COMPREHENSIVE STREET TREE PLAN

CITY OF TUMWATER

September, 2002

Prepared as a cooperative effort between WASHING TON FORESTRY CONSULTANTS, Inc., the CITY OF TUMWATER, and the WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES COMPREHENSIVE STREET TREE PLAN

CITY OF TUMWATER

SEPTEMBER, 2002

Prepared for the

City of Tumwater

by

Galen M. Wright Certified Arborist/Certified Forester Washington Forestry Consultants, Inc. Olympia, WA 360/943-1723 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Executive Summary

Introduction 1

Goals of the Comprehensive Street Tree Planning Process 2

The Street Tree Planning Process 3

Current Tree Conditions 6

Street Tree Themes 15

Street Profiles for Trees 26

Planting Space Recommendations 27

Street Tree Planting and Maintenance 29

Ordinance Review 36

New Tree Ordinance - Public Tree Maintenance 37

Urban Forest Management Plan 37

Appendix I - American National Standard for _Nursery Stock 38

Appendix II - Tree Planting Specifications 39

Appendix III - Tree Pruning Guidelines for Small Trees 40 LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

Figure 1. Ideal street profile for trees with median. 24

Figure 2. Ideal street profile without median. 24

Figure 3. Common street profile in Tumwater. 25

Figure 4. Common residential street profile in Tumwater. 25

Figure 5. Minimum street profile for planter strips. 26

No #. Street tree planting detail. 28

Figure 6. Calendar for tree planting and maintenance activity. 32

Table. 1 General List of Trees for Tumwater 13

Table 2. Street Tree Themes for Tumwater Arterials and Collectors 21

Map of Tumwater Arterials and Collectors 23 Executive Summary

An evaluation of the Tumwater street profiles and street trees found that less than 5% of the available planting space along arterials and collectors to be stocked with planted street trees. Many gaps in planters and spaces behind sidewalks are empty or stocked with low growing plants.

The flowering plum, which dominants the street tree population is a short-lived tree that is reaching maturity. The tree lined street with canopy forming trees as depicted above, does not yet exist in Tumwater.

This study has provided a comprehensive list of street trees, accent trees, and utility friendly trees for all of Tumwater's arterials and collectors, as well as a general list for landscaping purposes.

A prescription for tree planting and maintenance was developed for Tumwater, along with a detailed tree planting specification for use in public works and parks projects.

The tree planting plan, specifications, and maintenance guidelines should help ensure that the durable, long-term, canopy forming trees will be planted along city streets, forming the linkages between zones of the city. Selected areas were prioritized for the initial re­ tree efforts.

Though this plan will be long-term, our efforts today should greatly enhance the quality of appearance of the streets, and the city of Tumwater. COMPREHENSIVE STREET TREE PLAN City of Tumwater

Introduction

The City of Tumwater's "physical and aesthetic character" will be preserved and enhanced with a long-term plan providing street tree 'themes' and space for trees. This street tree plan, coupled with creative landscape plantings and preservation of native trees in new developments, parks, critical areas, open spaces, and residential lots will insure that the environmental health, economic, and aesthetic benefits of trees to a community grow with time. The stature of tree planting in the city was elevated by the late Stanley Foss Bartlett who wrote:

Whoever planted rows of trees Beside the roads and lanes, God rest his soul in Heavenly peace And bless him for his pains; For he who gave of time and toil, Who gave of heart and hand To nurse the tender shoots that were To shade the ways of man, Was quite as great as those who built Of stone and minted gold - No need to cast his name in bronze, His deeds need not be told. Tumwater Comprehensive Street Tree Plan

Trees are one of the most useful design elements on individual projects, but must be planned on a community wide basis so that diverse elements of the entire city are linked. This linkage cannot possibly be achieved if urban forestry planning proceeds on a project by project basis. Space for trees must be created to achieve the long-term benefits that trees provide for the entire community.

Goals of the Comprehensive Street Tree Planning Process

The following are the goals of the street tree planning process:

1. Modify street standards to provide space for trees. 2. Modify street tree design and planting guidelines to provide for long-term development and health of the trees. 3. Update the tree selection list to provide durable, long-term street trees. 4. Require street trees to be planted on all public and private streets, and in all new industrial, commercial, and residential development. 5. Provide the budget necessary to maintain street trees. 6. Aggressively solicit funding to bring existing major and minor arterials up to this long-term plan.

Photo A. The Goal: Streets lined with canopy forming trees (City of Milwaukee, WI).

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The Street Tree Planning Process

The process of street tree planning encompasses all aspects of street design, soils and tree biology, planting, maintenance, and ordinances that affect street trees.

Planting Design Patterns (Themes)

There are four general designs for planting trees in the community. The type of design depends upon space available, both above and below ground, presence of other native tree stands, the character of the area, and effect desired.

1. Formal Design: This approach is strongly advocated to provide spatial definition to street corridors, and continuity between different types of areas within the city. This type of planting scheme works well in grid type street designs and long, linear corridors that lack space for groupings of trees. Trees are normally planted in rows. Species diversity is usually limited, but not so limited that monocultures are created. 2. Informal Design: This approach utilizes clustering, planting a variety of species, with irregular spacing intervals by design, or because of space limitations. This design is more often applicable in suburban areas, or newly developing areas where space can be created on and off of rights-of-ways for tree plantings. It can however, be used in virtually every zone of the city achieving more species diversity. Informal plantings are most common in parks, and along park corridors. 3. Combined Design: In some cases, informal plantings can be used to break-up the more formal rows of trees, where space is provided. This is especially useful in commercial and industrial areas to help break up the moonscape of asphalt and buildings. Plant size, shape, color, seasonal flowering, fall coloration and growth rates are the most critical factors to consider when combining planting designs. 4. Wildlife Design: This concept utilizes clusters, layers of vegetation, and a variety of species of trees and shrubs to attract songbirds and small mammals. This design is best utilized near critical areas or other open spaces, and in parks. Safety and security must be considered when created these types of dense plantings. Most trees with higher value for wildlife trees, are not suitable for the street environment due to size, form, or fruit production.

Mature Tree Size

Street tree plantings are limited by space. Large trees require wide planter strips or areas for the tree roots to explore to avoid damage to curbs, sidewalks, and underground utilities. Powerlines, adjacent buildings, overhanging awnings, and vehicle clearances are the most common above ground restrictions to growing space. Planting a tree with space to achieve its mature size will greatly increase the aesthetics and useful life of the street tree, while dramatically reducing the maintenance costs.

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Longevity of the Species

Communities must fight the urge to plant fast growing tree species such as soft maples, poplar, and birch. Generally the fast growing tree species have shorter life-spans, are more easily damaged by storms, and cause more damage to curbs and sidewalks. This results in higher maintenance costs, requires replacement of trees years sooner, and upsets the visual and spatial continuity of the planting. Species such as Norway and sugar maple, linden, northern red and other oaks, and ash species tend to be more durable long-term trees.

Tree Character

The color of summer and fall foliage, presence of flowers, shape of the crown, color of bark, type of foliage, and habit of branches (weeping, upright) give trees their color, texture, and form. These characteristics, along with size, longevity and growing space should be considered when selecting trees for all projects.

These tree characteristics should complement building architecture, define streets and sidewalks, accent adjacent landscaping, and add diversity along Tumwater streets.

Trees are defined as having form that is:

1. Columnar 2. Round- full crowned, or spreading (upright, oval, globose) 3. Pyramidal (conical) 4. Vase shaped 5. Weeping 6. Irregular 7. Multi-stemmed 8. Fountain

Multi-stemmed trees are less desirable for street trees due to line-of-sight obstruction and sidewalk clearances. In most cases, tall growing trees are best since it is easy to raise crowns for ground and vehicle clearances. Signs for adjacent businesses can be exposed by crown raising. Ground signs work well with trees.

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I J pyramidal full-crowned fountain

··y. I: weeping columnar spreading

vase-shaped multlstemmed

Illustration of Tree Shapes.

The form is critical in selecting trees to fit the growing space, and providing amenities such as screening of incompatible land uses or unsightly buildings, protecting views of vistas or signs, or lining streets in formal designs.

The summer color of a tree generally includes hues of green or shades of red or maroon. Reddish color summer foliage is used to break up the monotony of a formal, linear street tree planting, or accenting an informal design. Long rows of reddish foliage is considered more monotonous than facades created by tall, green canopies.

Fall color is more often considered when selecting seasonal color. Contrasting yellow fall coloration with occasional red or orange colored trees (or vice versa) catches the eye and stirs the 'ooh and aah' emotion common to the finale of a fireworks display.

The texture of a tree is not just apparent between conifers and deciduous trees. It varies greatly between deciduous tree species with simple leaves of differing shapes such as oaks and maples, to compound, bi- and tri-pinnately compound leaves on ashes, locusts, and mimosa. Subtle color differences accentuate the differences between leaf shapes.

