to manage and reduce those risks; and • set out an Action Plan to enhance disaster risk management (DRM) at Bagan. In recognition of the many features that make Bagan a complex cultural ecosystem, the Bagan DRMP seeks an integrated approach to manage risk in terms of: • the risk to physical monuments and the integrity of the site, • the risk to the cultural and economic activity in and around the site, and • the risk to the well-being of local people and communities in and around Bagan. Throughout, GOM seeks to protect the Outstanding Universal Value (OUV) of the Bagan Cultural Heritage Site. 7 BAGAN DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN (DRMP) 1. Site Summary — at both the monument-by-monument and overall site level.5 Key findings and recommendations from The Bagan Cultural Heritage Site covers 180 square these reports included: 2 kilometers (km ) (including the Bagan Cultural • The site had more than 350 damaged monuments, 2
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