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In Piranhas (Osteichthyes: Serrasalmidae) Captured in the Caiçara Bays, Upper Paraguay River, Pantanal, Mato Grosso State, Brazil

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In Piranhas (Osteichthyes: Serrasalmidae) Captured in the Caiçara Bays, Upper Paraguay River, Pantanal, Mato Grosso State, Brazil Neotropical Ichthyology, 10(3):653-659, 2012 Copyright © 2012 Sociedade Brasileira de Ictiologia Parasitism by argulids (Crustacea: Branchiura) in piranhas (Osteichthyes: Serrasalmidae) captured in the Caiçara bays, upper Paraguay River, Pantanal, Mato Grosso State, Brazil Márcio Fontana1, Ricardo Massato Takemoto2, José Celso de Oliveira Malta3 and Lúcia Aparecida de Fátima Mateus4 In this study, 446 fishes were analyzed: 190 Pygocentrus nattereri, 193 Serrasalmus maculatus, and 63 S. marginatus.They were captured in two bays, upper and lower Caiçara, in the upper Paraguay River basin, during one hydrological cycle from May 2008 to April 2009. Six species of Branchiura were found: Dolops bidentata, D. longicauda, Dolops sp., Argulus multicolor, A. chicomendesi, and Dipteropeltis hirundo. All fish species were infested by more than one species of Branchiura and the overall prevalence was 33.4%. The following prevalences were observed: 52.6% in P. nattereri; 20.3% in S. maculatus, and 15.8% in S. marginatus. The relative condition factor (Kn) differed significantly between parasitized and non parasitized individuals only in P. nattereri and S. maculatus. There was no correlation between Kn and abundance of parasites nor between body length (Ls) and intensity of infestation, in all three host species. Foram analisados 446 peixes: 190 Pygocentrus nattereri, 193 Serrasalmus maculatus e 63 S. marginatus, capturados nas baías Caiçara superior e inferior na bacia do alto rio Paraguai, durante um ciclo hidrológico nos meses de maio de 2008 a abril de 2009. Foram encontradas seis espécies de Branchiura: Dolops bidentata, D. longicauda, Dolops sp., Argulus multicolor, A. chicomendesi e Dipteropeltis hirundo. Todos os peixes estavam parasitados por mais de uma espécie de Branchiura e a prevalência geral foi 33,4%. As prevalências foram: P. nattereri 52,6%, S. maculatus 20,3% e S. marginatus 15,8%. O fator de condição relativo (Kn) diferiu significativamente entre indivíduos parasitados e não parasitados apenas em P. nattereri e S. maculatus. Não houve correlação significativa entre Kn e abundância de parasitos, nem entre comprimento padrão (Ls) e intensidade de infestação, nas três espécies de piranhas analisadas. Key words: Argulus, Dolops, Pygocentrus, Relative condition factor, Serrasalmus. Introduction rate (Crowden & Broom, 1980; Milinski, 1984), greater vulnerability to predators (Arme & Owen, 1967) and decreased resistance to One of the main challenges of ecology is to clarify the role of environmental stress (Lewis & Hettler, 1968). The relative parasites in the host’s population dynamics (Begon et al., 2007). condition factor (Kn) is a quantitative indicator of fish well-being, The relationship between fish and parasites in the natural therefore the analysis of its variability between populations and environment is an important tool for the understanding of individuals can show the effects of parasitisation (Ranzani-Paiva pathologies occurring in hosts, and are also relevant to et al., 2000). Many studies on the biology of endoparasites have pisciculture (Tavares-Dias et al., 2000). Aquatic environments been conducted in Osteichthyes. However, little information is facilitate reproduction, dispersion and survival of parasitic available on the infestation levels and modes of transmission of organisms (Malta, 1984). Direct effects, such as host impairment, crustacean ectoparasites in natural conditions (Szalai & Dick, can induce indirect consequences such as reduction in foraging 1991). Most studies on branchiuran crustacean ectoparasites 1Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação da Biodiversidade, Instituto de Biociências. Av. Fernando Correa da Costa, s/n°, Bairro Boa Esperança, 78060-900 Cuiabá, MT, Brazil. [email protected] 2Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limno1ogia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura, Laboratório de Ictioparasitologia. Av. Colombo, 5790, Bloco G-90, sala 11, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil. [email protected] 3Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Laboratório de Parasitologia de Peixes, Cx. Postal 478, 69011-970 Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. [email protected] 4Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Laboratório de Ecologia e Manejo de Recursos Pesqueiros, Instituto de Biociências. Av. Fernando Correa da Costa, s/n°, Bairro Boa Esperança, 78060-900 Cuiabá, MT, Brazil. [email protected] 653 654 Parasitism by argulids (Crustacea: Branchiura) in piranhas published in South America are related to taxonomy (Malta, 1982a; and lower Caiçara