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Conifers also vary greatly in texture. Needle color, length, density, shape, and presence of cones create startling contrasts between tree species. Consider the differences between western red cedar, western hemlock, Douglas-fir, noble fir, and western white pine. All are strikingly different and can create attractive clusters in informal, combined, or wildlife plantings. When combined with deciduous accent trees, year-round beauty is created.

Hardiness to the Pacific Northwest

The temperate climate of Tumwater (hardiness zones 7-8-USDA Hardiness Zone Map) allows many tree species to thrive, though some insect and disease populations also are well suited to the climate. Most of our common, and most valued street tree species are native to the Midwestern and eastern United States.

Genetic selection is constantly improving the trees available from nurseries, as is the knowledge of growing them. Some cultivars of Pacific Rim species further improve the disease resistance of small trees available for use on Tumwater streets.

Diversity of Street Trees

It is very important to avoid over planting a single species. We learned from Dutch elm disease and Chestnut blight to populate our cities with a diversity of tree species. Threats from ash decline, an actinomycete that threatens red maple, sudden oak death, oak wilt, gypsy moths, and other maladies will require that urban foresters be vigilant.

Current Tree Conditions

Tumwater is currently stocked with remnant second-growth conifer stands of the Tsuga heterophylla forest type. Douglas-fir, western red cedar, western hemlock, and grand fir are the dominant conifers. The deciduous associates include bigleaf maple, red alder, cherry, and black cottonwood.

Planted ornamental and native trees occur in residential and commercial properties, and a scattering of public street trees occur on major and minor arterials. Most of the older neighborhoods do not have street trees. In many cases street designs did not provide space for them.

Street Tree Inventory. -- A 1997 street tree inventory found a total of 2,340 public street trees managed by the City of Tumwater. The majority of these trees were flowering plum (Prunus cerasifera) varieties. In many areas this population of flowering plums is maturing and suffers from storm damage and resulting water sprout regrowth. The species is generally considered a short-lived species (25 years), though some varieties have proven more durable than others. The useful life for flowering plum as a street tree should not be longer than 20-30 years.

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Photo B. View of maturing flowering Plum tree on Capitol Blvd.

This relatively short life span for the majority of the street tree population suggests that the long-term goals of 'improving the physical and aesthetic character' of the city are not being met with the past planting plans.

Comparing the street tree inventory maps with the arterials and collectors found that less than 5% of the arterials and collectors evaluated in this study were stocked with street trees. In short, there is space to support an aggressive street tree planting program in Tumwater on both public and private property.

Past Plantings. -- Older street designs in Tumwater rarely provided planter strips for trees. It is common for sidewalks to abut the street on one or both sides. Often, no sidewalks occurred.

Photo C. Sidewalks abut curb. Native trees are the street trees in most cases in this neighborhood.

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Photo D. View of street with narrow planter strip, but no trees. Landscape tree planting has not made up for the lack of street trees.

In commercial areas, sidewalks usually abutted the street on both sides, with occasional medians, planter strips, or other variations in design. If trees were planted, they were planted on private property behind the sidewalk. In many cases, this did not occur or plantings have failed or been removed over time.

Where trees were planted on commercial projects, the most common species encountered were flowering cherries and red maple. In virtually all cases these trees had been topped relegating them to the status of an overgrown shrub.

In short, the long-term outlook for Tumwater's inventory of older street trees is poor. The species monoculture of flowering plum and the lack of continuity in plantings will not form the linkages and tree-lined streets until additional plantings occur.

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Photo E. View of commercial area along Capitol Blvd. Sidewalk abuts the curb. Street trees, where they occur, are privately owned. Many trees have been topped or poorly cared for such as this cherry.

Recent Plantings. - Recently, the newer subdivisions have been stocked with more durable, long-term tree species. Ash and Norway maple varieties, northern red oak, littleleaf linden, callary pear, and red maple, all better street tree species, appear to dominant the streetscape in these areas. Planter strips are being provided in many cases, however there are still many open planting spots.

The same is true for the major and minor arterials. Past losses of planted trees have created open planting spots, species were varied within short distances, street designs changed with no space for trees, stands of native trees encroaching on street rights-of­ ways, and/or buildings abutting the street has prevented the visual and spatial unity created by rows of street trees.

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Photo F. View of excellent design for trees in planting strip along Somerset Hill Drive.

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Soils in Tumwater

Tumwater is located on a giant glacial till plain. The soils tend to be formed from glacial outwash or glacial till. There are two distinct types of soils found in Tumwater: 1) loamy fine sands, sandy loams, and fine sandy loams (south of Tumwater Hill and east of Deschutes River) and 2) gravelly sandy loams and very gravelly sandy loams (Tumwater Hill and north of Black Lake).

Most soils tend to be moderately well- or somewhat excessively drained. Pockets of poorly drained soils occur in some drainages or wetlands. These soil types allow a wide variety of trees to be grown as street trees, often with only the addition of organic matter, water, and nutrients to provide an excellent growing media.

In the cases where trees will be planted in amended fill or disturbed or compacted soils, then soil tests should be taken prior to planting of street trees to insure that the nutrient content, pH, water holding capacity, organic matter content, and bulk density will support healthy tree growth. In all cases, supplemental irrigation will be required for at least 3 years after planting to re-establish the (85%+) roots lost during transplanting.

Trees species planted into tree grates in the sidewalk will need to be more tolerant of elevated soil and ambient temperatures due to reflected and absorbed heat. Trees tolerant of drought tend to be more resistant to the harsh conditions when planted into a sidewalk or parking lot. Special consideration will need to be given for tree species selection for trees planted in grates.

Microclimatic Considerations

Street trees planted adjacent to native forest stands may need to be more shade tolerant than trees planted in open areas. Littleleaf linden and Norway maple are examples of more shade tolerant species.

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Photo H. View of wooded lots adjacent to street. Street trees would not be appropriate in this situation until the lot is developed.

Low points in the topography may be more susceptible to frost (frost pockets) than slopes or flats. Damage may occur to southern varieties of street trees in these areas. Other microclimatic features that may negatively impact trees include cold air drainages, areas where wind tunnel effects develop, poorly drained soils, or areas downwind of industry. Other types of pollution or air flow patterns may cause localized tree damage.

Tree Selection

The following selection of trees in Table 1 are suitable for planting as street and landscape trees within the city of Tumwater. This list includes large, medium, and small size trees for planting in all types of growing spaces. Species of flowering trees are selected based upon their colors and resistance to insect and disease problems, and low amounts of plant debris.

Species include red, orange, maroon, and yellow fall coloration. There is however, a great variation as to the timing and interval of fall leaf drop. For example, green ash cultivars turn yellow and drop their leaves within a week, while cultivars of white ash will have maroon leaf color, and may persist for 2-3 weeks. Unfortunately, leaf drop is not something that can be controlled if diversity is desired in street tree populations.

Trees that hold and drop leaves all winter long (such as pin oak and sweetgum) are to be avoided. Severe damage has occurred to sweetgums from early snowfalls and ice storms. Most sweetgum varieties will hold their leaves until the end of December

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(occasional exceptions). While their fall coloration is exceptional, planting more than a few accent trees should be avoided until cultivars with earlier leaf drop are available.

The following is a general list of tree species that should be considered Tumwater' s Street Tree List. All commercial, industrial, and residential projects should utilize this list. Selections should be in concert with the continuity provided by existing trees planted on adjacent portions of the street. Where existing street trees are of an undesirable, unhealthy, or inappropriate species, consideration should be given to re­ treeing the entire area.

In short, trees can be chosen on a project basis, but must fit the overall plan for what has already been planted, or will be planted as part of the overall comprehensive street tree plan. More specific street tree themes will be provided for all major and minor arterials, and collectors in Table 2.

Table 1. General list of trees for Tumwater. MATURE CROWN COMMON NAME BOTANICAL NAME CULTIVAR HEIGHT SPREAD SPACING Laf'l!e >50' Tall 40-50' Northern Red Oak Quercus rubra 70' 45' Tuliptree Liriodendron tulip/era 70' 35' Autumn Purple Ash Fraxinus americana Autumn 50' 35' Purple Sugar Maple Acer saccharum Commemorat 60' 35' ion/ Bonfire Scarlet Oak Quercus coccinea 60' 40' Medium-Na"ow 25-35' Crowns 40-50' Tall Columnar Tuliptree Liriodendron tulip/era Fastigiatum 50' 15' Armstrong Red Acerrubrum Armstrong 45' 15' Maple Bowhall Red Maple Acer rubrum Bowhall 40' 15' Parkway Maple Acer platanoides Columnar- 40' 25' broad Skyrocket Oak Quercus robur Fastigiata 45' 15' Medium - Wider 35-40' Crowns 40-50' Tall Littleleaf Linden Tilia cordata Greensoire 40' 30' Summit Ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica Summit 45' 25' Patmore Ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica Patmore 45' 35' Norway Maple Acer platanoides Emerald 45' 40' Queen Red Sunset Maple Acerrubrum Red Sunset 45' 35' Honeylocust Gleditsia triacanthos Shademaster 45' 35' Small Trees <35' 25-40' Tall Norwegian Sunset Acer truncatum x A. Keithsform 35' 25' Mao le platanoides Pacific Sunset Maple Acer truncatum x A. Warrenred 30' 25' plata~oides

