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Response of Invertebrates to Alien and Indigenous Vegetation Characteristics in Nduli and Luchaba Nature Reserves, Eastern Cape, South Africa

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Response of Invertebrates to Alien and Indigenous Vegetation Characteristics in Nduli and Luchaba Nature Reserves, Eastern Cape, South Africa RESPONSE OF INVERTEBRATES TO ALIEN AND INDIGENOUS VEGETATION CHARACTERISTICS IN NDULI AND LUCHABA NATURE RESERVES, EASTERN CAPE, SOUTH AFRICA by INAM YEKWAYO A dissertation submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of: MASTER OF SCIENCE (MSc) In Zoology at WALTER SISULU UNIVERSITY SUPERVISOR: Dr A.S. NIBA September 2012 ABSTRACT Most invertebrate species are becoming extinct due to habitat loss and alien plant invasions. Hence this study aimed at determining the response of invertebrates to alien and indigenous vegetation within protected areas in the King Sabatha Dalindyebo (KSD) Local Municipality, Eastern Cape, South Africa. Invertebrates were collected using pitfall traps, during 12 sampling occasions from May 2010 to April 2011 numbers of sampling sites. Although the sampling method was adapted to collecting ground dwelling invertebrates, opportunistic flying invertebrates were also collected. A total of 7 flying invertebrate orders, 25 families, 34 species and 248 individuals were attracted to traps while 5 orders, 19 families, 50 species and 1976 individuals of soil surface- dwelling invertebrates were collected. ANOVA test showed no significant differences (p > 0.05) in species richness and abundance across sites for soil surface-dwelling invertebrates. Bray-Curtis similarity measures in PRIMER and correspondence analysis (CA) in CANOCO showed that sampling units with alien invasive plants shared most soil surface-dwelling invertebrate species at ± 75% level of similarity. Sampling unit A from the Mix alien (MA) site shared most species with indigenous vegetation sites. Sampling units from indigenous vegetation sites shared most species at ± 65% level of similarity. Multivariate analysis using CANOCO indicated that certain site variables such litter depth influenced the distribution of soil surface-dwelling invertebrates across sites. The study provided preliminary data and information for promoting invertebrate biodiversity conservation within protected areas (Nduli and Luchaba Nature Reserves) of the KSD Local Municipality. Key words: invertebrates, indigenous vegetation, alien vegetation, Lantana camara, Acacia mearnsii, and Eucalyptus. i ii iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS If God was not with me I would not have done this study, special thanks to Him for the strength He gave me to face all challenges. Thank you to my supervisor, Dr Niba for his assistance in making the completion of this study possible and also building me to be an independent scientist. National Research Foundation (NRF) is acknowledged for funding this project. Thanks to the staff of Nduli and Luchaba Nature Reserves for allowing the project to occur. Special thanks go to the following: Dr Ansie Deppenaar, Ashely Kirk- Spriggs and the Iziko Museum taxon specialists for identifying invertebrate species. The Mthatha dam analytical service is acknowledged for analyzing soil samples for this project. Thanks to Mr. Forbanka D.N for helping me during data analysis phase of the project. Lastly I want to thank my family, friends and colleagues especially Miss Nomfundo Nkabi for making it possible for me to do this project. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………………………………..¡ DECLARATION.…………………………………………………………………………………………….¡¡ DECLARATION ON PLAGIARISM……………………………………………………………………..ііі ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS…………………………………………………………………………………..iv TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………………………………………….v LIST OF TABLES…………………………………………………………………………………….......vi¡ LIST OF FIGURES…………………………………………………………………………………………v¡i¡ LIST OF APPENDICES……………………………………………………………………………………x CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1. INTRODUCTION …………………………..………………………………………………………..1 1.2. RATIONALE AND SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES……………………………………………………12 CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY 2.1. STUDY SITE……………………………………………………………………………………………14 2.1. INVERTEBRATE SPECIES SAMPLING………………………………………………………..17 2.3. DATA ANALYSIS……………………………………………………………………………………..18 CHAPTER 3: RESULTS 3.1. RESULTS……………………………………………………………………………………………….20 CHAPTER 4: DISCUSSION 4.1. EFFECT OF SAMPLING METHOD ON SPECIES DISTRIBUTION……………………………………………………………………………………………..38 v 4.2. SPECIES DISTRIBUTION TRENDS ACROSS SITES…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..38 4.3. SPECIES DISTRIBUTION TRENDS ACROSS MONTHS…………………………………40 4.4. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SPECIES, SITES AND ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES…………………………………………………………………………………………………….41 4.5. INDICATOR POTENTIAL OF INVERTEBRATE TAXA SAMPLED DURING THE STUDY PERIOD……………………………………………………………44 4.6. CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………………………………….46 4.7. CONSERVATION RECOMMENDATIONS………………………………………………………47 4.9. REFERENCES………………………………………………………………………………………….49 4.8. APPENDICES…………………………………………………………………………………………..65 vi LIST OF TABLES Table No & Title Page No 1: Number of specimens from each order expressed as a percentage 24 2: 2-way ANOVA for species richness of soil 25 surface-dwelling invertebrates 3: 2-way ANOVA for species abundance of soil surface-dwelling invertebrate 25 4: 2-way ANOVA for species richness of flying invertebrates 26 5: 2-way ANOVA for species abundance of flying invertebrates 26 8: Eigenvalues, cumulative percentage variance of species-environmental 36 relation (CCA) of axes 1 and 2 9: Intra-set correlation for both alien and indigenous vegetation sites 37 combined vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure No & Title Page No 1: Map of study area: Nduli and Luchaba Nature Reserves 16 2a: Spatial trends for soil surface-dwelling invertebrate abundance 27 and richness across sites during sampling period 2b: Spatial trends for flying invertebrate abundance and richness 27 across sites during sampling period 3a: Temporal trends for soil surface-dwelling invertebrate abundance 28 and richness during the sampling period 3b: Temporal trends for flying invertebrate abundance and richness 28 during the sampling period 4a: Cumulative no of taxa caught for all soil surface-dwelling orders 29 combined, as well as dominant orders (Hymenoptera: Fomicidae, Araneae, Coleoptera) 4b: Cumulative no of invertebrate species caught for all four sites 29 and for alien and indigenous vegetation sites separately 5: Cumulative species rank dominance curves for 30 a) Eucalyptus and b) Mix alien sites viii 6: Cumulative species rank dominance curves for 30 a) Forest and b) Grassland indigenous sites 7: Cumulative species rank dominance curves for all sites 31 8a and b: a) Dendogram and b) NMDS ordinations 32 for alien sites (M- Mix alien, E-Eucalyptus ) 8c: CA biplot for alien vegetation sites (E-Eucalyptus 32 and M-Mix alien) 9a and b: a) Dendogram and b) NMDS ordinations 33 for indigenous sites (F-Natural forest, G-Grassland) 9c: CA biplot for indigenous vegetation sites (F-Natural Forest 33 and G-Grassland) 10a: Dendogram showing percentage similarity of all site sampling units 34 10b: NMDS ordinations based on all site sampling units 34 10c: CA bi-plot for alien and indigenous vegetation sites 34 11: CCA tri-plot for all four sites, depicting relationship 35 between sites, species and environmental variables ix LIST OF APPPENDICES Appendix Page No 1: Full names of orders, families, species and acronyms of 65 soil surface-dwelling invertebrates 2: Captured flying invertebrate orders, families and species names 69 3: Data for environmental variables 72 x CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Invertebrates as important components of biodiversity Invertebrates are important components of biodiversity, inhabiting all areas from soil and litter layers to herb, understory and canopy layers (Oxbrough, et al., 2010). Invertebrates (non-arthropods, non-insect arthropods and insects) comprise about 97% of all animal species, and insects alone constitute the largest class of organisms, accounting for over 75% of all animal species (Martin & Major, 2001). Furthermore, the diversity of invertebrates is related to plant species diversity, structural vegetation diversity, spatial heterogeneity, micro-habitat patch size and density (Smith, et al., 1985). Invertebrate remain major energy conduits and agents of nutrients and material recycling in marine, freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems throughout the world. Sustainability of the earth’s life support systems depend on their well-being as invertebrates remain a critically important component of biodiversity in terms of species numbers and biomass, occurring in diverse ecosystems (New, 1998). This faunal group also plays a significant role in the processes of pollination, nutrient cycling, seed dispersal, soil formation and fertility, plant productivity, organic decomposition and regulation of populations of other organisms through predation and parasitism (Keesing & Wratten, 1998; Lovell, et al., 2007; Martin & Major, 2001; Ward & Lariviere, 2004). Oxbrough, et al. (2010) noted that ground-dwelling invertebrates are relatively easily captured and identified, and their ecology as well as behaviour is relatively well known compared to other invertebrate taxa. Invertebrates, especially brightly colored insects are important indicators of environmental changes, and exhibit a wide range of body sizes, growth rates, life history strategies and ecological preferences. These can be linked to specific environmental variables, thereby providing a greater understanding of their responses 1 to these variables and interaction into predictive models for various ecosystems (Andersen, et al., 2004; Lewinson, et al., 2005; Ward & Lariviere 2004). Invertebrates as bio-indicators A bio-indicator refers to a species or group of species that readily reflects the abiotic or biotic state of an environment. This information is useful
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