Some Theoretical Considerations of Thermal Discharge in Shallow Lakes
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The Effect of Water Temperature on Aquatic Organisms: a Review of Knowledge and Methods for Assessing Biotic Responses to Temperature
The effect of water temperature on aquatic organisms: a review of knowledge and methods for assessing biotic responses to temperature Report to the Water Research Commission by Helen Dallas The Freshwater Consulting Group Freshwater Research Unit Department of Zoology University of Cape Town WRC Report No. KV 213/09 30 28 26 24 22 C) o 20 18 16 14 Temperature ( 12 10 8 6 4 Jul '92 Jul Oct '91 Apr '92 Jun '92 Jan '93 Mar '92 Feb '92 Feb '93 Aug '91 Nov '91 Nov '91 Dec Aug '92 Sep '92 '92 Nov '92 Dec May '92 Sept '91 Month and Year i Obtainable from Water Research Commission Private Bag X03 GEZINA, 0031 [email protected] The publication of this report emanates from a project entitled: The effect of water temperature on aquatic organisms: A review of knowledge and methods for assessing biotic responses to temperature (WRC project no K8/690). DISCLAIMER This report has been reviewed by the Water Research Commission (WRC) and approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the WRC, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use ISBN978-1-77005-731-9 Printed in the Republic of South Africa ii Preface This report comprises five deliverables for the one-year consultancy project to the Water Research Commission, entitled “The effect of water temperature on aquatic organisms – a review of knowledge and methods for assessing biotic responses to temperature” (K8-690). Deliverable 1 (Chapter 1) is a literature review aimed at consolidating available information pertaining to water temperature in aquatic ecosystems. -
Limitation of Primary Productivity in a Southwestern
37 MO i LIMITATION OF PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY IN A SOUTHWESTERN RESERVOIR DUE TO THERMAL POLLUTION THESIS Presented to the Graduate Council of the North Texas State University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE By Tom J. Stuart, B.S. Denton, Texas August, ]977 Stuart, Tom J., Limitation of Primary Productivity in a Southwestern Reseroir Due to Thermal Pollution. Master of Sciences (Biological Sciences), August, ]977, 53 pages, 6 tables, 7 figures, 55 titles. Evidence is presented to support the conclusions that (1) North Lake reservoir is less productive, contains lower standing crops of phytoplankton and total organic carbon than other local reservoirs; (2) that neither the phytoplankton nor their instantaneously-determined primary productivity was detrimentally affected by the power plant entrainment and (3) that the effect of the power plant is to cause nutrient limitation of the phytoplankton primary productivity by long- term, subtle, thermally-linked nutrient precipitation activities. ld" TABLE OF CONTENTS Page iii LIST OF TABLES.................. ----------- iv LIST OF FIGURES ........ ....- -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .-................ v Chapter I. INTRODUCTION. ...................... 1 II. METHODS AND MATERIALS ........ 5 III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION................ 11 Phytoplankton Studies Primary Productivity Studies IV. CONCLUSIONS. ............................ 40 APPENDIX. ............................... 42 REFERENCES.........-....... ... .. 49 ii LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Selected Comparative Data from Area Reservoirs Near North Lake.............................18 2. List of Phytoplankton Observed in North Lake .. 22 3. Percentage Composition of Phytoplankton in North Lake. ................................. 28 4. Values of H.Computed for Phytoplankton Volumes and Cell Numbers for North Lake ............ 31 5. Primary Production Values Observed in Various Lakes of the World in Comparison to North Lake. -
Determination of Thermal Pollution Effect on End Part of Stream Mahmoud, Amaal, O