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MATURE CROWN COMMON NAME BOTANICAL NAME CULTIVAR HEIGHT SPREAD SPACING Crimson Sentry Acer platanoides Crimson 25' 15' 25-40' Maple Sentry Snowgoose Cherry Prunus soo. Snowgoose 20' 20' Spire Cherry Prunus x hillieri Spire 30' 10' Flowering Crabapple Malus spp. Snowdrift, 20' 20' Red Baron, Prairiefire Japanese Snowbell Stvrax japonicus 25' 25' Rocky Mt. Maple Acer f(randidentatum Schmidt 25' 15' Galaxy Magnolia Ma1:nolia soo. Galaxy 30' 15' Rustica Rubra Saucer Magnolia soulangiana Rustica 20' 20' Magnolia Rubra Golden Desert Ash Fraxinus oxvcarpa Aureafolia 20' 18' Chinese Kousa Comuskousa Chinensis 20' 20' Dogwood Pink Flowering Co mus florida Rubra 20' 20' Dogwood Flowering Plum Prunus cerasifera Thunder- 20' 20' cloud Sargent Cherry Prunus sarf(entii 30' 30' Amur Maple Acer f(innala Flame 20' 20' Black Tuoelo Nyssa sylvatica 30' 20' Small Trees - 25-30' Narrow <35' Tall Redmond Linden Tilia americana Redmond 35' 25' Pyramidal European Carpinus betulus Fastigiate 35' 25' Hornbeam Hedge Maple Acer campestre Evelyn 35' 30' Callery Pear Pyrus calleryana Redspire or 35' 25' Cleveland Select * Other species or cultivars may be appropriate but must be approved by the City of Tumwater.

If conifers are used in informal plantings, then the following species are appropriate for use in Tumwater:

Western red cedar (Thuja plicata) Mt. Hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana) Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) Canada Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) Western Hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) Giant sequoia (Sequoia gigantea) Alaska Yellow Cedar (Chamaecyparis nootka.tensis and 'Pendula') Austrian pine (Pinus nigra) Deodar Cedar ( Cedrus deodara) Noble Fir (Abies procera) Shore Pine (Pinus contorta var. contorta) Western white pine (Pinus monticola-blister rust resistant cultivars)

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All trees planted as street trees and other landscape trees in Tumwater should meet the standards defined as the American Standard for Nursery Stock (ANSI Z60-1-1996). This standard specifies height, caliper, and rootball diameter standards for nursery stock (Appendix I). It also provides standards for container stock and shrubs.

In addition to specifying that stock meet the ANSI standard, the stock should have 1) strong central leaders for all but small, spreading trees, 2) show evidence of cultural pruning by the nursery, including corrective pruning and crown raising, 3) be free of damage from nursery lifting and shipping to site, 4) be free of insects, diseases, and other pests, and 5) the rootball should be intact, not broken from rough handling.

The trees should not be picked up from the nursery until time to plant the trees. Most project sites are not set up to protect trees from freezing temperatures, drying, vandalism, theft, and other maladies. If they are brought in early, all balled and burlap material should have rootballs covered with sawdust or clean woodchips, and irrigation must provided daily in absence of rains (except during the dormant season). During the dormant season the woodchips or sawdust must just be kept moist. Container stock must be irrigated daily during the growing season. The trees must be monitored closely. Holdover time should be minimal (less than 1 week if possible).

Trees must be handled carefully when they arrive from the nursery to avoid stem and branch damage, and to avoid breaking the rootball. Plan the operation to minimize handling of the trees. If the rootball is broken, then consider that the tree is now a bare root tree, and the potential for survival and rapid establishment has been greatly reduced. Do not accept broken root balls from the nursery.

If trees are included as part of a contract, provide detailed specifications to prevent planting of inferior or damaged trees. Do not be afraid to reject trees due to poor quality. A detailed tree specification for use on projects is provided in Appendix II.

To help insure that proper size of high quality trees of the desired species are procured for street projects, it is recommended that the City of Tumwater procure their own trees and bid only the installation of the trees on projects. For large future projects, it is recommended that a reputable nursery be contracted to provide the species, quality, and numbers of trees needed for the project. Tree quality will be greatly improved and the street tree design plan will continue to move in the planned direction.

Street Tree Themes

The following street tree themes are recommended to provide tree-lined corridors, canopies over the streets, and linkages between differing zones in the city. Detailed descriptions are provided for what were determined to be the highest need, and highest profile areas. The remainder of the arterials and collectors are described in Table 2.

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Capitol Blvd. - Carlyon St. to Trosper Rd.

This principal arterial serves as the northern gateway to the city and features a mixture of flowering plum, native bigleaf maple, and other private trees. There are many gaps in the existing conditions due to mortality and limited planting space.

The street profile for almost the entire corridor is a four lane boulevard with sidewalks abutting the curbs. A short segment of median occurs between 'E' and 'M' Streets.

Tree quality is generally described as low. All planted street trees are flowering plum. The trees are maturing and significant mortality has occurred.

It is suggested that funding be sought to re-tree Capitol Blvd. to provide the linkage between two commercial shopping zones. It is recommended that canopy forming trees be planted in all possible locations. In most cases tl}ese trees will be planted on private property, or public property between 1-5 and Capitol Blvd..

Photo J. Capitol Blvd. is stocked with mature flowering plums and scattered native trees. This is a classic boulevard that could easily support canopy forming trees on the sides and in the median.

The design should establish trees on a wide spacing, incorporating some of the flowering plums into the design. Some flowering plums would be removed prior to planting of the new canopy trees, and some would remain to complete their life-cycle.

There are additional obstacles to a uniform design, including transrruss1on and distribution lines along the east side of Capitol Blvd. from the Brewery to "M" Street.

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Tuliptree (Liriodendron tulip/era) is the recommended street tree for this area. The mature height for the tree is over 70' with a spread of over 35'. This magnificent tree has bright green leaves in the summer with yellow fall coloration. Spring flowers are 2-3" long and yellowish with orange streaks. Where the transmission and distribution lines occur, there may be space to plant the columnar cultivar of tuliptree (Liriodendron tulip/era 'Fastigiatum'), maintaining some uniformity along a portion of the powerline corridor. Where lines are at the edge of the street, utility friendly trees must be planted. These plantings should occur on both sides of the street.

The median is wide enough for a large canopy forming tree to complete the planting. Currently there are only scattered flowering plums. It is recommended that northern red oak (Quercus rubra) be planted in the median, providing canopy and contrasting dark red fall coloration. Creation of new planting spots should be considered on both sides of the street at the Southgate shopping center. Trees in grates may be necessary in this heavily commercial area.

Summary: Planting design - Formal

Primary street tree species - Tuliptree, Columnar Tuliptree, and Northern Red Oak Accent tree species -Flowering plum (existing) and Utility Trees -- Flowering Crabapple 'Snowdrift'

This planting scheme, coupled with replacement of some of the flowering plums and creation of additional planting spots will change this segment of Capitol Blvd. into a tree lined corridor. The green canopy of foliage and splendid fall coloration will warm the appearance of the street and traffic will slow. Residents will find this a friendly and comfortable street to walk, bike and jog along. The linkage between the Safeway and Southgate shopping center areas will be complete.

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Photo K. View of commercial area along Capitol Blvd. Trees would make this shopping center more attractive, causing people to linger and perhaps spend more money.

Capitol Blvd. -Trosper Road south to Airdustrial Way

The entire length of Capitol Blvd. is heavily commercial with some storefronts abutting the sidewalk or more commonly set back. Sidewalks abut the curb along almost the entire length.

The street trees along this segment are predominantly private, and in most cases are flowering cherry. Many have been topped repeatedly preventing formation of any canopy over the street or sidewalks.

This segment of Capitol Blvd. has no medians and only compact growing space along both sides of the street. Short segments of medians could be constructed to accommodate islands of canopy forming trees. Without substantial street design modifications, this segment of Capitol Blvd. will be restricted to medium sized and columnar street trees.

The recommended street tree for this segment is Emerald Queen Norway maple (Acer platanoides 'Emerald Queen'). This tree has beautiful dark green leaves in the summer with yellow fall coloration. It reaches a height of 50' -60' with a spread of 40' -50'. It was classified by Dirr (1990) as "one of the best Norway cultivars for urban plantings."

In locations where growing space is limited by concrete or building encroachment, the recommended cultivar is Parkway maple (Acer platanoides 'Columnarbroad'). This tree has similar coloration, but the expected crown spread is 15' -25' with a mature height of 40' . This tree will lend uniformity to the street through leaf shape and coloration, though size and shape will vary.

