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OPERATION BLACK BUCK En Teorikonsumerande Fallstudie Om Strategiskt Bombflyg Under Falklandskriget

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OPERATION BLACK BUCK En Teorikonsumerande Fallstudie Om Strategiskt Bombflyg Under Falklandskriget Klas Sohlström 2021-05-14 OP 18–21 Självständigt arbete (15 hp) Författare Program/Kurs Klas Sohlström OP SA 18–21 Handledare Antal ord: 11 955 Fil Dr. Charlotta Friedner Parrat Beteckning Kurskod 1OP415 OPERATION BLACK BUCK En teorikonsumerande fallstudie om strategiskt bombflyg under Falklandskriget ABSTRACT: The Falklands War is well studied but there are currently no theoretically based analyzes specifically aimed at explaining Operation Black Buck, a long-range bombing of Argentine targets on the Falklands with strategic bombers, despite its controversial and unique nature. By illustrating the case on the basis of a theory-consuming approach, this study examines the purpose of the operation in an effort to understand why the British Air Force justified the missions despite the great challenges. The theoretical framework for this study is seen through the eyes of the most prominent theorists in modern air power debate; John Warden and Robert Pape. The important aspect in this study is not the authors disagreements but rather that their theories can be seen as complementary to each other in understanding this case. The study shows that the purpose of Operation Black Buck was aimed at denying the Argentines the opportunity to use the airport at Stanley for military purposes. In addition, there was a deterrent value that indirectly gave a strategic effect by deploying strategic bombers to demonstrate will, determination and hint at the ability to strike the Argentine mainland. The driving force behind the operation was the British effort in trying to achieve air superiority which was a critical objective during the war. Nyckelord: Falklandskriget, Operation Black Buck, Robert Pape, John Warden, Nekande strategi Sida 1 av 38 Klas Sohlström 2021-05-14 OP 18–21 Innehållsförteckning INNEHÅLLSFÖRTECKNING ....................................................................................................... 2 1. INLEDNING ................................................................................................................................ 3 1.1 BAKGRUND .............................................................................................................................. 3 1.2 PROBLEMFORMULERING ........................................................................................................... 5 1.3 TIDIGARE FORSKNING............................................................................................................... 5 1.4 SYFTE OCH FRÅGESTÄLLNING................................................................................................... 8 1.5 AVGRÄNSNINGAR ..................................................................................................................... 8 2. TEORI ........................................................................................................................................ 10 2.1 BEGREPPSDEFINITIONER ......................................................................................................... 10 2.2 MODERN LUFTMAKTSTEORI.................................................................................................... 10 2.3 ROBERT PAPE – BOMBING TO WIN: AIR POWER AND COERCION IN WAR ................................ 11 2.4 JOHN WARDEN – THE AIR CAMPAIGN OCH THE ENEMY AS A SYSTEM .................................... 15 2.5 VAL AV TEORI ........................................................................................................................ 18 2.6 OPERATIONALISERING ............................................................................................................ 18 2.7 ANALYSVERKTYG .................................................................................................................. 19 3. METOD ...................................................................................................................................... 20 3.1 FORSKNINGSDESIGN ............................................................................................................... 20 3.2 METOD FÖR DATAINSAMLING ................................................................................................. 21 3.3 EMPIRI ................................................................................................................................... 21 3.4 KÄLLKRITIK ........................................................................................................................... 22 3.5 FORSKNINGSETISKA ÖVERVÄGANDEN .................................................................................... 23 4. ANALYS ..................................................................................................................................... 24 4.1 BAKGRUND FALKLANDSKRIGET ............................................................................................. 24 4.2 OPERATION BLACK BUCK ...................................................................................................... 24 4.3 ANALYSFRÅGOR PAPE ............................................................................................................ 26 5. AVSLUTNING ........................................................................................................................... 32 5.1 SVAR PÅ FORSKNINGSFRÅGA .................................................................................................. 32 5.2 DISKUSSION ........................................................................................................................... 33 5.2.1 RESULTAT ........................................................................................................................... 33 5.2.2 METOD ................................................................................................................................ 34 5.2.3 TEORI .................................................................................................................................. 34 5.3 RELEVANS FÖR OFFICERSPROFESSIONEN ................................................................................ 35 5.4 VIDARE FORSKNING ............................................................................................................... 35 LITTERATUR OCH REFERENSFÖRTECKNING ................................................................... 36 LITTERATUR ................................................................................................................................ 36 ARTIKLAR .................................................................................................................................... 37 ELEKTRONISKA KÄLLOR .............................................................................................................. 38 Sida 2 av 38 Klas Sohlström 2021-05-14 OP 18–21 1. Inledning Trots en blygsam historia på knappt 100 år har det militära nyttjandet av lufthavet haft ett stort inflytande på krigföringen. Dess medium med angränsningar till såväl mark som sjö har inneburit en grundläggande del i gemensamma operationer med möjligheter att såväl skapa en unik överblick som förmåga att agera över större ytor.1 Hur luftstridskrafterna bäst används utifrån sin mångsidighet är fortsatt en central del i den moderna luftmaktsdiskursen. Flexibili- teten och rörligheten medger såväl möjligheter som utmaningar över samtliga krigföringsni- våer. Ett tydligt exempel återfinns i Falklandskriget 1982. Varken Storbritannien eller Argentina hade ett flygvapen som var utformat för en maritim kamp över ett par isolerade öar i sydvästra Atlanten.2 Det argentinska flygvapnet var inriktat för att möta en eventuell konflikt med dess sydamerikanska grannländer. Storbritanniens flygvapen var dedikerat det brittiska åtagandet i NATO med det europeiska området i centrum och maktbalans i persiska golfen. Situationen som uppstod i och med konfliktens geografiska utmaning och de olika inriktningarna hos re- spektive nations flygvapen ledde till en oförmåga hos båda parter att tidigt etablera en avgö- rande kontroll över luftrummet.3 I försöket att från brittisk sida tidigt begränsa argentinsk för- måga kom strategiskt bombflyg att spela en specifik roll.4 De geografiska utmaningarna inne- bar att brittiska flygvapnet tog till oväntade metoder och valde att flytta gränsen för vad som då var teknologiskt och operativt möjligt med en flotta av föråldrade bombflygplan. Enorma resurser lades på en operation som redan från början var omdebatterad och som tidigt visade sig ha relativt dålig effekt.5 Vad som var operationens syfte och motiv till denna oerhörda ut- maning är därav intressant att analysera. 1.1 Bakgrund Som den mest högprofilerade brittiska luftoperationen under Falklandskriget kom bombrä- derna under namnet Black Buck att kantas av såväl kritik som kontrovers. Trots att grundidén var relativt enkel, att med strategiska bombflyg genomföra långdistansbombning av den 1 Försvarsmakten. Reglemente Taktik för Luftoperationer 2017. Stockholm: Högkvarteret, 2017: 55. 2 MacGeoch, Ian. The Falklands operation: problems, considerations, lessons. Nato's Fifteen Nations. 27 (3) 1982: 26. 3 Huber, Jeffry L & Naval War College. The Falklands Air War. Lessons Revisited. Naval War College, Newport. 1995: 2–3. 4 Chant, Christopher. Air in the Falklands 1982. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2001: 40–41. 5 Shields, John Harris, Air Power during the 1982 Falklands conflict. Diss., King's College London, 2019: 233. Sida 3 av 38 Klas Sohlström 2021-05-14 OP 18–21 argentinska flygbasen vid Port Stanley, kantades genomförandet av ett antal utmaningar.6
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