International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE) ISSN: 2278-3075, Volume-9 Issue-3, January 2020 Determination of Thermal Pollution Effect on End Part of Stream Mahmoud, Amaal, O. F., El Nadi, M.H., Nasr, N. A.H., Ezat, M.B. In view of these developments, a variety of new ABSTRACT-The present study was conducted to evaluate the energy infrastructures to meet the demands for population environmental impact of thermal effluent sources on the main growth that lead the decision makers to redirect the rudder water quality parameters at the low flow conditions. The low flow towards the power plants. That was in order to provide a causes the flow velocity to be low which causes accumulation of continuous source of electricity as a clean and renewable any pollutant source. The study was performed by creating a 2-d model of the last reach of Rosetta branch at winter closure. Delft source of energy. Contrariwise, Power plants might cause 3d software is used to create a hydro-dynamic model to simulate Intensive damages on the environment. If these damages the flow pattern within a 5 km of the branch upstream Edfina were not studied and carefully planned before construction regulator. Water quality model is coupled afterwards to simulate and operation, therefore impact assessment of power plants the water quality parameters. A base case scenario of the current is nesses. Egypt also faced same challenges in consuming state at the low flow condition is set up and calibrated. Another the massive amount of energy in the past few years, can be scenario is performed after adding a thermal pollutant source. -
Biological Oceanography - Legendre, Louis and Rassoulzadegan, Fereidoun
OCEANOGRAPHY – Vol.II - Biological Oceanography - Legendre, Louis and Rassoulzadegan, Fereidoun BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY Legendre, Louis and Rassoulzadegan, Fereidoun Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, France. Keywords: Algae, allochthonous nutrient, aphotic zone, autochthonous nutrient, Auxotrophs, bacteria, bacterioplankton, benthos, carbon dioxide, carnivory, chelator, chemoautotrophs, ciliates, coastal eutrophication, coccolithophores, convection, crustaceans, cyanobacteria, detritus, diatoms, dinoflagellates, disphotic zone, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), dissolved organic matter (DOM), ecosystem, eukaryotes, euphotic zone, eutrophic, excretion, exoenzymes, exudation, fecal pellet, femtoplankton, fish, fish lavae, flagellates, food web, foraminifers, fungi, harmful algal blooms (HABs), herbivorous food web, herbivory, heterotrophs, holoplankton, ichthyoplankton, irradiance, labile, large planktonic microphages, lysis, macroplankton, marine snow, megaplankton, meroplankton, mesoplankton, metazoan, metazooplankton, microbial food web, microbial loop, microheterotrophs, microplankton, mixotrophs, mollusks, multivorous food web, mutualism, mycoplankton, nanoplankton, nekton, net community production (NCP), neuston, new production, nutrient limitation, nutrient (macro-, micro-, inorganic, organic), oligotrophic, omnivory, osmotrophs, particulate organic carbon (POC), particulate organic matter (POM), pelagic, phagocytosis, phagotrophs, photoautotorphs, photosynthesis, phytoplankton, phytoplankton bloom, picoplankton, plankton, -
Diffuse Pollution, Degraded Waters Emerging Policy Solutions
Diffuse Pollution, Degraded Waters Emerging Policy Solutions Policy HIGHLIGHTS Diffuse Pollution, Degraded Waters Emerging Policy Solutions “OECD countries have struggled to adequately address diffuse water pollution. It is much easier to regulate large, point source industrial and municipal polluters than engage with a large number of farmers and other land-users where variable factors like climate, soil and politics come into play. But the cumulative effects of diffuse water pollution can be devastating for human well-being and ecosystem health. Ultimately, they can undermine sustainable economic growth. Many countries are trying innovative policy responses with some measure of success. However, these approaches need to be replicated, adapted and massively scaled-up if they are to have an effect.” Simon Upton – OECD Environment Director POLICY H I GH LI GHT S After decades of regulation and investment to reduce point source water pollution, OECD countries still face water quality challenges (e.g. eutrophication) from diffuse agricultural and urban sources of pollution, i.e. pollution from surface runoff, soil filtration and atmospheric deposition. The relative lack of progress reflects the complexities of controlling multiple pollutants from multiple sources, their high spatial and temporal variability, the associated transactions costs, and limited political acceptability of regulatory measures. The OECD report Diffuse Pollution, Degraded Waters: Emerging Policy Solutions (OECD, 2017) outlines the water quality challenges facing OECD countries today. It presents a range of policy instruments and innovative case studies of diffuse pollution control, and concludes with an integrated policy framework to tackle this challenge. An optimal approach will likely entail a mix of policy interventions reflecting the basic OECD principles of water quality management – pollution prevention, treatment at source, the polluter pays and the beneficiary pays principles, equity, and policy coherence. -