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Summary: Planting design - Formal

Primary street tree species - Emerald Queen Norway maple, Parkway maple

Accent tree species - Pacific Sunset maple and Utility Trees - Flowering Crabapple 'Prairiefire and Snowdrift'

The haphazard street tree population along this segment of Capitol Blvd. will be linked if sufficient numbers of the new trees can be planted. Many will have to be cut into concrete or asphalt. In some cases, landscape areas on existing commercial properties have voids where trees can be added.

Capitol Blvd. is the highest priority for renovation of its street tree population.

Capitol Blvd.: South of Airdustrial to City Limits

This area abuts the Olympia Airport and has some tree height limitations along a portion of the street. The street is 2-lane without sidewalks and bike lanes. Assuming this segment of street will be upgraded in the future, it is recommended that a return to the Tuliptree - Northern red oak theme used along the northerly portion of Capitol Blvd. occur, since growing space will increase.

Airdustrial Way: Henderson to Capitol Blvd.

This area is currently open with scattered residences. The street is 2 lane with no sidewalks. As this street is developed over time, the recommended street tree is Scarlet oak (Quercus coccinea). This rugged oak species is readily adapted to droughty sites and has brilliant orange fall coloration, the best of the oak species. It is slower growing than the northern red oak and has a less formal appearance. There are overhead powerlines on the north side of the street, requiring a utility friendly tree. The recommended utility friendly tree is trident maple, a compact tree with a mature height of 20' and a crown spread of 20'. The glossy green leaves of summer yield to reddish-orange fall coloration.

Summary: Planting design - Formal

Primary street tree species - Scarlet Oak

Accent tree species -Galaxy magnolia and Utility Tree - Trident maple

Airdustrial Way: Capitol Blvd. to Littlerock Road

This segment already is partially stocked with red maple and green ash cultivars. It is recommended that this theme be continued. The green ash cultivar should be Patmore

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Summary: Planting design - Formal

Primary street tree species - Patmore Ash and Red Maple

Accent tree species - Flowering Crabapple 'Prairiefire' and Utility Tree -Desert Ash

There are currently some green ash trees under the powerlines. These should be changed out to utility friendly trees in the upgrade of Airdustrial Way.

Israel Road: Capitol Blvd. to Littlerock Road

Currently there are small numbers of street trees along city hall property and Tumwater High School property. The sidewalks abut the curb in almost all cases (except along the high school). The majority of the street trees occur behind the sidewalk on private property. Powerlines occur along most of the length of this segment.

The recommended street tree for this segment is the Autumn Purple Ash (Fraxinus americana 'Autumn Purple'). This graceful tree has green, lacey summer leaves and burgundy fall coloration. It grows to a height of 50-60' with a crown spread of 40-50'. This is the highest sought after ash street tree species. Corrective pruning when trees are young will help reduce storm damage as the tree matures.

Summary: Planting design - Formal

Primary street tree species - Autumn Purple Ash

Accent tree species - Flowering Crabapple 'Snowdrift' and Utility Trees - Pacific Sunset Maple

The remaining arterials and collectors are summarized in the following Table 2.

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Washington Forestry Consultants, Inc. 21 Tumwater Comprehensive Street Tree Plan

Table 2. 'Street Tree Themes' for all principal arterials, minor arterials, urban collectors, and Commercial/industrial collectors.

SEGMENT PRIMARY SECONDARY ACCENT UTILITY STREET FROM TO TREE TREE TREE TREE Capitol Blvd. Carlyon Trosper Tuliptree, Columnar Northern Red Oak Flowering plum Snowdrift Tuliptree crabaoole Capitol Blvd. Trosper Airdustrial Emerald Queen Parkway Maple Prairiefire crabapple Pacific Sunset Norway Maple Redmond Linden Maple Capitol Blvd. Airdustrial City Limits Tuliptree Northern Red Oak Japanese Snowbell Snowdrift Fl. Crab Airdustrial Henderson Capitol Blvd. Scarlet Oak Shademaster Galaxy Magnolia Trident Maple Honeylocust Airdustrial Capitol Blvd. Littlerock Road Patmore Ash Red Maple Prairiefire crabaoole Desert Ash Israel Road Capitol Blvd. Littlerock Road Autumn Purple Ash Red Maple Snowdrift Fl. Crab Pacific Sunset Maple Linderson Way Israel Road Airdustrial Way Greenspire Linden Emerald Queen Rustica Rubra Trident Maple Norway Maple Saucer Magnolia Linderson Way Dennis St. & Lee Capitol Blvd. Norwegian Sunset -- Japanese Snowbell Pacific Sunset St. Maple Maple Linderson Way Israel Road Dennis St. Sugar Maple -- Flowering Cherry -- Center St. Airdustrial Way 83111 St. Norwegian Sunset -- Japanese Snowbell Pacific Sunset Maple Maple Littlerock Road Trosper Rd. City Limits Northern Red Oak Emerald Queen Kousa Dogwood Hedge Maple Norway Maple Trosper Road Capitol Blvd. City Limits Autumn Purple Ash Patmore Ash Norwegian Sunset Pacific Sunset Maple Maple Tyee Drive Trosper Road Airdustrial Way Greenspire Linden Redmond Linden Rustica Rubra Amur Maple Northern Red Oak Snowgoose Cherry Saucer Magnolia Miner Drive Littlerock Road Kirsop Road Greenspire Linden Rustica Rubra Amur Maple Underground Saucer Magnolia Henderson Blvd. Yelm Hwy. Old Hwy. 99 Patmore Ash Norwegian Sunset Flowering Dogwood Rocky Mt. Maple Maple Cleveland Ave. North St. Henderson Tuliptree Pyramidal Flowering Plum Galaxy Magnolia European Hornbeam and Norwegian Sunset Maple

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SEGMENT PRIMARY SECONDARY ACCENT UTILITY STREET FROM TO TREE TREE TREE TREE North St. 2na Ave. City Limits Redmond Linden Black Tupelo Snowgoose Cherry Pacific Sunset Maple Deschutes Parkway 'E' St. City Limits Autumn Purple Ash Snowgoose Cherry Rocky Mt. Maple Rocky Mt. Maple 2na Ave. DeSoto St. 'F' St. Pacific Sunset Maple Greenspire Linden Kousa Dogwood Amur Maple Linwood Ave. Capitol Blvd. Rural Road Sugar Maple Autumn Purple Rustica Rubra Rocky Mt. Maple Ash Saucer Magnolia Rural Road Trosper Road SaooRoad Patmore Ash Red Sunset Maple Prairiefire Fl. Crab Golden Desert Ash Saoo Road Rural Rd. City Limits Scarlet Oak Patmore Ash Black Tupelo Rocky Mt. Maple R.W. Johnson Road Sapp Road Mottman Road Autumn Purple Ash Summit Ash Snowgoose Cherry Flowering Dogwood Mottman Road Crosby Blvd. Crites St. Tuliptree Norwegian Sunset Rocky Mt. Maple Pacific Sunset Maple Maple Mottman Road Crosby Blvd. 9 111 Ave. Norwegian Sunset Tuliptree Sargent Cherry Pacific Sunset Maple Mao le Mottman Industrial Area Interior Streets Northern Red Oak Red Sunset Maple Flowering Plum Golden Desert Ash and Emerald Queen Norway Maple Crosby Blvd. SRlOl Sapp Rd. Greenspire Linden Autumn Purple Sargent Cherry Japanese Snowbelt Ash Barnes Blvd. Crosby Blvd. Linwood Ave. Northern Red Oak Sugar Maple Snowgoose Cherry Amur Maple 9 111 Ave. Mottman 200 Ave. Redmond Linden Rustica Rubra Amur Maple Kousa Dogwood Saucer Magnolia South St. Cleveland Ave. Hoadly St. Tuliptree Norwegian Sunset Black Tupelo Japanese Snowbell Maple I-5 Corridor City Limits City Limits Douglas-fir Giant Sequoia Snowgoose Cherry Flowering Plum Buffer where space exists W. Red Cedar Deodar Cedar Blue Atlas Cedar

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Map of Tumwater Arterials and Collectors Street Trees Designed for Mapped Streets

TH ST.

TROSPER RO.

83RO AVE

93RO A\JE LEGEND • • • • • -MHOR ARTERIAL • • • • • -URBAN COLLECTOR • • • • • -COMMEROAL/INDUSTRIAL. COUECTOR o o o o o -FREEWAY • • • • • -PRINOPAL AR'TERIAL All otner streets ore Local Access Streets.

ORA.. 9Y: SlD. PLAN NO. 1-~~~~~~~~A.L.L-~~L.:.<..-...... ,~<&-'-~~~~~~~---;c BDH ST-29 acO<£D9Y: FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION DAlt.: R./ 4-24-95

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Street Profiles for Trees

The ideal street profile to create a tree-lined street with canopy forming trees would include 8' planter strips plus a 12-18' wide medians. Future designs of principal arterials and minor arterials should consider this type of design where rights-of-way permits. This design provides adequate space above and below ground for trees, minimizing damage to curbs and sidewalks. The feel and look of driving, bike riding, jogging, and walking on these types of streets in 30 years will please residents of Tumwater. To achieve this effect, we must plan for it and plant it today.

