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Mygalomorph Spiders of the Natural and Historical Reserve of Martín

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Mygalomorph Spiders of the Natural and Historical Reserve of Martín Zoological Studies 49(4): 481-491 (2010) Mygalomorph Spiders of the Natural and Historical Reserve of Martín García Island, Río de la Plata River, Argentina Nelson Ferretti1,*, Fernando Pérez-Miles2, and Alda González1 1Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores CEPAVE (CCT- CONICET- La Plata) (UNLP), Calle 2 N° 584, (1900) La Plata, Argentina 2Facultad de Ciencias, Sección Entomología, Montevideo, Uruguay. E-mail:[email protected] (Accepted December 21, 2009) Nelson Ferretti, Fernando Pérez-Miles, and Alda González (2010) Mygalomorph spiders of the Natural and Historical Reserve of Martín García Island, Río de la Plata River, Argentina. Zoological Studies 49(4): 481-491. Martín García I. is located in the upper La Plata River, at the outlet of the Uruguay River, northeastern Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. Due to its status as a protected area, it is imperative to know the biological diversity that is intended to be preserved. Mygalomorph spiders have life-history characteristics that parallel general characteristics of well-studied taxa that are “extinction prone”, either at the population or species level. We analyzed the abundance and distribution in space and time of mygalomorph spiders at the specific level. We also offer some comments of distributional patterns in a geological context. Spider abundances were sampled from Mar. 2004 to Nov. 2006 by hand-capture and pitfall traps in 5 different ecological areas. To determine the habitat preference of the species, we used the Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA test. Species of the Mygalomorphae occurring on Martín García I., Actinopus sp. (Actinopodidae), Catumiri argentinense (Theraphosidae), Stenoterommata platensis (Nemesiidae), and Xenonemesia platensis (Microstigmatidae) were distributed among all habitats, with 1 specialist in only 1 habitat type. Xenonemesia platensis showed a restricted distribution possibly influenced by the geological history related with the Río de la Plata Craton as forS. platensis. Other distributional patterns may have been affected by more-recent transgressions and regressions of the sea through the Río de la Plata River. http://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/49.4/481.pdf Key words: Argentinean island, Biogeography, Diversity, Mygalomorphae, Neotropical. T he Natural and Historical Reserve of possibly been associated with the Mesopotamic Martín García I. (Buenos Aires, Argentina) lies at region. However, due to the different geological the confluence of the Uruguay and Paraná Rivers origin of the island, this hypothesis needs to be (Upper Río de la Plata River). This island is an elucidated. In Argentina, taxonomic and systematic outcrop of the crystalline basement, unconformably knowledge of some mygalomorph spider families overlain by Pleistocene and Holocene sediments is abundant (Schiapelli and Gerschman de Pikelin (Ravizza 1984). Because it is a protected area, it 1967, Goloboff 1995), although research on is imperative to know the biological diversity that is ecological aspects of communities associated with being preserved. This area is important because natural and altered areas is scarce (Ávalos et al. to assure the conservation of regional diversity, 2007). Mygalomorph spiders represent one of 3 studies are necessary to define and apply suitable main spider lineages (Platnick and Gertsch 1976). designs for management and conservation. In the These spiders are distributed worldwide, although past, the arachnological fauna of the island had all tropical regions and temperate austral regions *To whom correspondence and reprint requests should be addressed. E-mail:[email protected] 481 482 Zoological Studies 49(4): 481-491 (2010) of South America, southern Africa, and Australasia constitutes the most elevated portion of the deltaic are centers of spider genetic diversity (Raven environment in the La Plata River (25 m above 1985, Platnick 2009). They are well represented in sea level) (Dalla Salda 1981). The most elevated the Neotropical region, although the ecology and zone of the island is completely urbanized (Lahitte natural history were mainly studied in the Neartic and Hurrell 1997). Five different ecological (Baerg 1958, Minch 1979, Coyle and O’Shear areas are recognized (Fig. 1) on the basis of 1981) and Australian regions (Main 1987, Jackson physiognomic aspects of the vegetation (Lahitte and Pollard 1990, Kotzman 1990). One study and Hurrell 1997): jungle (J), shore forest (SF), regarding ecological aspects of mygalomorphs in sandy xerophilous forest (SXF), airport xerophilous the Neotropical region is that of Pérez-Miles et al. forest (AXF), and sandy (S). The jungle is (1993). characterized by a complex forest with more than Mygalomorphs possess life-history traits that 1 arboreal stratum (Cytharexylum montevidense, markedly differ from other spiders. For example, Terminalia australis, and Senna corymbosa) some