ENGINEERING ENGINEERING EDUCATION EDUCATION 22’2017 UDC 378.6 NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE OF ENGINEERING EDUCATION 22’2017

Implementing CDIO Initiative in Russian Fig. 1. CDIO development on the global and national scales (the RF) Universities: Interim Results and Prospects

R.A. Dolzhenko1 1Non-state Higher Educational Establishment ”UMMC Technical University“, Ekaterinburg,

Received: 26.06.2017 / Accepted: 13.12.2017 / Published online: 31.12.2017 2016 – 16 2013 – conference Russian higher R.A. Dolzhenko Abstract in the RF, CDIO education The paper describes interim results of implementing the CDIO initiative into education 2001 – CDIO implemented institutes programmes of national universities. The author has indicated the trends in publishing Syllabus, the in Russian implementing academic papers on the topic. The factors hindering CDIO implementation into first university higher education CDIO national education have been identified. The author gives recommendations and 2000 – CDIO joining the institutes (6) suggests the algorithm for implementing CDIO into the education programme of the implemented in 4 Initiative Russian university. higher education institutes (USA (1) 1997 – CDIO and Sweden (3)) Key words: training, engineering education, technical specialties, CDIO, education in the strategic standards, publications. plan of MIT Aero/Astro

Introduction reflected in scientific publications, interprets The number of publications in national years the number of publications on CDIO The future of the Russian society and the content, and determines the trends in journals has also increased (see the trend in had slightly decreased and reached a plateau national economy strongly depends on CDIO development and implementation eLIBRARY.ru given in fig.2). It is noteworthy (Scopus, Web of Science, and RSCI) (fig. 1). enhancements in the sphere of national into the national education system. that Russian scholars tended to be more The research material included articles and education. Engineering training seems to CDIO in scientific publications: trends interested in the topic than the foreign conference proceedings published between be particularly important since the new and priorities ones (in 2014, 112 publications in Russian 2000 and 2016, in which CDIO is used in technological era makes it necessary to revise The challenges within the system of Science Citation Index (RSCI) database the title, abstract and/or key words. the concept of engineering education. The higher education, and engineering higher compared to 54 publications in Scopus). First appeared in more recent times, RF is not the first one to face this challenge, education in particular, are an urgent issue The first article in Russian devoted to CDIO the interest to CDIO peaked in 2011–2013 and one of the solutions suggested at the turn for scientists, and many new approaches was published in 2011, and the interest to (in foreign countries) and in 2013–2014 of the 21st century was the CDIO Initiative, are currently suggested. One of them is the the topic reached its peak in 2014, when the (in Russia), and then the number of the idea developed in cooperation between CDIO Initiative, an innovative multifaceted journal Engineering Education published the publications became steady. Massachusetts Institute of Technology and approach to engineering education, issue focused on CDIO. To identify the key trends within the several European universities. In the RF, formulated as an idea in 1997 and then With the number of publications on scope of CDIO research, we have analyzed the Initiative was adapted and adopted by a designed and implemented in 2001 in CDIO topic increasing, it is possible to the content of the most cited (Scopus and number of educational institutions in 2013, cooperation between Massachusetts Institute identify particular trends in the researchers’ RSCI) and most recently published papers. and over the past four years another ten of technology (the USA) and universities of interest. However, one can notice that The publications were selected based on the universities have joined CDIO. However, Sweden. The course of the events is given the majority of papers are published in term “CDIO” mentioned in the title. Over no one has made an attempt to consolidate in fig. 1. conference proceedings rather than in the period of 2000–2016, the number of the efforts of researchers, professionals, First publications on CDIO in Scopus scholarly editions: out of the total number of publications in Scopus equals to 93. Table and teachers interested in CDIO and to are dated by 2002 and the topic has been publications on CDIO in Scopus (410), there 1 presents a list of journals, in which the determine the prospects and trends of the gaining interest since then. In 2016, the are 93 journal articles, 14 book chapters and majority of papers on CDIO were published. CDIO Initiative development within the annual number of Scopus publications paragraphs, and 286 proceeding papers. The most cited papers are those by scope of the national education. dealing somehow with CDIO was six The analysis of publication activities Crawley, E.F., Brodeur, D.R., Soderholm, This is what the present paper deals with: times as much as that in 2002: 5 and carried out within the scope of the present D.H. (2008) [1], Edström, K., Kolmos, A. the author analyses the interest in CDIO 30 publications, respectively (fig. 2). research has shown that over the past 10 (2014) [2], Lunev, A., Petrova, I., Zaripova,

