Eutrophication and Warming Effects on Long-Term Variation of Zooplankton
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A New Type of Plankton Food Web Functioning in Coastal Waters Revealed by Coupling Monte Carlo Markov Chain Linear Inverse Metho
A new type of plankton food web functioning in coastal waters revealed by coupling Monte Carlo Markov Chain Linear Inverse method and Ecological Network Analysis Marouan Meddeb, Nathalie Niquil, Boutheina Grami, Kaouther Mejri, Matilda Haraldsson, Aurélie Chaalali, Olivier Pringault, Asma Sakka Hlaili To cite this version: Marouan Meddeb, Nathalie Niquil, Boutheina Grami, Kaouther Mejri, Matilda Haraldsson, et al.. A new type of plankton food web functioning in coastal waters revealed by coupling Monte Carlo Markov Chain Linear Inverse method and Ecological Network Analysis. Ecological Indicators, Elsevier, 2019, 104, pp.67-85. 10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.04.077. hal-02146355 HAL Id: hal-02146355 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02146355 Submitted on 3 Jun 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. 1 A new type of plankton food web functioning in coastal waters revealed by coupling 2 Monte Carlo Markov Chain Linear Inverse method and Ecological Network Analysis 3 4 5 Marouan Meddeba,b*, Nathalie Niquilc, Boutheïna Gramia,d, Kaouther Mejria,b, Matilda 6 Haraldssonc, Aurélie Chaalalic,e,f, Olivier Pringaultg, Asma Sakka Hlailia,b 7 8 aUniversité de Carthage, Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Laboratoire de phytoplanctonologie 9 7021 Zarzouna, Bizerte, Tunisie. -
Crustacean Zooplankton in Lake Constance from 1920 to 1995: Response to Eutrophication and Re-Oligotrophication
Arch. Hydrobiol. Spec. Issues Advanc. Limnol. 53, p. 255-274, December 1998 Lake Constance, Characterization of an ecosystem in transition Crustacean zooplankton in Lake Constance from 1920 to 1995: Response to eutrophication and re-oligotrophication Dietmar Straile and Waiter Geller with 9 figures Abstract: During the first three quarters ofthis century, the trophic state ofLake Constance changed from oligotrophic to meso-/eutrophic conditions. The response ofcrustaceans to the eutrophication process is studied by comparing biomasses ofcrustacean zooplankton from recent years, i.e. from 1979-1995, with data from the early 1920s (AUERBACH et a1. 1924, 1926) and the 1950s (MUCKLE & MUCKLE ROTTENGATTER 1976). This comparison revealed a several-fold increase in crustacean biomass. The relative biomass increase was more pronounced from the early 1920s to the 1950s than from the 1950s to the 1980s. Most important changes ofthe species inventory included the invasion of Cyclops vicinus and Daphnia galeata and the extinction of Heterocope borealis and Diaphanosoma brachyurum during the 1950s and early 1960s. All species which did not become extinct increased their biomass during eutrophication. This increase in biomass differed between species and throughout the season which re sulted in changes in relative biomass between species. Daphnids were able to enlarge their seasonal window ofrelative dominance from 3 months during the 1920s (June to August) to 7 months during the 1980s (May to November). On an annual average, this resulted in a shift from a copepod dominated lake (biomass ratio cladocerans/copepods = 0.4 during 1920/24) to a cladoceran dominated lake (biomass ratio cladocerans/copepods = 1.5 during 1979/95). -
Fertilizing the Ocean with Iron Is This a Viable Way to Help Reduce Carbon Dioxide Levels in the Atmosphere?