species live for 15-30 yr and require 5-6 yr to and abundant epiphyte plants, climbing plants, reach reproductive maturity (Main 1978). They are and lianas (Tillandsia aeranthos, Vigna luteola, habitat specialists and females are sedentary (Main Ipomoea alba, Macfadyena unguiscati, Smilax 1987, Coyle and Icenogle 1994). These life-history campestris and Lanicera japonica). The shore traits promote geographic fragmentation over jungles are marginal or in galleries because of space and time, resulting in a large number of taxa their proximity to riverbanks. The shore forest that have small geographic distributions (Bond et has some tree species such Sesbania punicea al. 2006). Overall, this combination of life-history and Senna corymbosa with many shrubs characteristics parallels general characteristics (Phyllantus sellowianus). In the lower stratum, a of well-studied taxa that are “extinction prone”, thick grass sometimes appears with small shore either at the population or species level (McKinney herbs (Nierenbergia repens and Zephirantes 1997, Purvis et al. 2000). Herein, we present candida). The sandy xerophilous forest and airport an assessment of the abundance and spatial distribution of mygalomorph spiders at the Natural and Historic Reserve Martín García I. and test the possible habitat preferences of the species on the island. In agreement with the available information, N this is the 1st study to provide ecological data for some of the Argentinean Mygalomorphae. Our 2nd goal was to comprehend the distributional patterns in a geological context, considering the origin of the island, in order to clarify the relationship of the fauna on the island with those of zones having similar geological origins. MATERIALS AND METHODS Study area The study area is located in the upper La Plata River, at the outlet of the Uruguay River, northeastern Buenos Aires Province, Argentina (34°11'25"S; 58°15'38"W). Martín García I. is 37.5 km from the Argentinean coast, 3.5 km from the Uruguayan coast, and 46 km in a straight line from the city of Buenos Aires. It has a sub- rectangular shape and is elongated in a north- 0 280 m south orientation, a design possibly controlled Fig. 1. Map showing ecological areas on Martín García I. by the structure of the crystalline basement. , Jungle (J); , shore forest (SF); , sandy xerophilous forest The island comprises an area of 168 ha and (SXF); , airport xerophilous forest (AXF); , sandy (S). Ferretti et al. – Mygalomorphae of Martín García I. 483 xerophilous forest generally have trees of the same and Arthur 1999), placed every 4 m along each sizes (Erytrhrina crista-galli, Salix humboldiana, transect (straight line of 12 m), for a total of 4 Tessaria integrifolia, and Fagara hyemalis) and traps per transect and site. Traps were filled with an understory formed by shrubs and different 300 ml of the preservative liquid ethylene glycol kind of herbs (Pavonia, Abutilon, Thelypteris (1, 2-ethanediol) which was refilled every 45-60 d. riograndensis, Zephyranthes candida, and This preservative liquid did not dry after 60 d of Trifoluim repens). Finally the sandy area is located exposure as do other liquids such as ethanol. The in the north of the island in the middle of a plain total number of samples was 72 per method and that ends at the river level. It consists of 3 dunes area. Spiders were identified at the species level of sands of uncertain origin. The characteristic following Raven (1985), Goloboff (1995), and vegetation comprises some trees such Sesbania Guadanucci (2004). Actinopus sp.1 constitutes punicea and many shrubs (Sebastiania schottiana the only morphospecies that could not be identified and Cephalanthus glabratus). The study areas at the species level. Voucher specimens are where the pitfall traps and hand captures were deposited in Centro de estudios Parasitológicos y made in each ecological area are shown in figure de Vectores (CEPAVE) La Plata, Argentina. 2. The average monthly temperature and rainfall changes during the study period are presented in Analysis figures 3 and 4. To perform the habitat preference analysis Spider sampling and identification we used the Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test to compare relative Samplings were carried every 2 mo between abundances among the 5 types of habitat. Mar. 2004 and Nov. 2006. Each hand capture STATISTICA (StatSoft 2008) trial vers. 8.0 was per site was performed during 2 uninterrupted used for the statistical analyses. Distribution maps hours in the daytime, with 2 collectors looking for each species were made using DIVA-GIS under rocks, logs, and dung (cryptozoic habitat). (Annapurna) vers. 6.0.3 (CIP 2007, http://www. Pitfall traps consisted of cylindrical plastic cups diva-gis.com). of 10 cm in diameter and 15 cm high (Churchill N 25 ) C ° 20 ( e r 15 u t a r e 10 p m 5 e T 0 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Fig. 3. Average monthly temperature of Martín García I. 140 ) m 120 m ( 100 n o i 80 t a t i 60 p i c 40 e r P 20 0 0 280 m Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Fig. 2. Map showing sampling sites on Martín García I. Fig.
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