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into the education programme; this The CDIO Standards (the total number Fig. 2. Publications on CDIO topic in Scopus, Web of Science, and RSCI proves the fact that the CDIO concept is 12) were designed to standardize the is to be clearly comprehended, procedure of CDIO implementation into interpreted, and consolidated; education programmes provided by the „„ the research is conducted in leading institutes worldwide. engineering schools in China (41 However, it is clear that the standard publications in Scopus), the USA (8 is a kind of archetype, an abstract model, Web of Science publications), Russia (6 publications), against which other conditions and objects and Sweden (6 publications); can be compared. There is a wide range of Scopus „„ among the most cited papers, the only items to be standardized: products, services, one belongs to the Russian scholars; activities and operations, documentation, RSCI however, it is clear that the experience etc. It is noteworthy that a standard is not a of enhancing the system of engineering stiff requirement but a start point to enhance education in Russia should be further the activities since the standards themselves studied and transmitted throughout the are regularly altered, which aims to improve global scientific community. the quality of education provided. Let us analyze the CDIO approach Since a higher education institute is of high in detail and identify the main trends in social significance in Russia, the educational implementing CDIO in national engineering activities are almost totally standardized. institutes. Any deviation from the standard implies a The CDIO concept for engineering number of options, which require additional education efforts to be monitored and controlled. According to the definition of its The quality of education provided higher designers, the CDIO Initiative is a education institutes is controlled by the V. (2013) [3], Woollacott, L.C. (2009) [4], These papers deal with implementing multifaceted approach to engineering Ministry of Education and Science and Padfield, G.D. (2006) [5], and Wang, Y., Qi, CDIO into metallurgical engineering education (in particular, bachelor’s degree particular monitoring organizations, while Z., Li, Z., Zhang, L. (2011) [6]. education, teaching mathematics for programmes), which includes the key the universities which joined the CDIO Among the papers published in Russian, engineering students, stakeholders’ expec- principles of programme design, material Initiative bear responsibility for meeting the most cited are those by Gafurova N.V., tations for proficiency based on CDIO and technical support, staff recruitment and the relevant requirements. For a time, the Osipova S.I. (2013) [7], Chuchalin A.I. standards implementation CDIO [13, 14]. continuing professional development. The Agency for Strategic Initiatives and Skoltech (2011) [8], Yakovlev A.N., Kostikov K.S., Having analyzed the bulk of papers CDIO abbreviation comes from the key held themselves out as professionals in concepts: Conceive – Design – Implement – Martyushev N.V., Shepotenko N.A., Fal- on CDIO Initiative (most cited and most this sphere, however, the Initiative failed Operate. Therefore, CDIO is a complex kovich Yu.V. (2012) г. [9], Zamyatina O.M., recently published), one can drive to the to be widely spread among the national framework for training engineers able to universities, and over the past four years, Mozgaleva P. I. (2013) [10], Mineva O.K., conclusions as follows: generate ideas, design, operate, and dispose only 10 higher education institutes have Akmaeva R.I., Usacheva L.V. (2013) [11], „„ the majority of papers are case studies engineering products [13]. The CDIO aim is joined (Table 2). Treshchev A.M., Sergeeva O.A. (2012) [12]. dealing with CDIO implementation to graduate an engineer who can create a Today, there are more than 100 practice- new product or an idea, and then design and oriented universities worldwide involved in Table 1. Journals publishing academic papers on CDIO implement it. CDIO and implementing CDIO standards. In their paper, S.A. Podlesny and The CDIO collaborators among national Number of articles A.V. Kozlov mention that one of the higher education institutes are Tomsk Journal on CDIO challenges in CDIO implementation in Polytechnic university, Skoltech, Astrakhan Russia is the lack of laboratory equipment State University, Moscow Aviation World Transactions on Engineering and Technology Education 18 to conduct experiments and the lack of Institute, Moscow Institute of Physics and European Journal of Engineering Education 5 opportunities to implement and operate Technology, Tomsk State University of the products in real production [15]. Control Systems and Radioelectronics, etc. Journal of Engineering Science and Technology 5 Another disadvantage is poorly developed Actually, the CDIO Initiative has not been Australasian Journal of Engineering Education 4 professional competencies of the academic widely spread throughout the country and staff, as well as the lack of opportunity to its future is not clear, first of all, due to Energy Education Science and Technology Part a Energy Science 4 and Research continue professional development in resignation of Edward Crawley, one of the accordance with the CDIO standards. CDIO concept developers and founders,

