The 1970s: Decade of Economic Decline Richard Nixon Republican President of the United States 20 January 1969 – 9 August 1974 Richard Milhous Nixon George Stanley McGovern Republican Democrat

Spiro Theodore Robert Sargent Agnew Shriver Détente: Peaceful engagement with the Soviet Union; Leonid Brezhnev and Richard Nixon U.S. opening to the People’s Republic of China: Mao Zedong and Richard Nixon Nixon & Vietnam Kent State Univ.

4 May 1970

The Ohio Naonal Guard opens fire on unarmed college students Paris Peace Accords, 27 January 1973 ending the Vietnam War Salvador Allende Gossens President of Chile 4 November 1970 – 11 September 1973

Overthrown on 11 September 1973 by the Chilean military with CIA assistance The Yom Kippur War, October 1973

The Oil Embargo of 1973 - 1974 NASA

Apollo 11 moon landing 20 Jul 1969 Social & Polical Movements Gerald Ford President of the United States 9 August 1974 – 20 January 1977

Nelson Rockefeller Vice President of the United States 19 December 1974 – 20 January 1977 James Earl (Jimmy) Carter Gerald Rudolph Ford Democrat Republican

Walter Frederick Robert Joseph Mondale (Bob) Dole

Issues: Watergate and the Economy Torrijos-Carter Treaes (The Panama Canal Treaes) 7 September 1977

The United States negoated the return of the Canal Zone to Panama. The United States agreed to return the Canal Zone to Panama on 31 December 1999. The treat spulated that the Canal would remain neutral and that the United States has the right to defend the Canal.

Voyager 1 and 2 The Voyager probes were launched in 1977 to explore the planets of the outer Solar System. The probes have successfully visited Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune and Uranus providing the first close-up photos of these planets and their moons. The probes have a golden record with recording of sounds and photos from Earth. The probes are now in the heliosheath about 18,000,000,000 kilometres from Earth and will soon enter interstellar space. The probes are sll funconing and sending data back to Earth. The Camp David Accords

Jimmy Carter bring Egypan President Anwar El Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin to the United States to negoate a peace selement. The negoaons are held at Camp David from 5 to 17 September 1978. The negoaons created a framework for a peace treaty. The Egypan-Israeli Peace Treaty was signed at Washington, D.C. on 26 March 1979. SALT II The Strategic Arms Limitaon Treaty II was signed by President Carter and Chairman Brezhnev in Vienna, Austria on 18 June 1979. The United States withdrew from rafying SALT II when the Soviets invaded Afghanistan in December 1979. Although SALT II was never rafied, both sides abided by the terms of the treaty unl 1986 when Ronald Reagan accused the Soviets of violang it. Three Mile Island, 28 March 1979 The Iran Hostage Crisis 4 September 1979 – 20 January 1981

Iranian university students seize the U.S. in Tehran and take everyone in the building hostage. They demand that the U.S. return the deposed Shah to face trial and execuon, that the U.S. apologize for the overthrow of the Iranian government in 1953 and that we release frozen Iranian assets.

The U.S. asks for the release of the hostage on humanitarian grounds. The students refuse. The seizure of the Embassy was popular with the people, and the revoluonary government of Ayatollah Khomeini gives it his support. Ronald Wilson James Earl Reagan (Jimmy) Carter Republican Democrat

John Bayard Issues: The Economy; Iran Hostage Crisis; Anderson Panama Canal Treaty Independent Nave Americans (First Naons) Under the U.S. Constuon, the government recognizes the First Naons as disnct governments. They are treated essenally as sovereign naons in that only the federal government may establish treaes with First Naons.

The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 which governed the Old Northwest Territory declared that “good faith should always be observed toward the Indians; their lands and property shall never be taken from them without their consent, and their property rights, and liberty, shall never be invaded or disturbed, unless in just and lawful wars authorized by Congress.” This did not happen. The government entered treaes with First Naons only to break them. During the 19th century, the First Naons were corralled onto reservaons. The Dawes Act of 1887 encouraged assimilaon including boarding schools for children, promoted family rather tribal land ownership and expropriated 100 million acres of their land. As part of the assimilaon efforts, First Naons peoples were granted cizenship through the Indian Cizenship Act of 1924. The Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968 is essenally a Bill of Rights for the First Naons mirroring the federal Bill of Rights.

