Vitor Manuel Structural Characterization and Ramalheira Biological Activity of Polysaccharides Martins from Infusions Used in the Popular Tradition

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Vitor Manuel Structural Characterization and Ramalheira Biological Activity of Polysaccharides Martins from Infusions Used in the Popular Tradition Universidade de Aveiro Departamento de Química Ano 2014 VITOR MANUEL STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION AND RAMALHEIRA BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF POLYSACCHARIDES MARTINS FROM INFUSIONS USED IN THE POPULAR TRADITION Universidade de Aveiro Departamento de Química Ano 2014 VITOR MANUEL CARACTERIZAÇÃO DA ESTRUTURA E ATIVIDADE RAMALHEIRA BIOLÓGICA DOS POLISSACARÍDEOS PRESENTES MARTINS EM INFUSÕES UTILIZADAS NA MEDICINA POPULAR Tese apresentada à Universidade de Aveiro para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Doutor em Química, realizada sob a orientação científica do Doutor Manuel António Coimbra Rodrigues da Silva, Professor Associado com Agregação do Departamento de Química da Universidade de Aveiro Apoio financeiro da FCT e do FSE no âmbito do III Quadro Comunitário de Apoio. (SFRH/PROTEC/49249/2008) o júri presidente Doutor António Carlos Mendes de Sousa Professor Catedrático da Universidade de Aveiro Doutor Manuel António Coimbra Rodrigues da Silva Professor Associado com Agregação da Universidade de Aveiro (Orientador) Doutora Ivonne Delgadillo Giraldo Professora Associada com Agregação da Universidade de Aveiro Doutora Maria Teresa Teixeira Cruz Rosete Professora Auxiliar da Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Coimbra Doutora Maria do Rosário Gonçalves Reis Marques Domingues professor Professora Associada com Agregação da Universidade de Aveiro Doutora Susana Maria de Almeida Cardoso Investigadora Auxiliar da CERNAS – Escola Superior Agrária do Instituto Politécnico de Coimbra Doutor Fernando Hermínio Ferreira Milheiro Nunes Professor Auxiliar da Universidade de Trás-Os-Montes e Alto Douro Doutora Joana Andrêa Soares Amaral Professora Adjunta do Instituto Politécnico de Bragança agradecimentos Em primeiro lugar, e de uma forma especial, ao Doutor Manuel António Coimbra, do Departamento de Química da Universidade de Aveiro, pela orientação deste trabalho, conhecimento, apoio, disponibilidade, entusiasmo e incentivo transmitidos ao longo desta orientação. À Doutora Rosário Domingues, do Departamento de Química da Universidade de Aveiro, pelo conhecimento, disponibilidade e incentivo durante a realização do trabalho de espectrometria de massa. À Doutora Maria Teresa Rosete, da Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Coimbra, pelo conhecimento transmitido durante a realização dos ensaios de atividade biológica e também pela sua disponibilidade. À direção da Escola Superior Agrária do Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, em particular ao Doutor Albino Bento, pela compreensão e incentivo demonstrados durante a realização do presente trabalho. À Doutora Ana Maria P. Carvalho, da Escola Superior Agrária do Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, pelo conhecimento e disponibilidade demonstrados, que se revelaram preciosos durante a fase de recolha do material vegetal utilizado neste trabalho. À Joana Simões, pelo conhecimento transmitido e pela disponibilidade demonstrada durante a realização das experiências de espectrometria de massa. À Isabel Ferreira, pelo conhecimento transmitido, pela disponibilidade e paciência demonstradas durante a realização dos ensaios de atividade biológica. A todos os colegas do Laboratório de Bioquímica da Universidade de Aveiro, pelo companheirismo, boa disposição e incentivo. A todos os colegas da Escola Superior Agrária do Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, pelo apoio e incentivos dispensados ao longo da realização deste trabalho. À Sofia, pelo apoio, compreensão e paciência demonstrados ao longo desta jornada a dois, bem... a três. Sim, um “pequenino” agradecimento à Lara pelos sorrisos de apoio na fase final da jornada. Finalmente, e também de um modo muito especial, aos meus Pais...por tudo! gf palavras-chave Infusões, decoções, Fraxinus angustifolia, Mentha suaveolens, Pterospartum tridentatum, polissacarídeos pécticos, arabinogalactanas, mananas, xiloglucanas, atividade imunoestimuladora e espectrometria de massa. resumo O uso de plantas com fins medicinais é uma prática antiga, ainda bastante frequente em regiões de países em desenvolvimento, e que se tem vindo a disseminar em países mais industrializados. Este facto é suportado pelo elevado número de estudos etnobotânicos, onde se refere que estas plantas são frequentemente usadas na forma de decocções e infusões. Na maioria dos estudos as atividades biológicas são associadas à presença de compostos fenólicos e às suas propriedades antioxidantes, assim como aos polissacarídeos, nomeadamente devido às propriedades antitumorais. Na região de Trás-os-Montes, algumas das infusões mais utilizadas pela medicina