Wetland Eutrophication: Early Warning Biogeochemical Indicators1 Alan L
SL 304 Wetland Eutrophication: Early Warning Biogeochemical Indicators1 Alan L. Wright2 Florida’s diverse wetlands provide valuable functions, The most evident results of the nutrient inputs is the including water storage, recreation, and a habitat for replacement of the primary native sawgrass vegetation with wildlife. Most famous of these wetlands is the Everglades, cattails. This in turn has altered the ecosystem considerably. a vast wetland historically encompassing most of Florida Changes include increases in soil accumulation, water south of Lake Okeechobee. Events in the last hundred years, quality, wildlife patterns, and other environmental effects. including urbanization and agriculture, have reduced the The shift from native vegetation to cattails takes many years size of the Everglades considerably, with remnants being to occur, but it may be possible to detect changes to the the heavily-managed water conservation areas (WCAs), Everglades before vegetation can respond, thus enabling stormwater treatment wetlands, and a National Refuge, corrective action to be undertaken before more irreparable Forest, and Park. damage occurs. The objective of this document is to describe effects of Many soil and microbial properties are very sensitive to nutrients in the Everglades and identify sensitive early- eutrophication, which is the process by which nutrient levels warning indicators of ecological changes. This information are increased resulting in significant ecological effects to would be of interest to water managers and the general wetlands. By identifying these sensitive factors and under- public. standing how they respond to eutrophication, we can better protect the Everglades by utilizing these factors as early The Everglades was drained to improve water control warning indicators before the more long-term ecosystem and provide land for urbanization and agriculture. -
Phosphorus Eutrophication and Mitigation Strategies
Provisional chapter Phosphorus Eutrophication and Mitigation Strategies Lucy NgatiaLucy Ngatia and Robert TaylorRobert Taylor Additional information is available at the end of the chapter Abstract Phosphorus (P) eutrophication in the aquatic system is a global problem. With a nega- tive impact on health industry, food security, tourism industry, ecosystem health and economy. The sources of P include both point and nonpoint sources. Controlling P inflow from point sources to aquatic systems have been more manageable, however control- ling nonpoint P sources especially agricultural sources remains a challenge. The forms of P include both organic and inorganic. Runoff and soil erosion are the major agents of translocating P to the aquatic system in form of particulate and dissolved P. Excessive P cause growth of algae bloom, anoxic conditions, altering plant species composition and biomass, leading to fish kill, food webs disruption, toxins production and recreational areas degradation. Phosphorus eutrophication mitigation strategies include controlling nutrient loads and ecosystem restoration. Point P sources could be controlled through restructuring industrial layout. Controlling nonpoint nutrient loads need catchment management to focus on farm scale, field scale and catchment scale management as well as employ human intervention which includes ferric dosing, on farm biochar application and flushing and dredging of floor deposits. Ecosystem restoration for eutrophication mitigation involves phytoremediation, wetland restoration, riparian area restoration and river/lake maintenance/restoration. Combination of interventions could be required for successful eutrophication mitigation. Keywords: agriculture, aquatic, eutrophication, mitigation, phosphorus 1. Introduction Globally many aquatic ecosystems have been negatively affected by phosphorus (P) eutro - phication [1]. Phosphorus is a primary limiting nutrient in both freshwater and marine systems [2, 3]. -
Thermal Pollution Abatement Evaluation Model for Power Plant Siting