380 Fertilizing the Ocean with Iron Is this a viable way to help reduce carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere? 360 ive me half a tanker of iron, and I’ll give you an ice Twenty years on, Martin’s line is still viewed alternately age” may rank as the catchiest line ever uttered by a as a boast or a quip—an opportunity too good to pass up or a biogeochemist.“G The man responsible was the late John Martin, misguided remedy doomed to backfire. Yet over the same pe- former director of the Moss Landing Marine Laboratory, who riod, unrelenting increases in carbon emissions and mount- discovered that sprinkling iron dust in the right ocean waters ing evidence of climate change have taken the debate beyond could trigger plankton blooms the size of a small city. In turn, academic circles and into the free market. the billions of cells produced might absorb enough heat-trap- Today, policymakers, investors, economists, environ- ping carbon dioxide to cool the Earth’s warming atmosphere. mentalists, and lawyers are taking notice of the idea. A few Never mind that Martin companies are planning new, was only half serious when larger experiments. The ab- 340 he made the remark (in his Ocean Iron Fertilization sence of clear regulations for “best Dr. Strangelove accent,” either conducting experiments he later recalled) at an infor- An argument for: Faced with the huge at sea or trading the results mal seminar at Woods Hole consequences of climate change, iron’s in “carbon offset” markets Oceanographic Institution outsized ability to put carbon into the oceans complicates the picture. -
Biological Oceanography - Legendre, Louis and Rassoulzadegan, Fereidoun
OCEANOGRAPHY – Vol.II - Biological Oceanography - Legendre, Louis and Rassoulzadegan, Fereidoun BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY Legendre, Louis and Rassoulzadegan, Fereidoun Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, France. Keywords: Algae, allochthonous nutrient, aphotic zone, autochthonous nutrient, Auxotrophs, bacteria, bacterioplankton, benthos, carbon dioxide, carnivory, chelator, chemoautotrophs, ciliates, coastal eutrophication, coccolithophores, convection, crustaceans, cyanobacteria, detritus, diatoms, dinoflagellates, disphotic zone, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), dissolved organic matter (DOM), ecosystem, eukaryotes, euphotic zone, eutrophic, excretion, exoenzymes, exudation, fecal pellet, femtoplankton, fish, fish lavae, flagellates, food web, foraminifers, fungi, harmful algal blooms (HABs), herbivorous food web, herbivory, heterotrophs, holoplankton, ichthyoplankton, irradiance, labile, large planktonic microphages, lysis, macroplankton, marine snow, megaplankton, meroplankton, mesoplankton, metazoan, metazooplankton, microbial food web, microbial loop, microheterotrophs, microplankton, mixotrophs, mollusks, multivorous food web, mutualism, mycoplankton, nanoplankton, nekton, net community production (NCP), neuston, new production, nutrient limitation, nutrient (macro-, micro-, inorganic, organic), oligotrophic, omnivory, osmotrophs, particulate organic carbon (POC), particulate organic matter (POM), pelagic, phagocytosis, phagotrophs, photoautotorphs, photosynthesis, phytoplankton, phytoplankton bloom, picoplankton, plankton, -
Diffuse Pollution, Degraded Waters Emerging Policy Solutions
Diffuse Pollution, Degraded Waters Emerging Policy Solutions Policy HIGHLIGHTS Diffuse Pollution, Degraded Waters Emerging Policy Solutions “OECD countries have struggled to adequately address diffuse water pollution. It is much easier to regulate large, point source industrial and municipal polluters than engage with a large number of farmers and other land-users where variable factors like climate, soil and politics come into play. But the cumulative effects of diffuse water pollution can be devastating for human well-being and ecosystem health. Ultimately, they can undermine sustainable economic growth. Many countries are trying innovative policy responses with some measure of success. However, these approaches need to be replicated, adapted and massively scaled-up if they are to have an effect.” Simon Upton – OECD Environment Director POLICY H I GH LI GHT S After decades of regulation and investment to reduce point source water pollution, OECD countries still face water quality challenges (e.g. eutrophication) from diffuse agricultural and urban sources of pollution, i.e. pollution from surface runoff, soil filtration and atmospheric deposition. The relative lack of progress reflects the complexities of controlling multiple pollutants from multiple sources, their high spatial and temporal variability, the associated transactions costs, and limited political acceptability of regulatory measures. The OECD report Diffuse Pollution, Degraded Waters: Emerging Policy Solutions (OECD, 2017) outlines the water quality challenges facing OECD countries today. It presents a range of policy instruments and innovative case studies of diffuse pollution control, and concludes with an integrated policy framework to tackle this challenge. An optimal approach will likely entail a mix of policy interventions reflecting the basic OECD principles of water quality management – pollution prevention, treatment at source, the polluter pays and the beneficiary pays principles, equity, and policy coherence. -
Wetland Eutrophication: Early Warning Biogeochemical Indicators1 Alan L
