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State of India's Livelihoods Report 2014 State of India’S Livelihoods Report 2014 State of India's Livelihoods Report 2014 State of India’s Livelihoods Report 2014 State of India’s Livelihoods Report 2014_FM.indd 1 21/11/14 12:20 pm CONTRIBUTORS Sankar Datta Vijay Mahajan Manas Ratha Suryamani Roul Ashok K. Sircar N. Srinivasan State of India’s Livelihoods Report 2014_FM.indd 2 21/11/14 12:20 pm State of India’s Livelihoods Report 2014 1 State of India’s Livelihoods Report 2014_FM.indd 3 21/11/14 12:20 pm 1 Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in India by Oxford University Press YMCA Library Building, 1 Jai Singh Road, New Delhi 110 001, India © ACCESS Development Services 2015 ACCESS Development Services 28, Hauz Khas Village New Delhi 110016 www.accessdev.org Th e moral rights of the authors have been asserted First Edition published in 2015 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by licence, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer ISBN-13: 978-0-19-945827-1 ISBN-10: 0-19-945827-8 Typeset in 11/13.6 Adobe Garamond Pro by Tranistics Data Technologies, New Delhi 110 019 Printed in India by Rakmo Press, New Delhi 110 020 Contents List of Tables, Figures, Boxes vi List of Abbreviations viii Preface xiii 1. Overview of Livelihoods in India 1 Sankar Datta 2. Policy and Programme 17 Ashok K. Sircar and Suryamani Roul 3. Livelihood Finance 43 N. Srinivasan 4. Corporate Social Responsibility and Livelihoods 57 Manas Ratha 5. Farmers’ Producer Companies 87 Vijay Mahajan Notes on Contributors 109 State of India’s Livelihoods Report 2014_FM.indd 5 21/11/14 12:20 pm List of Tables, Figures, Boxes TABLES 1.1 Change in employment in India by sectors: Estimates for 2011–12 and the net change between 2004–5 and 2011–12 (in millions) 3 1.2 Employment and unemployment scenario in India 4 1.3 Changes in estimated employment based on last four survey results (in thousands) 5 1.4 Central government expenditure (plan and non-plan) on social services and development 11 2.1 Categories of people facing livelihood challenges 19 2.2 Budget allocation for existing programmes, 2011–15 (Rs crore) 20 2.3 The Rangarajan Committee Poverty Line 28 3.1 Livelihood loans outreach 46 3.2 Finance for farm livelihoods: Comparison across states 47 3.3 Gaps in livelihood finance 50 4.1 Benefits of CSR activities to companies 68 5.1 Participation of small farmers in the production of high-value commodities 88 5.2 Channel margins in various vegetables and fruits 88 5.3 Share of cooperatives in national economy 90 5.4 Market shares agricultural cooperatives in the EU 90 5.5 Comparison between FPCs and cooperatives 93 5.6 Conventional thinking versus reality for cooperatives 103 FIGURES 1.1 Growth in real GDP—an upward turn after the slump 2 1.2 India’s per capita GDP 6 vi State of India’s Livelihoods Report 2014_FM.indd 6 21/11/14 12:20 pm tables, figures, boxes 3.1 Spread available on crop loans to cooperative credit structure in Haryana 51 4.1 CSR as percentage of profit in FY 2013: Top 100 companies 64 4.2 30 companies with CSR in FY 2013 as highest percentage of average net profit of prior three years 64 4.3 Central government spending on social services, 2013−14 65 4.4 CSR spending of top 100 BSE-listed companies 65 5.1 Stages in the evolution of an FPO (figures in Rs million) 94 5.2 How FPOs can build capacity in 10 steps 94 5.3 How FPOs can build capacity in 11 steps 95 5.4 The double helix of an FPO’s evolution into a high-performing FPO 107 BOXES 2.1 New Initiatives Proposed in the 2014–15 Budget 20 2.2 Main features of the RFCTLARR Act, 2013 22 2.3 Demands from industries and state governments 23 2.4 Provisions related to livelihoods in the SC–ST Ordinance 2014 25 2.5 Amendments to the Apprentice Act, 1961 26 2.6 Leading monitoring Indicators of NYP 2014 30 2.7 Lagging monitoring Indicators of NYP 2014 30 3.1 HDFC’s novel livelihoods finance progamme 48 3.2 Financing activity based groups for livelihoods 53 4.1 Companies Act, 2013: Mandatory CSR (Section 135) 59 4.2 Questions Non-profit Organizations should ask about CSR 63 vii State of India’s Livelihoods Report 2014_FM.indd 7 21/11/14 12:20 pm List of Abbreviations AAP Annual Action Plan ABF Axis Bank Foundation ACER Australian Council for Educational Research ACF Ambuja Cement Foundation ADB Asian Development Bank ADFT Agricultural Development Finance Tamil Nadu ADS Access Development Services AGM Annual General Meeting AIDS acquired immune deficiency syndrome AKRSP Aga Khan Rural Support