...... + 8'+ + 12'-18' + +8'+ SW Planter Street Median Street Planter SW

Figure 1. Ideal street design for development of maximum canopy, while providing separation between streets and sidewalks.

._8,__...... _8,__...... SW Planter Street Planter SW

Figure 2. When space does not allow development of a full median, providing 8' planter strips will allow development of large, canopy forming trees. Planter strips should not be less than 6' wide. These narrow widths will only allow planting of small to medium sized trees that will not produce the canopy effect.

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+-4'.... +-4'.... Planter or SW Street SW Planter or Private Private

Figure 3. This is the most commonly occurring street design in Tumwater. Street trees, when they occur, are located on private property, or occasionally in planter strips.

+-4'.... Planter or SW Street Planter or Private Private

Figure 4. This is the most commonly occurring street design in older neighborhoods in Tumwater. In some cases no sidewalks occur. Most street trees are privately planted, without uniformity of design or occurrence.

Planting Space Recommendations

When designing sidewalks for street tree plantings, an 8' wide planter strip is recommended to accommodate large, canopy forming trees. Narrower strips increase the potential for heaving of the sidewalks and curbs. Placing trees between the vehicle and the pedestrian provides a feeling of safety for sidewalk users, though trees are more susceptible to vehicle damage in this location.

For trees, the most desirable location is behind the sidewalk where the tree can exploit the larger soil volumes of yards and open space. Development of a canopy over the street will take longer, and will be less effective. However, trees in this location will have greater longevity and cause less hardscape damage.

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Often driveways, water meters, signs, and other obstructions limit strict, uniform spacing for street trees. Compromises must then be made to achieve the visual and spatial effects provided by rows of street trees. Street tree spacing will be determined primarily by the mature size of the tree being planted. However, the purpose of the tree also is a factor.

If one is trying to screen objectionable views or less attractive structures, then tighter street tree spacing may be desirable. In an area where attractive architecture, signage, or views are to be preserved, then widen the tree spacing. Do not over plant. This will simply increase initial establishment costs, as well as future maintenance costs. Always consider the desired future visual and spatial effects - linkage, beauty, and shade.

The following are the recommended targets for street tree spacing, understanding that that variations may occur due to obstacles or the desired effect.

Tree Type/Size Spacing Between Trees Large Street Trees 40'-50' Medium Street Trees 35'-40' Columnar Trees 25'-35' Small Trees 25'-35'

Informal planting designs utilizing conifers in cluster plantings should be 12' -15' on center, depending on the use of accent trees in the cluster. Each conifer must have two sides of its crown free to grow. These types of clusters of tall growing trees must be planted at least 25' from overhead utilities, and 15' from awnings, buildings, and signage. Screen plantings should be designed on a project by project basis and the plant spacing designed for the species used and the effect desired. Species other than listed in Table 1 may be used when dense screens are desired.

Compromises to this ideal design while still achieving some of the feel, would be 6' planter strips with a median. Any design that places the sidewalk against the curb with the trees behind the sidewalk wi11 sacrifice the separation of pedestrians from traffic that the planter strip provides. Though planting trees behind the sidewalk where unlimited root zone occurs is good for the tree, the same feeling of security and visual beauty is not achieved.

._6,__..... ------.._6,__...... SW Planter Street Planter SW Figure 5. If space does not allow for 8' wide planter strips, then 6' can sti11 be planted with medium to large street trees, however potential for root damage is higher.

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Street Tree Planting and Maintenance

The responsibility and budget for the planting and maintenance of street trees should be with the Public Works Department.

The selection and design of street tree plantings should be completed by a landscape architect or urban forester, and be reviewed by Development Services and the Public Works Department to insure that it furthers goals outlined in the comprehensive street tree plan, is compatible with the existing site conditions and the overall goals of the city.

Budget. --As the street tree numbers grow, the maintenance, and thus the maintenance budget must grow. A minimum of $7-10 per tree per year is required to provide adequate care for a street tree population. As the street tree population matures, these numbers will increase. The budget should be increased annually based on the new plantings, and with a modifier for inflation.

Stock Quality. - All trees should meet the American National Standard for Nursery Stock (ANSI A60.l-1996), have a strong, central leader and show evidence of cultural care in the nursery. The trees should not be damaged, and should be free of insect, insect eggs, disease, and other problems. The root balls should well-wrapped with burlap and unbroken. Trees with broken root balls, damage, poor form, or other problems should be rejected. A detailed contractual specification is included in Appendix II for street projects.

It is strongly recommended that the City of Tumwater remove the street tree procurement from the overall street project contract, and only contract for planting. The city should contract for trees in advance with a reputable nursery to insure that the numbers, species, size, and quality of trees are available when a project is constructed. This will eliminate substitution, accepting less than high quality trees, and holding stock on site for extended periods of time (1 week is the target).

Preparing the Planting Hole. - The planting hole within the planter strip, or behind the sidewalk often contains structural soils used in the preparation of the sub grade for the street and sidewalks. If the planter strip will be planted with grass, the entire planter strip should be backfilled with topsoil that has a silt loam or loamy sand texture. The organic matter content should be 4-6%. It should be free from contaminants.

The area where the tree is to be planted should be excavated to the proper depth so the root ball sits on native soil, and the top of the root ball will be 1" above the final soil grade. The planting hole should be at least 3 times the diameter of the rootball of the street tree. The edges of the planting hole should be shaved off to eliminate the glazed or compacted hole edge.

If a hardpan or other compacted layer occurs that will cause perching of water in the planting hole, this layer should be fractured by over excavating the hole and backfilling

Washington Forestry Consultants, Inc. 29 Tumwater Comprehensive Street Tree Plan the native material. The area under the rootball should be firmed to prevent settling of the tree. In cases where drainage cannot be improved by over excavating, installation of drain tile may be necessary to drain the planting hole and the surrounding root zone.

Orientation of the Tree. - Plant the tree in the same orientation as it grew in the nursery. Most trees will be marked at the base to indicate the north side of the tree. This will reduce the potential for sunburn of the bark.

Tree Grates. - Every effort should be made to avoid planting trees in tree grates within a sidewalk. Planting behind the sidewalk and within planter strips will provide a microclimate much more conducive to tree growth and survival. Planting trees at the back of a sidewalk edge with half-grates is a better alternative than full grates within a sidewalk.

If the only planting location is within the sidewalk and tree grates must be used, then the minimum size grate should be 5' x 5'. If smaller grates must be used, then small street tree cultivars must be selected for these limited spaces. Preparation of the planting soils and space is similar to planting in planter strips.

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STREET TREE PLANTING DETAIL

Prune damaged (minor) or crossing Tree should have branches. central leader and show evidence of corrective pruning in the nursery. It should be free of damage.

Slack Wire through rubber hose or Rubber 2"x2" Stakes chain-Link ties

2-3" Bark or Remove Transit Guard Composted Wood 2" Caliper Chip Mulch . Minimum\ Dig hole 3x's root ~ ball diameter

Soil Mix: Blend 1: 1 silt loam with native soil. Add Remove 2/3's of the burlap and fold 5 gallons of decomposed undisturbed soil. Top down wire basket. organics. Top dress with 1 of rootball should be cup 20-10-10 granular placed just above fertilizer. Water thoroughly. finished grade. WFCI-2002

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Burlap and Wire Basket. - Remove twine ties from the root collar of the tree and fold the burlap down into the hole exposing at least 2/3' s of the root ball. If desired, cut out the extra burlap. If the tree has a wire basket, leave it on until the tree is in the ground and stabilized. Prior to completing backfill, cut out the upper 2/3' s of the wire basket and remove from the hole.

Complete backfilling with the topsoil mix. In areas with gravely soils, blend the topsoil with native soils. In areas of Tumwater with sandy loams, utilize the native material or imported topsoil's with additional silt and organic matter. If native sandy loams are used, then incorporate organic matter as described on the planting diagram.

Fertilization. - Trees should be fertilized with a granular formulation of 20-10-10 at a rate of 6 pounds per 1000 square feet of surface area. This amounts to approximately 2 ounces per tree. Do not incorporate the fertilizer into the planting hole or fill soils. Salt bum of the new roots may occur. Do not apply any other root stimulants. Good weed control must accompany fertilization treatments.

Watering. - All trees should be thoroughly water in to eliminate air pockets and settle the soil around 'the rootball. Create a small 4" high berm with soil to create a well for holding water from irrigation. This berm should be located 12" outside of the rootball.

The rule of thumb for water is to apply 2" of water per week, or follow the rates listed below:

Tree Caliper Gallons per Week 1" 5 2" 10 3" 13 4" 18 5" 23

Monitor soil moisture contents in the root ball and the surrounding soil to determine the actual watering frequency and amounts.

Mulching. - All trees should be mulched for a distance of at least 2 times the rootball diameter with 2-3" of bark mulch or composted wood chips.

