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Más Allá Del Muro: La Retórica Del Partido Republicano En San Diego Durante La Presidencia De Donald J

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Más Allá Del Muro: La Retórica Del Partido Republicano En San Diego Durante La Presidencia De Donald J Más allá del muro: La Retórica del Partido Republicano en San Diego durante la presidencia de Donald J. Trump Tesis presentada por José Eduardo Múzquiz Loya para obtener el grado de MAESTRO EN ESTUDIOS CULTURALES Tijuana, B. C., México 2020 CONSTANCIA DE APROBACIÓN Director de Tesis: Dr. José Manuel Valenzuela Arce Aprobada por el Jurado Examinador: 1. Dra. Olivia Teresa Ruiz Marrujo, lectora interna 2. Mtro. Armando Vázquez-Ramos, lector externo Dedicatoria Para Margarita, Pepe, Ana Lucía, Fernando y Gargur. Los amo. Agradecimientos: Quiero agradecer al Colegio de la Frontera Norte por la preparación recibida y al Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología por el apoyo económico recibido. Las becas CONACYT para estudios de posgrado brindan oportunidades únicas a jóvenes que aspiran convertirse en investigadores por medio de una beca de manutención. Esta clase de programas son la excepción, más que la regla en el mundo y eso es algo muy importante. Ojalá el programa dure mucho tiempo más. I want to thank Anthony Episcopo, and everyone at the Republican Party of San Diego County for your openness, honesty, hospitality, and interest in this research endeavor. Even when we may disagree with the interpretation, this document can provide an outside view on your message and strategy, which can be useful looking forward. Muchas gracias al Dr. José Manuel Valenzuela Arce por su acompañamiento académico y su cálida amistad. También me gustaría agradecer a la Dr. Olivia Teresa Ruiz Marrujo y al Dr. Armando Vázquez-Ramos por su invaluable orientación y comentarios. Gracias a Claudio Carrillo, Marco Palacios y Alejandro Palacios por acompañarme a los eventos del partido. También me gustaría agradecer a todos mis compañeros de la MEC, de quienes vino la mayor parte del aprendizaje en esta etapa. Le agradezco a todos haberme dado la oportunidad de acompañarlos, de cerca o de lejos, en este camino. Especialmente quiero agradecer a mis amigxs Uriel Gudino Terán, Aranza Cortés Karam, Valeria Gutiérrez, Axel López, Mariana Aldana, Alexander Dey Bueno, Darío Castillo, Pablo Iñiguez, Pamela Erin Mason, Santiago Hernández Zarauz, Camila Ordorica, David Flores, Cesar Larrea, Elías Córdova, Andrés Arce y Michelle Quiñones por las invaluables platicas, sesiones y lecturas que influyeron enormemente en el texto. Resumen: Esta investigación busca explorar la retórica del Partido Republicano de San Diego desde abril de 2019 hasta febrero de 2020, en el contexto de la presidencia de Donald John Trump. A través de un análisis de lo dicho en eventos del partido, complementado con un ejercicio de observación participante en estos espacios, se investiga el espectro ideológico que albergó esta institución política en este espacio temporal. A través de una contextualización histórica, económica, demográfica y política, se presenta un análisis que busca rastrear las referencias históricas, técnicas lingüísticas y ejecuciones prácticas del discurso del Partido Republicano de San Diego, comparándolo con el del presidente Trump. Los ejes del análisis teóricos del análisis son la dominación estatal, el sistema racial eurocentrista, el sistema sexo-genero, la distribución de la riqueza, la ideología y la retórica. Esta investigación encontró que el Partido Republicano de San Diego tiene un amplio espectro ideológico. Al mismo tiempo, el partido como institución se enfrentó a la difícil tarea de apelar a la cambiante y diversa población del condado, a la vez que buscaba mostrar apoyo hacia el presidente. Diferentes ponentes en los eventos acentuaron de manera variada el balance entre estos objetivos, con algunos teniendo una aproximación mixta. Además, las personas con las que se interactuó en la observación participante dieron ejemplos de opiniones que dan cuenta de la enorme variedad de interpretación de los discursos políticos en San Diego. Palabras Clave: Retorica, San Diego, Análisis del Discurso, Ideología, Política. Abstract: This investigation seeks to explore the rhetoric within the Republican Party of San Diego County from April 2019 to February 2020, in the context of Donald John Trump’s presidency. Through an analysis of the discourse expressed at party events, complemented with a participant observation incursion, this research endeavor seeks to give a sense of the ideological spectrum found in this political institution at this time. Through a historic, economic, demographic, and political contextualization, this analysis traces the historic references, linguistic techniques, and practical execution of discourse at the San Diego Republican Party, comparing it to President Trump’s ideology. The main theoretical axis