SL 304 Wetland Eutrophication: Early Warning Biogeochemical Indicators1 Alan L. Wright2 Florida’s diverse wetlands provide valuable functions, The most evident results of the nutrient inputs is the including water storage, recreation, and a habitat for replacement of the primary native sawgrass vegetation with wildlife. Most famous of these wetlands is the Everglades, cattails. This in turn has altered the ecosystem considerably. a vast wetland historically encompassing most of Florida Changes include increases in soil accumulation, water south of Lake Okeechobee. Events in the last hundred years, quality, wildlife patterns, and other environmental effects. including urbanization and agriculture, have reduced the The shift from native vegetation to cattails takes many years size of the Everglades considerably, with remnants being to occur, but it may be possible to detect changes to the the heavily-managed water conservation areas (WCAs), Everglades before vegetation can respond, thus enabling stormwater treatment wetlands, and a National Refuge, corrective action to be undertaken before more irreparable Forest, and Park. damage occurs. The objective of this document is to describe effects of Many soil and microbial properties are very sensitive to nutrients in the Everglades and identify sensitive early- eutrophication, which is the process by which nutrient levels warning indicators of ecological changes. This information are increased resulting in significant ecological effects to would be of interest to water managers and the general wetlands. By identifying these sensitive factors and under- public. standing how they respond to eutrophication, we can better protect the Everglades by utilizing these factors as early The Everglades was drained to improve water control warning indicators before the more long-term ecosystem and provide land for urbanization and agriculture. -
Phosphorus Eutrophication and Mitigation Strategies
Provisional chapter Phosphorus Eutrophication and Mitigation Strategies Lucy NgatiaLucy Ngatia and Robert TaylorRobert Taylor Additional information is available at the end of the chapter Abstract Phosphorus (P) eutrophication in the aquatic system is a global problem. With a nega- tive impact on health industry, food security, tourism industry, ecosystem health and economy. The sources of P include both point and nonpoint sources. Controlling P inflow from point sources to aquatic systems have been more manageable, however control- ling nonpoint P sources especially agricultural sources remains a challenge. The forms of P include both organic and inorganic. Runoff and soil erosion are the major agents of translocating P to the aquatic system in form of particulate and dissolved P. Excessive P cause growth of algae bloom, anoxic conditions, altering plant species composition and biomass, leading to fish kill, food webs disruption, toxins production and recreational areas degradation. Phosphorus eutrophication mitigation strategies include controlling nutrient loads and ecosystem restoration. Point P sources could be controlled through restructuring industrial layout. Controlling nonpoint nutrient loads need catchment management to focus on farm scale, field scale and catchment scale management as well as employ human intervention which includes ferric dosing, on farm biochar application and flushing and dredging of floor deposits. Ecosystem restoration for eutrophication mitigation involves phytoremediation, wetland restoration, riparian area restoration and river/lake maintenance/restoration. Combination of interventions could be required for successful eutrophication mitigation. Keywords: agriculture, aquatic, eutrophication, mitigation, phosphorus 1. Introduction Globally many aquatic ecosystems have been negatively affected by phosphorus (P) eutro - phication [1]. Phosphorus is a primary limiting nutrient in both freshwater and marine systems [2, 3]. -
Algae and Lakes Algae Are Primitive, Usually Microscopic, Organisms Found in Every Lake
Algae and Lakes Algae are primitive, usually microscopic, organisms found in every lake. Like green plants, most algae have pigments that allow them to create energy from sunlight through the process of photosynthesis. Algae use this energy and nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus to grow and reproduce. Algae form the base of the food web in lakes. Small animals called zooplankton feed on algae. In Drawings from IFAS, Center for Aquatic Plants, turn, zooplankton become food for fish. Algae University of Florida, 1990; and U.S. Soil Conservation Service, Water Quality Indicators Guide: Surface Waters, also produce some of the oxygen found in lake 1989. water and in the atmosphere What types of algae live in my lake? There are thousands of species of freshwater algae living in lakes around the world. Most species of algae in Snohomish County lakes are free-floating, collectively known as phytoplankton. There are also many species of algae that attach to rocks, docks, and aquatic plants, called periphyton. There are three main groups of algae—the green algae (Chlorophyta), the golden brown algae (Chrysophyta) which also includes a large group called diatoms, and A typical microscopic view of algae found in local lakes the blue-green algae (Cyanobacteria)—as well as several smaller groups (euglenoids, cryptomonads, and dinoflagellates). Under the microscope, many algae have beautiful shapes and colors. Algae are important for healthy lakes. Without algae, your lake would likely be devoid of fish and other wildlife. Most algae are inconspicuous and do not cause problems. Unfortunately, a few types of algae can cause water quality problems in lakes. -
Eutrophication: Impacts of Excess Nutrient Inputs on Freshwater, Marine, and Terrestrial Ecosystems
Environmental Pollution 100 (1999) 179±196 www.elsevier.com/locate/envpol Eutrophication: impacts of excess nutrient inputs on freshwater, marine, and terrestrial ecosystems V.H. Smith a,*, G.D. Tilman b, J.C. Nekola c aDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Environmental Studies Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA bDepartment of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA cNatural and Applied Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Green Bay, Green Bay, WI 54311, USA Received 15 November 1998; accepted 22 March 1999 Abstract In the mid-1800s, the agricultural chemist Justus von Liebig demonstrated strong positive relationships between soil nutrient supplies and the growth yields of terrestrial plants, and it has since been found that freshwater and marine plants are equally responsive to nutrient inputs. Anthropogenic inputs of nutrients to the Earth's surface and atmosphere have increased greatly during the past two centuries. This nutrient enrichment, or eutrophication, can lead to highly undesirable changes in ecosystem structure and function, however. In this paper we brie¯y review the process, the impacts, and the potential management of cultural eutrophication in freshwater, marine, and terrestrial ecosystems. We present two brief case studies (one freshwater and one marine) demonstrating that nutrient loading restriction is the essential cornerstone of aquatic eutrophication control. In addition, we pre- sent results of a preliminary statistical analysis that is consistent with the hypothesis that anthropogenic emissions of oxidized nitrogen could be in¯uencing atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide via nitrogen stimulation of global primary production. # 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. -