Staking. - All deciduous trees 1.5" to 2.5" caliper and conifers taller than 5' should be staked with two stakes. Trees should be staked with 2" x 2" or round wooden stakes that are 6' long. The stake must be tall enough to provide support to the tree. The stakes should be driven firmly into the ground outside of the root ball. They should be placed straight up and down, and be equidistant from the tree. Trees should be oriented to support the tree against the prevailing winds.

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The stake ties should be rubber chain-link, installed snug but not stretched. The tree needs to be able to move slightly to develop normal stem diameter and taper. A void wire and hose ties.

The stakes and ties should be inspected several times in the first year. Vandalism and accidental damage occurs frequently. Once the tree becomes established, usually one year, remove the stakes and ties. Ties left on trees long-term will often girdle the tree. Trees larger than 2.5'' caliper will require 3 stakes. Trees larger than 4" caliper should be guyed with three cables and buried earth anchors.

Trunk Wraps. - Trunk wraps are used to prevent sunburn on new trees. This is usually not a problem, however if trunk wraps are used, they should be made of paper and left on the tree for 1 year.

Transit guards should not be left on the tree as trunk wraps. They are designed to protect the stem of the tree during transport only. Molds, insects, and other fungi may be attracted to the moist, shady confines of the transit guard.

Root Collar Protectors. - Plastic sleeves should be installed on all newly planted trees to protect the root collars from lawn mowers and weed eaters. These protectors should be left on the trees until trees are 6" caliper, or the protector becomes snug.

Grass and weeds should not be allowed to grow in the tree well, removing the temptation to mow or weed eat near the stems. Root collar damage from weed eaters is a major cause of tree mortality, and/or reduced vigor.

Pruning. - Newly planted trees that were well cultured in the nursery should need only minor pruning to remove crossing branches, or branches damaged during transport and planting. Pruning in successive years to provide sidewalk and street clearance, improve the branch structure of the tree, and maintain central leaders should conform to the American National Standard ANSI A300 (2001), Tree, Shrub, and Other Woody Plant Maintenance - Standard Practices (Pruning).

This small tree pruning is critical to provide a strong tree and branch structure for the future, minimizing storm damage, and the need for additional pruning. Pruning should be completed by an arborist certified by the International Society of Arboriculture, or supervised by a certified arborist. No more than 20% of the live branches should be pruned in any one year.

Inspections. - The newly planted trees should be inspected several times in the first year to adjust stakes and note other cultural concerns. Prior to release of the 1 year bond or end of the 1 year guarantee for trees planted as part of a street project, the trees should be inspected by a certified arborist. Trees that were unhealthy or poorly handled often 'hang on' for some time after planting. Specialized expertise is needed to identify the trees that are in decline, but still alive. This inspection must take place when trees are foliated.

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Timing of Tree Planting. - Tree planting should not occur between May and October. Trees planted during this time will be stressed and survival and establishment will be reduced. The following is a general window for planting the different types of trees.

Stock Type Timing of Planting Balled and Burlap October 15th through May 1st Containerized October 15th through May 1st Bare-Root Stock February 15th through April 15th

Fall planting of B&B and containerized stock is preferred, since tree roots will grow for part of the winter. This will improve establishment and early growth.

Maintenance Record keeping. - As trees are planted in the city of Tumwater, maintenance records need to be updated on the street tree inventory system. This will help with tracking of stake removal, weed control, pruning needs, and hazard assessment. This system is up and running, and simply needs to be maintained and refined as needed.

Street Tree Management Units. - The only soils based separation in Tumwater street tree population are soils in the Tumwater hill area across to Black Lake (gravelly sandy loams), and everything south (sandy loams and loamy fine sands). A geographic and soils related option is to create 4 management units including: 1) North of Linwood Ave., Rural Road, and Sapp Road to 1-5, 2) South of Linwood Ave., Rural Road, and Sapp Road to 1-5, 3) Area east Deschutes River, and 4) Area east of 1-5 to the Deschutes River

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Figure 6. Calendar for tree planting and maintenance activity.

ACTIVITY JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC Tree Planting: .... ,,... Balled & Burlap and ...... Containerized ...... Bare-Root Stock - ... Fertilization: Surface Applied ~ ~ ~ ... - Watering - - - - Weed Control - .. Integrated Pest Management - ...... Scouting ......

Pruning: Spring Flowering Trees ~ .... Summer Flowering Trees ....- .. All Other Shade Trees and ...... - -...... Conifers ......

Storm Damage Assessment-As ...... Needed ......

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Ordinance Review

Two ordinances were reviewed to determine their impacts of the Tumwater street tree environment: 1) Chapter 16.08 Protection of trees and Vegetation, and 2) Chapter 18.47 Landscaping.

Protection of Trees and Vegetation. - This ordinance is designed to protect existing trees and vegetation in the city of Tumwater. It contains provisions for revegetation and landscaping as part of a land clearing permit. The tree types and sizes are specified in the ordinance and no changes are recommended. The ordinance has recently been revised by the Tumwater Tree Advisory Board. The proposed revisions are under consideration. No other changes are necessary with respect to street trees.

Landscape Ordinance. - The landscaping ordinance addresses street trees under section 18.47.050, item Fl and 2. The section is titled 'Street Buffers'. The purpose is to provide visual relief along pedestrian corridors and to separate pedestrians from streets. It specifies that street buffers will be in accordance with the Development Guide Manual.

There appears to be conflict under the maintenance section where it suggests that a property owner would get relief if landscaping died from drought or other circumstances. If irrigation is required and landscaping is required, it does not seem that drought would be an acceptable reason for relief from compliance.

It is recommended that some provision be made for planting of conifers within parking lots. Current provisions allow 100% of the trees to be deciduous. It is recommended that this be modified to read up to 80% of the trees may be deciduous. Species such as weeping Alaska-yellow cedar, Austrian pine, Japanese black pine, and others can be incorporated to provide some winter color in the landscape.

It is recommended that the minimum planter island width be 8' on all parking lot designs, not just on straight-in parking. Trees need at least 8' of rooting zone and the corresponding soil volume to survive. They are in a heat island and have no yards behind sidewalks to explore as many street trees do.

The determination of whether trees in the 25' wide strip of native vegetation are hazardous, should be made by a certified arborist or certified forester, rather than a certified landscaper.

These are the major recommended changes to the landscape ordinance.

Development Guide Manual. -- The Development Guide Manual specifies that all arterials and collectors will have street trees planted. It is recommended that street trees be required on all residential streets as well as arterials and collectors.

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The approved list of trees should be modified to correspond to Table 1 of this street tree plan. The specified street tree spacing should correspond to those prescribed in this plan, which are based on the mature tree size, instead of 30' centers as specified in the Development Guide Manual.

It is recommended that planter strips along streets be 8' wide where space permits. Six feet should be the minimum when trees are to be planted. Grated planting pits within sidewalks or parking lots should be a minimum of 5' x 5', and larger if possible

Root control barriers are only recommended where trees are planted in planter strips less than 6', or where tree species with intrusive roots are planted. The new street tree list in Table 1 of this report includes only species that are less intrusive to sidewalks and curbs. It is recommended that root control barriers be eliminated from the design, except when specified by the city of Tumwater.

Other modifications in the street tree planting design are specified in the recommended tree planting specifications in Appendix II and in the body of this report.

New Tree Ordinance-Public Tree Maintenance

Currently, responsibility is not clear with respect to maintenance of trees on public rights­ of-ways, particularly in situations where the property owner pays taxes to the middle of the road. An ordinance needs to be written providing clear direction as to the maintenance responsibility for native trees, street trees, and other planted trees on public rights-of-ways in these situations, as well as planted trees in planter strips in residential subdivisions, commercial, and industrial areas.

Urban Forest Management Plan

The next logical step in development of Tumwater' s urban forestry program is to tie the elements of the ordinance, the street tree inventory, and the comprehensive street tree plan into an overall 'urban forest management plan.' This plan will provide an overall assessment of forest canopy in Tumwater, examines parks and critical areas, and prepares a management plan for restoration and enhancement as needed.

Areas that are not currently preserved, but have potential value as linkages for wildlife, forest cover, parks, or other open spaces can be identified for consideration to be acquired by the city. Other programs to promote urban forestry, such as a neighborhood tree planting program, Arbor Day activities, etc. can be developed. Sources of funding for acquisition, management, tree planting, and sources of trees would be addressed. Overall budget recommendations for management of the cities trees would be detailed.