The Nave American Rights Fund (NARF) was established in 1970. NARF has fought for tradional nave hunng and fishing rights, water rights, land claims, vong rights, among other issues.

The federal government has seled many land claims with First Naons such as the Alaska Nave Claims Selement Act of 1971 with a dozen nave groups, the Rhode Island Land Claims Act of 1978 with the Narraganse, the Maine Indian Claims Selement Act of 1980 with the Passamaquoddy, Penobscot and Maliseet, and the Massachuses Indian Land Claims Selement of 1987 with the Wampanoag. First Naons Reservaons in the lower 48 States (a.k.a. Inuit) The Human Rights Campaign (HRC) and the Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Discriminaon (GLAAD)

The HRC was founded in 1980 and GLAAD in 1985. Both of these organizaon have been working towards greater civil rights for Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual and Transgender peoples. There are other groups such as the Boston- based Gay & Lesbian Advocates & Defenders (GLAD, 1978) which serves New England.

Inially these groups focused were focused on the rights of gays in lesbians in the face of AIDS/HIV as well as workplace an-discriminaon. GLAAD had focused its aenon on portrayal and treatment of LGBT people in the media. The HRC in recent years has been focused on workplace discriminaon and issues, hate crimes, marriage equality and gender identy issues. GLAD provided ligaon services for the New England area.

GLAD represented Aaron Fricke in 1980 when the U.S. District Court for Rhode Island ruled in Fricke vs. Lynch that Aaron Fricke could bring a same-sex date to his high school prom.

GLAD presented before the Supreme Judicial Court in Goodridge vs. Department of Public Health (2004) the same-sex couples in Massachuses who successfully sued for marriage equality in Massachuses. GLAD was behind the push to obtain marriage equality in the six New England States which was achieved in 2013 with Rhode Island being the last to legalize marriage equality effecve 1 August 2013.

GLAD was at the forefront of the fight against the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA, 1996). In 2009 GLAD was a legal party to Gill vs. Office of Personnel Management, Massachuses vs. United States Department of Health and Human Services and Petersen vs. Office of Personnel Management. The first two cases were brought in U.S. District Court for Massachuses in the First Circuit and the third in U.S. District Court for Conneccut in the Second Circuit. The Districts Courts ruled in favour of the plainffs as the the Circuit Courts of Appeal. The HRC was focused on the repeal of “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell” (DADT) which was the 1996 regarding the service of gays and lesbians in the military. The U.S. was the only NATO naon denying the rights of gays and lesbians to openly service in the military. While the HRC was lobbying Congress on DADT, the Log Cabin Republicans (a gay Republican group) brought suit in U.S. District Court for Central California against the United States over DADT in Log Cabin Republicans vs. United States. The Court ruled in favour of the Log Cabin Republicans in September 2011 stang that DADT violated the Firth and Fih Amendments. There were other DADT challenges. In late 2011, Congress aer fierce debate repealed DADT with the Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell Repeal Act of 2010. Opponents such as the Family Research Council argued that repeal of DADT would be chaoc to morale and cause widespread resignaons from the Army and the Marines, none of which happened.

The HRC worked with groups in other states to support efforts to overturn DOMA. In 2013 the Supreme Court took up the DOMA cases from New York and New England along with the challenge to California’s constuonal ban on same-sex marriage. In United States vs. Windsor (2013), the Supreme Court overturned secon 3 of DOMA which stated that federal government would only recognize marriage between opposite sexes. There has been opposion to marriage equality from the Family Research Council and the Naonal Organizaon for Marriage among others.

The HRC is working on passing the Employment Non-Discriminaon Act (ENDA) to ban workplace discriminaon. Marriage Equality in the United States as of 1 July 2014

Dark Blue: Same-sex marriage is legal Light Yellow: Judicial ruling to allow out-of-state marriages Blue: Civil Union or similar Yellow: Judicial ruling overturning statutory bans Light Blue: Limited rights Pink: Same-sex marriage is banned by law Grey: No menon is law, unclear Red: State law bans on same-sex-marriage Beige: Judicial ruling in favour of marriage equality Rust: State constuonal ban on same-sex-marriage