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Table 2. CDIO collaborators among national higher education institutes Fig. 3. Joining the Worldwide CDIO Initiative: series of steps

Year of Get acquainted Submit Review № National Higher Education Institute joining CDIO with CDIO application by CDIO Association standards and to join CDIO members in community Initiative region 1 Tomsk Polytechnic University 2011

2 Astrakhan State University 2012

3 Skolkovo Institute for Science and Technology 2012 Receive a letter Present informing on the 4 Moscow Aviation Institute 2012 school Decision school’s status at CDIO by CDIO as a CDIO 5 Tomsk State University of Control Systems and Radioelectronics 2013 meeting Council Collaborator named after 6 2013 the first B.N. Yeltsin

7 Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology 2013 Conclusion the scholars of the RF publish their papers 8 Siberian Federal University 2014 In conclusion, it is important to mostly in Russian. emphasize that the prospects of national 9 2014 Today, there are attempts to articulate engineering education are still a topical the original vision of national engineering 10 Don State Technical University 2014 issue. The CDIO Initiative is one of the most education, which can be developed as a transparent system, which creates a complex streamline concept, like CDIO, however, 11 Cherepovets State University 2014 picture of adequate engineering education these ideas are difficult to promote and 12 National Research Nuclear University MEPhI 2014 and essential tools to ensure the expected implemented only at particular universities outcomes. In Russia, the rate of interest to (as well as CDIO). Therefore, one can make 13 The Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University 2015 the CDIO Initiative is higher than in other a conclusion that none of the concepts on 14 Bauman Moscow State Technical University (BMSTU) 2015 countries (except for China), but if the engineering education enhancement can be Asian scholars try to transmit their findings intensively developed and implemented in 15 Saint Petersburg State University of Aerospace Instrumentation 2015 into international scientific community, the RF without governmental support. 16 State University 2016

who quitted the post of Skolthech . It and money consuming. There is no formal was professor Crawley who promoted CDIO procedure to control whether the university’s in Russia and created awareness among the educational approaches are appropriate national universities beginning from 2013. to implement CDIO, and the conference It is symptomatic that in 2016 only one registration fee is 425 €. national university joined CDIO. Moreover, The intention of a university to join the the advantages of participating in CDIO CDIO Initiative is supported by neither the are not clear since all the standards Agency for Strategic Initiatives nor Skoltech are open (and even translated) and the (which used to hold themselves out as CDIO university can follow the initiative without collaborators in 2013). The last time the joining CDIO. information on cdiorussia.ru was updated The steps to join the CDIO Initiatives are on July 9, 2013. The national community of given in fig. 3. CDIO collaborators has not been established. As one can see from the figure above, Therefore, the university, which intends to the university should follow the formal make their educational activities meet CDIO procedure, and particular steps (such as standards, can only join the CDIO Initiative presenting school at CDIO meeting) are time all by themselves.

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