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Appendix I

American National Standard for Nursery Stock Z60.1-1996

Washington Forestry Consultants, Inc. 38 ANSl 9 Z60.1-1996 Revision of ANSI 260.1-1990

American Standard for Nursery Stock

American Association of Nurserymen

Approved November 6, 1996 American National Standards Institute, Inc. AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI ZS0-1996

American Standard of branching. Height of branching should bear a relationship to the size and kind of tree, also, so for Nursery Stock that the crown of the tree will be in good balance with the trunk as the tree grows. Section1: Examples: Shade and Flowering Trees Acer platanoides, 2 in. cal., 12 to 14 ft., branches 6 to 7 ft. This section applies to plants generally sold to the Quercus rubra 3112in. cal., 14 to 16 ft., branched 7 retail and landscape trade. For finer grades see to 9 ft. section 6. Trees with ascending branches (example - Ulmus americana and Tilia tomentosa) may be branched 1.1 General specifications 1 foot or more below the standard height and still provide proper clearance, which is the purpose of 1.1.1 Caliper and height measurement this specification. In size grading balled & burlapped shade trees (Types 1 and 2), caliper shall take precedence over height. In size grading balled & burlapped small and flowering trees (Types 3 and 4), height shall take precedence up to 6 feet; thereafter, caliper takes precedence. In size grading bare root and container-grown trees, height shall take precedence to 6 feet for Types 3 and 4, and 8 feet for Types 1 and 2; thereafter, cali­ per takes precedence. In size-grading trees grown in in-ground fabric bags, caliper shall take precedence. Caliper of the trunk shall be taken 6 inches above the ground up to and including 4-inch caliper size, Take caliper measurement and 12 inches above the ground for larger sizes. 6 inches above Seldom are tree trunks perfectly round. Caliper ground level if 4 inches or measurement may be taken with "slot" type caliper, less. "pincer" type caliper, or diameter tape. If more, take -- at 12 inches. For purposes of simplicity, only one size per "grade" will be listed. That size will be the minimum size allowable for that grade and shall include plants from that size up to but not including the next larger grade Figure 1- Caliper and branching height size. Example: Acer rubrum, 2-inch caliper. This could 1.1.3 Height relationship to caliper by types include Acer rubrum calipering 2 inches up to but not including 21/2 inches in caliper, measured 6 It is recognized that climatic conditions in different inches above the ground line. sections of the country produce trees of different 1.1.2 Height of branching-street trees caliper-height proportions. Trees from one region of the country may have less caliper in proportion Bid specifications for trees for street plantings should to height while trees from another section may have specify the height to which the tree should be free greater caliper in proportion to height than shown

1 ANSI 260-1996

in the following table.The table shows the average 1.1.3.2 Type 2. Shade trees height range and the maximum heights permitted Trees of slower growth which will not usually attain (See 1.1.3.1 ). the height measurement in relation to caliper as in 1.1.3.1 Type 1. Shade trees Type 1. The height, however, should not be less than two-thirds the height relationship given for Type The height relationship to caliper, for most standard 1. (See 1.1.3.1) shade trees, will be as follows: Examples: Table 1-Height/caliper relationship for Aescu/us Magnolia grandiflora Type 1 shade trees Ce/tis Nyssa Caliper Average Maximum Cladrastis lutes Olea europae height range height Fagus sylvatica Quercus alba Koelreuteria Sorbus 1l2in. 5 to 6 ft. 8 ft. Laburnum Tilia cordata, T. euchlora Liquidambar ~in. 6 to 8 ft. 10 ft.

1 in. 8 to 10 ft. 11 ft. Type 2 shade trees Measurement 1114 in. 8to10ft. 12 ft. determines grading 1112 in. 10 to 12 ft. 14 ft. "---(see 1.1) 13.14 in_ 10 to 12 ft. 14 ft. 2 in. 12 to 14 ft. 16 ft.

2Y2 in. 12 to 14 ft. 16 ft.

3 in. 14 to 16 ft. 18 ft. .E O> Height in relation to 3112 in. 14 to 16 ft. 18 ft. ·a; I caliper must not be less than 2/3 that given in table 4 in. 16 to 18 ft. 22 ft. for type 1.

5 in. 18 ft. and up 26 ft. Take caliper 6 in. above ground level up to 4 in. Sizes under one inch may be calipered if desired. -- caliper size. If more, ·take at 12 in. ~· Examples: Acer rubrum, A saccharinum Figure 2-Measurement­ Betu la Type 2 shade trees Cinnamomum camphora Fraxinus americana, F. pennsylvanica, F. uhdei 1.1.3.3 Type 3. Small upright trees Ginkgo This is a broad group including small, upright trees Gleditsia which may be grown as single-stem plants, as Liriodendron clumps, or as shrubs. Plata nus Popu/us Up to 6 feet, height shall be the governing mea­ Quercus macrocarpa, Q. palustris, Q. phellos, surement. Sizing shall be in 1-foot intervals. Q. virginiana At 6 feet and over, caliper takes precedence. A Salix height relative to caliper may be specified but shall Tilia americana not be considered in determining minimum diam­ Zelkova serrata eter ball sizes.

2 ANSI Z60-1996

For single-stem plants, the minimum relationship Up to 6 feet. height shall be the governing mea­ for height, caliper and branching will usually be as surement. Sizing shall be in 1-foot intervals. follows: At 6 feet and over, caliper takes precedence. A 2 ft., o/i& in. caliper, three or more branches height relative to caliper may be specified but shall 3 ft., 'lfe in. caliper, four or more branches not be considered in determining minimum diam­ 4 ft. , o/i& in. caliper, five or more branches eter ball sizes. 5 ft., 11.lt&in . caliper, six or more branches For single-stem plants, the minimum branching will 314 in. caliper, seven or more branches be as follows: Examples: 2 ft., four or more branches Acer campestre, A. circinatum 3 ft., five or more branches Cercis 4 ft., seven or more branches Crataegus 5 ft., eight or more branches Halesia ~in. caliper, eight or more branches Matus (most crabapples) Prunus cerasifera 'Thundercloud' Examples: Prunus serrulata, P. subhirtella Acer palmatum, A. griseum Pyrus cal/eryana ' Whitehouse,' 'Capitol' Co mus Styrax Lagerstroemia indica Syringa reticu/ata Ligustrum japonicum (tree forms}, L. lucidum Magnolia soulangiana, M. stellata Small upright trees Ma/us sargentii Type3 Pyrus calleryana ' Bradford,' 'Aristocrat' Single stemmed Viburnum prunifolium

Small spreading trees Type4

6 or more branches

Height 5-6 ft. Caliper 11 /16 in.

Figure 3-Small upright trees­ Type 3-slngle stemmed

1.1.3.4 Type 4. Small spreading trees · This is a broad group including small, spreading Figure 4-Small spreading trees­ trees of dwarf growth habit and certain large shrubs Type 4--slngle stemmed grown in tree or multi-stem form.

3 ANSI Z60-1996

1.1.4 Trees for other uses Hamamelis vernalis Lagerstroemia indica Trees for special uses should be branched or pruned Magnolia stellata naturally according to type. Where a form of growth Matus sargentii is desired which is not in accordance with a natural Prunus cistena growth habit, this form should be so specified. Syringa vu/garis Examples: Viburnum lantana, V. lentago, V. opulus Cut back or sheared - trees that have been 1.1.5.1 Measurement of multi-stem trees pruned back so as to multiply the branching struc­ ture and to develop a more formal effect. In size grading multi-stem trees, height shall be the governing measurement. Height shall be defined Topiary - sheared or trimmed closely in a formal as the measurement taken from the ground level to geometric pattern. the average uppermost point of growth of the plant. 1.1.5 Multi-stem trees Sizes shall be listed in 1-foot increments to 8 feet Multi-stem trees occur naturally in many genera, and and 2-foot increments thereafter. For purposes of other kinds may be grown multi-stem in the nurs­ simplicity, only one size per "grade" will be listed. ery. Multi-stem trees may be further defined as That size will be the minimum size allowable for that Clump form and Shrub form. grade and shall include plants from that size up to, but not including, the next larger size. Clump form: Having two or more main stems aris­ ing from the root crown or from the main trunk not Example: Acer ginnala, 6'. This would include Acer more than 6 inches from the ground level. The main ginnala 6 feet high up to, but not including, 7 feet stems shall have branching typical for the species high, from the ground level to the average upper­ or cultivar. most point of growth of the plant. Shrub form: A tree with multiple stems arising from Although height will be the determining factor, for the root crown in the manner of a shrub. landscape specifications other definitive measure­ ments may be used to further "picture" the desired Examples: plant. Such added factors as the number of stems Clump form: and plant width may be specified. Acer ginnala, rubrum A. Table 2-Ball sizes for multi-stem trees A/nus glutinosa Amelanchier /aevis Average Height Minimum Diameter Ball Betula nigra 4 ft. 14 in. Carpinus caro/iniana Cercis canadensis 5 ft. 16 in. Cornus alternifo/ia, C. f/orida 6 ft. 18 in. Cory/us avellana 7ft. 20 in. Crataegus punctata Fraxinus pennsylvanica var. lanceo/ata 8 ft. 22 in. Gleditsia triacanthos inermis 10 ft. 24 in. Hamamelis virginiana Magnolia soulangiana, M. virginiana 12 ft. 28 in. Matus floribunda 14 ft. 32 in. Prunus padus 16 ft. 38 in. Syringa reticulata Tilia cordata, T. euchlora 18 ft. 42 in. Viburnum p/icatum, V. prunifo/ium 20 ft. 48 in. Shrub form: Amelanchier arborea, A. grandiflora Note: Specifications for balling and burlapping multi­ Cornus kousa, C. mas stem trees with a spreading growth habit shall provide Cory/us americana for balls one size larger than sizes specified above for Cotoneaster multiflorus multi-stem trees with ascending growth habit. Crataegus cordata, C. crus-gal/i