THERMAL POLLUTION ABATEMENT EVALUATION MODEL FOR POWER PLANT SITING P. F. Shiers D. H. Marks Report #MIT-EL 73-013 February 1973 a" pO ENERGY LABORATORY The Energy Laboratory was established by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology as a Special Laboratory of the Institute for research on the complex societal and technological problems of the supply, demand and consumptionof energy. Its full-time staff assists in focusing the diverse research at the Institute to permit undertaking of long term interdisciplinary projects of considerable magnitude. For any specific program, the relative roles of the Energy Laboratory, other special laboratories, academic departments and laboratories depend upon the technologies and issues involved. Because close coupling with the nor- .ral academic teaching and research activities of the Institute is an important feature of the Energy Laboratory, its principal activities are conducted on the Institute's Cambridge Campus. This study was done in association with the Electric Power Systems Engineering Laboratory and the Department of Civil Engineering (Ralph H. Parsons Laboratory for Water Resources and Hydrodynamics and the Civil Engineering Systems Laboratory). -Offtl -. W% ABSTRACT A THERMAL POLLUTION ABATE.ENT EVALUATION MODEL FOR POWER PLANT SITING A thermal pollution abatement model for power plant siting is formulated to evaluate the economic costs, resource requirements, and physical characteristics of a particular thermal pollution abatement technology at a given site type for a plant alternative. The model also provides a screening capability to determine which sites are feasible alternatives for development by the calculation of the resource requirements and a check of the applicable thermal standards, and determining whether the plant alternative could be built on the available site in compliance with the thermal standards. -
Eutrophication: Impacts of Excess Nutrient Inputs on Freshwater, Marine, and Terrestrial Ecosystems
Environmental Pollution 100 (1999) 179±196 www.elsevier.com/locate/envpol Eutrophication: impacts of excess nutrient inputs on freshwater, marine, and terrestrial ecosystems V.H. Smith a,*, G.D. Tilman b, J.C. Nekola c aDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Environmental Studies Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA bDepartment of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA cNatural and Applied Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Green Bay, Green Bay, WI 54311, USA Received 15 November 1998; accepted 22 March 1999 Abstract In the mid-1800s, the agricultural chemist Justus von Liebig demonstrated strong positive relationships between soil nutrient supplies and the growth yields of terrestrial plants, and it has since been found that freshwater and marine plants are equally responsive to nutrient inputs. Anthropogenic inputs of nutrients to the Earth's surface and atmosphere have increased greatly during the past two centuries. This nutrient enrichment, or eutrophication, can lead to highly undesirable changes in ecosystem structure and function, however. In this paper we brie¯y review the process, the impacts, and the potential management of cultural eutrophication in freshwater, marine, and terrestrial ecosystems. We present two brief case studies (one freshwater and one marine) demonstrating that nutrient loading restriction is the essential cornerstone of aquatic eutrophication control. In addition, we pre- sent results of a preliminary statistical analysis that is consistent with the hypothesis that anthropogenic emissions of oxidized nitrogen could be in¯uencing atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide via nitrogen stimulation of global primary production. # 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. -
Phytoplankton Communities Impacted by Thermal Effluents Off Two Coastal Nuclear Power Plants in Subtropical Areas of Northern Taiwan
Terr. Atmos. Ocean. Sci., Vol. 27, No. 1, 107-120, February 2016 doi: 10.3319/TAO.2015.09.24.01(Oc) Phytoplankton Communities Impacted by Thermal Effluents off Two Coastal Nuclear Power Plants in Subtropical Areas of Northern Taiwan Wen-Tseng Lo1, Pei-Kai Hsu1, Tien-Hsi Fang 2, Jian-Hwa Hu 2, and Hung-Yen Hsieh 3, 4, * 1 Institute of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, R.O.C. 2 Department of Marine Environmental Informatics, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan, R.O.C. 3 Graduate Institute of Marine Biology, National Dong Hwa University, Pingtung, Taiwan, R.O.C. 4 National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung, Taiwan, R.O.C. Received 30 December 2014, revised 21 September 2015, accepted 24 September 2015 ABSTRACT This study investigates the seasonal and spatial differences in phytoplankton communities in the coastal waters off two nuclear power plants