popular têm por base as folhas secas do freixo (Fraxinus angustifolia), a parte aérea seca do mondrasto (Mentha suaveolens) e as inflorescências secas da carqueja (Pterospartum tridentatum). No entanto, não existe nenhum estudo sobre os polissacarídeos presentes nas infusões das folhas secas do freixo (Fraxinus angustifolia), da parte aérea do mondrasto (Mentha suaveolens) ou das inflorescências da carqueja (Pterospartum tridentatum). Deste modo, com a presente dissertação pretende-se, através da caracterização estrutural dos polissacarídeos presentes nas infusões de F. angustifolia, M. suaveolens e P. tridentatum, avaliar a possível relação entre os polissacarídeos e a atividade imunoestimuladora que estas infusões possam apresentar. Numa primeira fase, foram preparadas infusões tradicionais de F. angustifolia, tendo-se mostrado que o material solúvel das infusões continha cerca de 85% de material não retido em cartuchos C18 com características hidrofílicas, sendo os restantes 15% compostos por material retido de características hidrofóbicas. Mostrou-se ainda que as infusões obtidas apenas continham cerca de 2 a 4% de material de alto peso molecular (HMWM), que era composto por cerca de 30% de carboidratos. A análise de açúcares e a análise de metilação do HMWM sugeriu a presença de polissacarídeos pécticos, em conjunto com arabinogalactanas do tipo II, mananas e xiloglucanas. No entanto, a quantidade de material obtido é muito baixa para o fracionamento e a análise estrutural dos polissacarídeos presentes. A decocção de 4 h, divididas em 2 períodos de 2 h, com renovação da água, permitiu um aumento no rendimento em HMWM, relativamente às infusões tradicionais. Verificou-se ainda, que a decocção também permitiu aumentar a proporção de carboidratos no HMWM, particularmente devido ao aumento da proporção de ácido urónico presente, embora os resíduos de açúcares neutros se encontrassem em proporção semelhante. Deste modo, em todas as experiências realizadas posteriormente, o HMWM utilizado foi obtido através da decocção das folhas secas de F. angustifolia, da parte aérea seca de M. suaveolens e das inflorescências secas de P. tridentatum. vii Após fracionamento por precipitação em etanol e cromatografia de troca aniónica dos polissacarídeos presentes no HMWM obtido através da decocção dos materiais vegetais das diferentes plantas estudadas, verificou-se a presença de elevadas proporções de polissacarídeos pécticos, contendo arabinogalactanas do tipo I, em conjunto com menores proporções de arabinogalactanas do tipo II, mananas e xiloglucanas. A presença de polissacarídeos pécticos nos extratos de F. angustifolia foi também evidenciada através do tratamento enzimático com endo- poligalacturonase e de experiências de ESI-MS e ESI-MS/MS. A deteção de resíduos de pentose ligados a resíduos de ácido urónico também pareceu indicar a presença de domínios de xilogalacturonana nos polissacarídeos pécticos de F. angustifolia. Os extratos das folhas secas de F. angustifolia mostraram conter arabinogalactanas do tipo II com uma maior diversidade estrutural do que as que foram detetadas nos extratos de M. suaveolens e P. tridentatum, particularmente no que diz respeito à substituição das cadeias de (1→3)-Galp e à extensão das cadeias laterais compostas por resíduos de (1→5)-Araf. Para além disso, verificou-se que, para todas as plantas estudadas, as arabinogalactanas do tipo II presentes nas frações obtidas durante a segunda parte do processo de extração apresentaram uma substituição das cadeias de (1→3)-Galp maior do que as extraídas durante a primeira parte da extração. Os extratos das inflorescências de P. tridentatum continham maiores proporções de mananas e de xiloglucanas, tendo-se detetado estruturas que apresentaram um maior grau de substituição do que as que foram detetadas em menores proporções nos extratos de F. angustifolia e M. suaveolens. Através das técnicas de ESI-MS e ESI-MS/MS, foi possível demonstrar que as mananas presentes nos extratos de P. tridentatum se encontravam acetiladas no O-2 dos resíduos de manose. Verificou-se que as mananas presentes nos extratos de P. tridentatum se encontravam acetiladas em maior extensão do que as mananas detetadas na infusão do café, na goma de alfarroba e em outras fontes não convencionais de mananas. Para além disso, também foram detetados oligossacarídeos contendo resíduos de pentose, ligados a resíduos de hexose, sugerindo a presença de resíduos de arabinose na estrutura das mananas de P. tridentatum. A atividade imunoestimuladora de três frações isoladas a partir dos extratos de F. angustifolia, M. suaveolens e P. tridentatum foi avaliada, tendo-se observado o aumento da produção de NO por parte de macrófagos, sem comprometer a sua viabilidade celular. As arabinogalactanas do tipo I e II parecem contribuir para a atividade imunoestimuladora observada nas frações dos extratos de F. angustifolia e de M. suaveolens No caso da fração obtida a partir dos extratos de P. tridentatum,
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