Some Theoretical Considerations of Thermal Discharge in Shallow Lakes
Some theoretical considerations of thermal discharge in shallow lakes Heating of freshwater lakes or streams (so on its influence on fish spawning and to study those natural algae that are called thermal pollution) is an incidental behaviour. present normally in smaller amounts but result of many industrial processes, but Much of this work involves the effect on are extinguished due to their lack of mainly of the production of electricity. single species, but thermal discharges adaptation to changing environment. We do In this paper we try to identify the areas of may be important in changing the species not know if the early spring blooms of greatest concern in this problem. We like composition of population, especially diatoms are unimportant for the food to start with a few introductory remarks where this is regulated by competition, chains of lakes, because they appear too about the similarities and contrasts to grazing, and prédation. early for the zooplankton. It is possible thermal pollution of seawater. One may know the lethal temperatures and that they are important because in early The natural cycle of water is on a scale minimum temperatures, and the minimum spring they suppress the blue green algae which is more than sufficient to supply duration of a given temperature for egg and through their indirect effect on the man's needs; about 100,000 kma flows production. And in spite of this, no algae that follow the diatom bloom they downrivers each year and is adequate for prediction can be made on the ecological may ultimately affect the zooplankton. -
Effects of N:P:Si Ratios and Zooplankton Grazing on Phytoplankton Communities in the Northern Adriatic Sea
AQUATIC MICROBIAL ECOLOGY Vol. 18: 37-54, 1999 Published July 16 Aquat Microb Ecol 1 Effects of N:P:Si ratios and zooplankton grazing on phytoplankton communities in the northern Adriatic Sea. I. Nutrients, phytoplankton biomass, and polysaccharide production Edna Granelil.*, Per ~arlsson',Jefferson T. urne er^, Patricia A. ester^, Christian Bechemin4, Rodger ~awson',Enzo ~unari' 'University of Kalmar, Department of Marine Sciences. POB 905, S-391 29 Kalmar. Sweden 'Biology Department. University of Massachusetts Dartmouth. North Dartmouth, Massachusetts 02747. USA 3National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, Southeast Fisheries Science Center. Beaufort Laboratory, Beaufort. North Carolina 28516, USA 4CREMA-L'Houmeau(CNRS-IFREMER), BP5, F-17137 L'Houmeau, France 'Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, University of Maryland, Solomons, Maryland 20688. USA '~aboratoriodi Igiene Ambientale, Istituto di Sanita, Viale R. Elena 299. 1-00161 Rome, Italy ABSTRACT: The northern Adriatic Sea has been historically subjected to phosphorus and nitrogen loading. Recent signs of increasing eutrophication include oxygen def~ciencyin the bottom waters and large-scale formation of gelatinous macroaggregates. The reason for the formation of these macroag- gregates is unclear, but excess production of phytoplankton polysacchandes is suspected. In order to study the effect of different nutrient (nitrogen~phosphorus:silicon)ratios on phytoplankton production, biomass, polysacchandes, and species succession, 4 land-based enclosure experiments were per- formed with northern Adriatic seawater. During 2 of these experiments the importance of zooplankton grazlng as a phytoplankton loss factor was also investigated. Primary productivity in the northern Adri- atic Sea is thought to be phosphorus limited, and our experiments confirmed that even low daily phos- phorus additions Increased phytoplankton biomass. -
Iron Fertilization: a Scientific Review with International Policy Recommendations
Iron Fertilization: A Scientific Review with International Policy Recommendations By Jennie Dean* TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ................................ ....... .322 I. CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE OCEAN ......................................... 322 A . D escribing the problem ................................................................ 322 B. Identifying a potential solution .................................................... 323 II. IRON FERTILIZATION EXAMINED ............................................... 326 A . Potential benefits .......................................................................... 326 B . Potential problem s ........................................................................ 328 C. Synthesis and suggested action .................................................... 333 III. IRON FERTILIZATION AND INTERNATIONAL LAW ................. 334 A . Introduction .................................................................................. 334 B. Coverage under pollution and dumping regulations ..................... 334 C. Coverage under biological conservation regulations .................... 336 D. Coverage under global climate change mitigation regulations ..... 338 IV. RECOM M ENDATION S ..................................................................... 339 A . Suggested modifications ............................................................. 339 B . F easibility ..................................................................................... 340 C O N C L U SIO N ...............................................................................................