in northern Taiwan in 2009. We identified 144 phytoplankton taxa in our samples, including 127 diatoms, 16 dinoflagellates, and one cyanobacteria. Four diatoms, namely, Thalassionema nitzschioides (T. nitzschioides), Pseudo-nitzschia delicatissima (P. delicatissima), Paralia sulcate (P. sulcata), and Chaetoceros curvisetus (C. curvisetus) and one dinoflagellate Prorocentrum micans (P. micans) were predominant during the study period. Clear seasonal and spatial differences in phytoplankton abundance and species composition were evident in the study area. Generally, a higher mean phytoplankton abundance was observed in the waters off the First Nuclear Power Plant (NPP I) than at the Second Nuclear Power Plant (NPP II). The phytoplankton abundance was usually high in the coastal waters during warm periods and in the offshore waters in winter. -
Lesson 2. Pollution and Water Quality Pollution Sources
NEIGHBORHOOD WATER QUALITY Lesson 2. Pollution and Water Quality Keywords: pollutants, water pollution, point source, non-point source, urban pollution, agricultural pollution, atmospheric pollution, smog, nutrient pollution, eutrophication, organic pollution, herbicides, pesticides, chemical pollution, sediment pollution, stormwater runoff, urbanization, algae, phosphate, nitrogen, ion, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, nitrifying bacteria, proteins, water quality, pH, acid, alkaline, basic, neutral, dissolved oxygen, organic material, temperature, thermal pollution, salinity Pollution Sources Water becomes polluted when point source pollution. This type of foreign substances enter the pollution is difficult to identify and environment and are transported into may come from pesticides, fertilizers, the water cycle. These substances, or automobile fluids washed off the known as pollutants, contaminate ground by a storm. Non-point source the water and are sometimes pollution comes from three main harmful to people and the areas: urban-industrial, agricultural, environment. Therefore, water and atmospheric sources. pollution is any change in water that is harmful to living organisms. Urban pollution comes from the cities, where many people live Sources of water pollution are together on a small amount of land. divided into two main categories: This type of pollution results from the point source and non-point source. things we do around our homes and Point source pollution occurs when places of work. Agricultural a pollutant is discharged at a specific pollution comes from rural areas source. In other words, the source of where fewer people live. This type of the pollutant can be easily identified. pollution results from runoff from Examples of point-source pollution farmland, and consists of pesticides, include a leaking pipe or a holding fertilizer, and eroded soil. -
Thermal Pollution: a Potential Threat to Our Aquatic Environment James E
Boston College Environmental Affairs Law Review Volume 1 | Issue 2 Article 4 6-1-1971 Thermal Pollution: A Potential Threat to Our Aquatic Environment James E. A John Follow this and additional works at: http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/ealr Part of the Environmental Law Commons, and the Water Law Commons Recommended Citation James E. A John, Thermal Pollution: A Potential Threat to Our Aquatic Environment, 1 B.C. Envtl. Aff. L. Rev. 287 (1971), http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/ealr/vol1/iss2/4 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Journals at Digital Commons @ Boston College Law School. It has been accepted for inclusion in Boston College Environmental Affairs Law Review by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Boston College Law School. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THERMAL POLLUTION: A POTENTIAL THREAT TO OUR AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT By 'James E. A. 'John-:' INTRODUCTION Thermal pollution has come to mean the detrimental effects of unnatural temperature changes in a natural body of water, caused by the discharge of industrial cooling water. The electric power industry accounts for over 80% of the cooling water used, so this discussion will focus mainly on that industry. So great are the electric power requirements of this nation and the resultant need for cooling water, it is estimated that at certain times of year, the electric power utilities require 50% of the total fresh water runoff for cooling. At the present time, roughly 85% of the electric power in this country is produced by steam power plants, the remainder by hydroelectric plants.