Bay (LCB), located on the south east bank Tanaka, 2000). The Branchiura is a small group of ectoparasites, of the Paraguay River, between coordinates 16°05’02.8”S comprising a single family (Argulidae), with only four genera, 57°44’22.7”W and 16°06’41.9”S 57°45’14.6”W (Fig. 1). i.e., Argulus, Dolops, Dipteropeltis, and Chonopeltis. Are commonly known as fish lice and are characterized by their dorso- Sampling and data analysis ventrally flattened bodies, which are covered by a horseshoe- Monthly collections were performed during a hydrological shaped dorsal cephalic shield formed by the carapace lobes. Its cycle from May 2008 to April 2009. Collections were made only posterolateral lobes extend over the four pairs of thoracic during the day and the piranhas were captured in six different biramous legs to a greater or lesser extend depending on the points (UCB: P1, P2, P3; LCB: P4, P5, P6) and in two species. Five pairs of cephalic appendages occur ventrally, i.e., microhabitats: margin and middle, of both bays (Fig.1). Weight, antennulae (absent or reduced in Chonopeltis), antennae, standard length and gender of the hosts were recorded. mandibles, maxillulae, and maxillae. The antennulae bear a small Necropsy of the hosts, collection, conservation and preparation hook terminally. There are approximately 210 species (Moller et of ectoparasites were performed according to the method of al., 2007). They are all parasites of fishes but on rare occasion Malta (1982a). The standard length (Ls) and total weight (Wt) have been reported from alligators (Ringuelet, 1943), tadpoles of each host were adjusted to the Wt/Ls relationship curve (Stuhlmann, 1891; Wolfe et al., 2001), and salamanders (Poly, (Wt = a.Ltb), given the estimated values of the regression 2003). Dipteropeltis was described in 1912 (Calman, 1912) and coefficients a and b. The variables a and b were used to estimate since its description, a limited number of reports appeared the expected weight (We), using the equation: We = a.Ltb. The sporadically. Information on this genus is therefore very limited. relative condition factor (Kn) was calculated, according to the The adults range between 5 and 15 mm in size although quotient between observed weight and expected weight for a Dipteropeltis may reach up to 30 mm (Piasecki & Oldewage, given length (Kn = Wt / We) (Le Cren, 1951). The Mann- 1992).The transmission is direct and the parasites actively swim Whitney test (U) was used to determine differences in Kn to find a host in which they will be fixed to its body surface between parasitized and non-parasitized (Zar, 1996). To eliminate (Malta & Varella, 1983).The fish ectoparasites Branchiura the interference of gonadal weight on the Kn, the infected and (Crustacea) display two different ways of attachment to the fish uninfected hosts were divided into two groups: mature- surface as adults: the first maxillae are either hooks (Dolops) or maturation and rest-depleted-immature.Spearman’s rank suction discs (Argulus, Chonopeltis, and Dipteropeltis) (Moller correlation coefficient (rs) was used to assess possible et al., 2008). According to Piasecki & Oldewage (1992), the correlations between Kn and intensity of infestation, as well as maxillulae are transformed into powerful suckers in the adults intensity of infestation and host length (Zar, 1996). The Kruskal- and are utilized to attach to their hosts except in Dolops, where Wallis test (H) was applied to compare mean intensity values the maxillulae bear strong hooks that penetrate the host for of branchiuran species between hosts. In order to compare the attachment. In general, the infestation results in ulcerous lesions that allow secondary infections by fungi, viruses, and bacteria (Thatcher, 2006). Species of Serrasalmidae are among the main predators that thrive in Neotropical freshwater ecosystems (Almeida et al., 1998). Piranhas represent a large percentage of the number of individuals and the total biomass of Osteichthyes where they live (Mago-Leccia, 1970). Because of that, many studies have been conducted on the interaction between piranhas and their crustacean ectoparasites (Malta, 1982b; Malta & Varella, 1983; Carvalho et al., 2003). The aim of this study is to assess parasitism by argulids in Pygocentrus nattereri Kner, 1858, Serrasalmus maculatus Kner, 1858 and Serrasalmus marginatus Valenciennes, 1837, in two bays, upper and lower Caiçara, in the upper Paraguay river basin, in Pantanal, Mato Grosso State, Brazil, during one hydrological cycle from May 2008 to April 2009. Material and Methods Study site Located in western Brazil, the Pantanal is the largest continuous freshwater floodplain in the world (Silva & Abdon, Fig. 1. Location of collection sites in the upper Caiçara bay 1998). Collections were made in the upper Paraguay River (UCB - Points 1, 2 and 3) and lower Caiçara bay (LCB - Points basin, Northern Pantanal, Cáceres municipality, Mato Grosso 4, 5 and 6), upper
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