of this thesis is composed of the concepts of state domination, the eurocentrist racial hierarchy, the sex-gender system, wealth distribution, ideology, and rhetoric. This investigation found that the Republican Party of San Diego County has a wide ideological spectrum. At the same time, the party as an institution was faced with the difficult task of appealing to the county’s changing demographics while at the same time signaling support for Trump. Different speakers managed this balance in diverse ways, with some taking mixed approaches. Also, the people that attended the events gave examples of opinions that show the great diversity in the interpretation of political discourse at the Republican Party of San Diego County. Key words: Rhetoric, San Diego, Discourse Analysis, Ideology, Politics. Índice General 0. Introducción General: Provincializar California I. Capitulo Teórico. Estado Ideología y Retórica Un Marco Epistemológico: El Contextualismo Radical__________________________10 La Nacionalidad y el Nacionalismo___________________________________________13 Nacionalismo y Raza_______________________________________________________14 Racismo, Proyectos Raciales y Política Racial__________________________________15 El sistema sexo-genero_____________________________________________________17 El Concepto de ideología___________________________________________________19 Gramsci y Los Intelectuales Orgánicos_______________________________________21 Louis Althusser: Los aparatos ideológicos del Estado___________________________23 Critica a Louis Althusser: El Aparato Ideológico del Estado_____________________24 Retórica_________________________________________________________________26 Retórica Populista, Retórica Nacionalista_____________________________________27 Conclusiones_____________________________________________________________29 II. Capitulo Metodológico. Niveles de Análisis y Materialidades Discursivas Los niveles de Análisis de Julieta Haidar_____________________________________31 Formación Social: Estados Unidos y California _______________________________32 Formación Ideológica: El Partido Republicano y el Trumpismo__________________32 Formación Discursivas: Los Republicanos de San Diego________________________33 Las Materialidades Discursivas_____________________________________________34 Fuentes de Información____________________________________________________36 Articulación de conceptos teóricos___________________________________________37 Análisis del Discurso mediante Atlas TI_______________________________________37 Síntesis__________________________________________________________________38 III. Contexto Histórico: La formación Social Estadounidense y la Formación Ideológica Republicana La formación del “pueblo” estadounidense ____________________________________40 La Colonización del Continente y los nativoamericanos__________________________42 La Expansión al oeste y los mexicanos_________________________________________45 La Guerra Civil y la Esclavitud de los Afroamericanos___________________________47 Migrantes del Pacifico: los asiáticos en California______________________________48 La Inclusión de las Mujeres a la Ciudadanía Estadounidense_____________________49 ¿Who is America(n)?_______________________________________________________50 El Discurso del Partido Republicano en la segunda mitad del Siglo XX_____________51 Los 50’s y Dwight Eisenhower: los inicios de la desegregación____________________52 California a la Vanguardia del Cambio Social_________________________________53 Los Derecho Civiles, el cambio político en el Sur y la Estrategia Sureña en los 60’s__54 La California de Reagan___________________________________________________56 Roe vs. Wade y la Nueva Derecha____________________________________________57 La Revolución de Reagan___________________________________________________59 George Herbert Walker Bush, el ultimo moderado_____________________________60 William Clinton y los 90’s__________________________________________________61 Newton Gingrich_________________________________________________________62 Mientras tanto en California: Peter Wilson y la Proposición 167_________________63 Bush y el 9/11____________________________________________________________64 Conclusiones____________________________________________________________66 IV. Contexto Nacional, Económico y Local Elección de 2008 y La “celebridad” política___________________________________68 La Respuesta Republicana: Sarah Palin______________________________________70 El Tea Party_____________________________________________________________72 Las Guerras Culturales____________________________________________________74 Enmarcaje Económico: El Neoliberalismo____________________________________75 Citizens United___________________________________________________________79 Republicanos en San Diego, California_______________________________________81
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