Programme AMUL Anand Milk Union Ltd ASA Action for Social Advancement BAIF Bharatia Agro-Industries Foundation BC Business Correspondent BCG Boston Consulting Group BGREI Bringing Green Revolution to Eastern India BJP Bhartiya Janata Party BPL Below Poverty Line BPO Business Process Outsourcing BRLPS Bihar Rural Livelihoods Promotion Society BSBDA Basic Savings Bank Deposit Account BSE Bombay Stock Exchange BVPC Bhangar Vegetable Producers’ Company viii State of India’s Livelihoods Report 2014_FM.indd 8 21/11/14 12:20 pm abbreviations CACP Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices CAF Charities Aid Foundation CBO Community-Based Organization CCD Centre for Colelctive Development CDS Current Daily Status CEO Chief Executive Officer CMSA Community Managed Sustainable Agriculture CPRs Common Pool Resources CSO Central Statistical Office CSR Corporate Social Responsibility CWG Commonwealth Games DCCB District Central Cooperative Bank DLF Delhi Land and Finance DPIP District Poverty Initiatives Project DSC Development Support Center EGM Extraordinary General Meeting EIA Environment Impact Assessment EMI Equated Monthly Instalment EU European Union FIGs Farmer Interest Groups FMCG fast moving consumer goods FPC Farmer Producer Company FPO Farmers’ Producers Organization FRA Forest Rights Act, 2006 FSA Food Security Act, 2013 FY Financial Year GDP Gross Domestic Product GEAC Genetic Engineering Approval Committee GER Gross Enrolment Ratio GIZ Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GM genetically modified G&G Godrej Good and Green HDFC Housing Development Finance Corporation HDI Human Development Index HDR Human Development Report HFCs Housing Finance Companies HIH Hand in Hand HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus HR Human Resource HSAA Hindu Succession (Amendment) Act, 2005 ix State of India’s Livelihoods Report 2014_FM.indd 9 21/11/14 12:20 pm abbreviations IAY Indira Awas Yojana IBM International Business Machines ICA International Cooperative Alliance ICDS Integrated Child Development Services ICMR Indian Council of Medical Research IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development IFFCO Indian Farmers Fertiliser Cooperative Limited IFMR Institute for Financial Management and Research IGA Income Generating Activity IGS Indian Grameen Services IHH Individual Household Latrines ILO International Labour Organization IMR Infant Mortality Rate IOF Investor Owned Firms IQ Intelligence Quotient IRDP Integrated Rural Development Program IRMA Institute for Rural Management Anand IRR Internal Rate of Return IT Information Technology ITC Indian Tobacco Company ITIs Industrial Training Institutes IVRS Interactive Voice Response Services JLGs Joint Liability Groups KCC Kisan Credit Card Kg Kilogram KGFS Kshetriya Grameen Financial Services KRIBHCO Krishak Bharati Cooperative Limited LAMP Livelihood and Microfinance Promotion Fund LGBT Lesbian–Gay–Bisexual–Transgender MACP Maharashtra Agricultural Competitiveness Council MDM Midday Meal Scheme MFI microfinance institution MGNREGA Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act MIS Management Information System MKSP Mahila Kisan Sashaktikaran Pariyojana MMR Maternal Mortality Ratio MNCs Multinational Companies MNREGA Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005 MoU Memorandum of Understanding MT Metric Tonnes x State of India’s Livelihoods Report 2014_FM.indd 10 21/11/14 12:20 pm abbreviations NABARD National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development NABFINS NABARD Financial Services Ltd. NAC National Advisory Council NBFCs non-banking financial companies NCAER National Council for Applied Economic Research NDA National Democratic Alliance NGOs non-governmental organizations NREGA National Rural Employment Guarantee Act NREGS National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme NRHM National Rural Health Mission NRLM National Rural Livelihood Mission NRLP National Rural Livelihoods Programme NSAP National Social Assistance Programme NSDA National Skill Development Agency NSDC National Skill Development Corporation NSSO National Sample Survey Organization NULM National Urban Livelihood Mission NVIUC National Vegetable Initiative around Urban Clusters NYP National Youth Policy OECD Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development OTC over-the-counter PACS Primary Agricultural Credit Society PACS Poorest Areas Civil Society PAT profit after tax PIs Producer Institutions PMGSY Pradhan Mantri
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