4 ANSI 260-1996

1.1.7 Specimen trees 1.2 Bare root specifications This recommendation for specification writers ap­ 1.2.1 Nursery grown-spread of roots plies to both deciduous and evergreen trees. When "specimen" trees are called for in landscape speci­ All bare root trees shall have a well branched root fications, the desired specimen characteristics must system characteristic of the species. The following be stated, including deviations from standard mini­ table represents the approved minimum root spread mums for caliper, height, fullness of branching, for nursery grown shade trees. rootball, etc. Table 4-Bare root trees 1.1.7 .1 Box specimen trees Caliper Average height Minimum root Table 3-Box size for specimen trees range spread Box Size (Inches) 20 24 30 36 42 48 60 %in. 5 to 6 ft. 12 in. Caliper (Inches) %in. 6 to 8 ft. 16 in. Group I 1 v. 11h 21h 3 31h 4 41h 1 in. 8 to 10 ft. 18 in. Group II 1114 in. 8 to 10 ft. 20in. 1112 2 3 31h 4 41h 5 Group Ill 1%in. 10 to 12 ft. 22in. 1112 1~ 2 21h 3 31h 4 1%in. 10 to 12 ft. 24in. Group IV 1112 2 2112 3 31h 4 4112 2 in. 12 to 14 ft. 28 in. Group V 2%in. 12 to 14 ft. 32in. 2 21h 3 31h 4 5 6 3 in. 14 to 16 ft. 38 in.

Examples: 1.2.2 Collected-Spread of roots Group I: Tipuana, Sophora, Ulmus parvifolia, Zelkova, Parkinsonia Trees collected from native stands or established plantings must be so designated. The spread of Group II: Acer, Albizzia, A/nus, Eroyobotrya, roots, bare root collected trees, shall be 113 greater Cedrus, Ce/tis, Fraxinus, Liquidambar, Liriodendron, than the spread of roots, bare root nursery grown Magnolia, Platanus, Populus canadensis, Prunus, (Table 4). Lagerstroemia For the purposes of this standard, trees collected Group Ill: Acer palmatum, Betula, Cercis, Cupania, from wild or native stands may be considered nurs­ Erythrina coralloides, E. numeana, Ficus retusa, F. ery grown when they have been successfully rees­ rubiginosa, Gingko, Gleditsia, Jacaranda, tablished in the nursery row and grown under regu­ Koelreuteria, Nerium oleander, Photinia, Pistacia, lar nursery cultural practices for a minimum of two Pittosporum undulatum, Raphiolepsis, Rhus lancea, growing seasons and have attained adequate root Schinus and top growth to indicate full recovery from trans­ Group IV: Acacia, Arbutus, Ceratonia cinnamomum, planting into the nursery row. Diosepis chilensis, Eucalyptus, Ficus florida, F. 1.3 Balling and burlapping specifications macrophylla, Harpehyllum caffrum, Pyrus, Quercus, Robinia, Salix umbraculifera Ball sizes should always be of a diameter and depth to encompass enough of the fibrous and Group V: Erythrina caffra, Marus, Populus ita/ica, feeding root system as necessary for the full Salix recovery of the plant.

6 ANSI Z60-1996

It is recognized that balling of nursery grown stock can be accomplished by hand digging or by me­ chanical devices especially designed for nursery conditions. The use of digging machines is an ac­ ceptable nursery practice. (\ Type 3 and 4 3~" ~ r.: 13.5"--* 13.5" =:i Figure 8-Example: trunk in center of earth ball

Table 5-Ball sizes-nursery grown trees .c .-2> Q) I Shade trees Small trees Types 1and2 Types 3 and 4 Caliper Minimum Height Minimum Measure caliper to find diameter (up to 6 ft.) diameter ball size from table. ball Caliper ball (6 ft. & over) _Caliper Inches Inches Feet/Inches Inches 1h 12 2 ft. 10 % 14 3 ft. 12 1 16 4 ft. 14 Diameter 1v. 18 5 ft. 16 Figure 7-Measurement-trees 11h 20 %in. 16 13/4 22 1 in. 18 1.3.1 Nursery grown 2 24 1112 in. 20 The following table represents the recommended 2Y2 28 1% in. 22 minimum sizes of balls for trees which are being 3 32 2 in. 24 grown in the nursery under favorable growing con­ 3112 38 2112 in. 28 ditions and which have received the proper cultural treatment to develop a well branched root system. 4 42 3 in. 32 41/2 48 31/2 in. 38 These specifications are for plants either hand dug 5 54 4 in. 42 or machine dug with the ball of earth in which they 51/2 57 4112 in. 48 are growing. 6 60 Sin. 54 Plants dug to specifications in the table should have 7 70 5112 in. 57 the trunk or stem of the plant in the center of the 8 80 6 in. 60 earth ball. A tolerance of 10% of the diameter is the ?in. 70 maximum deviation allowable. 8 in. 80 Example: For a tree with a 30-inch rootball, the cen­ ter of the plant at ground level must be within a circle 13% inches from the outer edge of the ball. 1.3.2 Collected It is recognized that plants having a coarse or wide­ It is generally recognized that plants growing in their spreading root system because of natural habit of native state will sustain a much more severe shock growth, soil condition, infrequent transplanting prac­ when transplanted than the same kinds of plants tice, or plants which are moved out of season, would when nursery grown. If collected material is moved, require a ball in excess of the recommended sizes. a considerably larger ball than that recommended

7 ANSI Z60-1996

for transplanted nursery stock is required, because of the unrestricted root development and the vary­ ing conditions of soil in which such material is found. Diameter less than 20 in. Depth not less than 75% of diameter The minimum ball sizes shall be equal to those or 3/4 of width specified in Table 5 for the next larger size nursery grown stock. For the purposes of this standard, trees collected Diameter 20 to 30 in. Depth not less than 66-2/3% or from wild or native stands may be considered nurs­ 2/3 of width ery grown when they have been successfully rees­ tablished in the nursery row and grown under regu­ lar nursery cultural practices for a minimum of two .,~~~~~ Diameter 31 to 48 in. Depth growing seasons and have attained adequate root " not less than 60% or 315 of and top growth to indicate full recovery from trans­ width. Balls with a diameter planting into the nursery row. of 30 in. or more should be drum-laced 1.3.3 Plantation grown Plants which have been systematically planted in fertile, friable soil which is relatively free of stones Figure 9-Ball depth: diameter ratios and foreign matter, but where plants have had a minimum of after-care. 1.3.5 Burlapping The minimum ball sizes shall be equal to those Burlap or other suitable material shall completely specified in Table 5 for the next larger size nursery cover the root ball. This wrapping shall be between grown stock. the earth ball and the lacing or ball supporting de­ vice. 1.3.4 Ball depths 1.3.6 Ball supporting devices Under certain soil and regional conditions, plants have root systems of proportionately less depth and Ball supporting devices, such as wire baskets, shall greater diameter. These require a more shallow hold the ball in a firm, rigid condition. but wider ball to properly encompass the roots. Conversely, in other soils and in certain regions roots develop greater depth and less spread, requiring 1.4 Container grown specifications an exceptionally deep ball which may be smaller in diameter and greater in depth than the size recom­ All container grown trees shall be healthy, vigorous, mended. well rooted, and established in the container in which they are growing. They shall have tops of good For the greater part of the country, ball depths will quality and be in a healthy growing condition. A con­ carry the following ratios: tainer grown tree shall have a well-established root Balls with diameters less than 20 inches - depth system reaching the sides of the container to main­ not less than 75% of diameter. tain a firm ball. Balls with diameters of 20 inches to 30 inches in­ All container grown trees sold in containers shall clusive - depth not less than 66 %% of diameter. be graded by plant size (height or caliper desig­ nated) and container size. The plant size shall be Balls with diameters of 30 inches to 48 inches in­ consistent with sizes specified in Section 1 . 1 .3 of clusive - depth not less than 60% of diameter. this chapter, and the container size shall agree with Balls with diameters over 48 inches will have the the container class table on page ii of the Foreword. depth scaled down proportionately. When size grading trees in containers, height shall take precedence to 8 ft. for Types 1 and 2 (shade trees), and to 6 ft. for Types 3 and 4 (small upright and small spreading trees); thereafter, caliper takes precedence. Plant size refers to the minimum size for each grade.

8 ANSI Z60-1996

Under certain climate conditions and with certain 1.5 Balled and potted production methods and species that develop root systems more quickly, container sizes may be one Balled and potted plants are field-grown nursery to several sizes larger than the minimums listed plants, dug with a ball of earth still intact in which they below. Likewise, species such as Betula, Eucalyp­ are growing, and which, in lieu of burlapping, are tus, Salix, and Popu/us that develop height more placed in a container to retain the ball unbroken. rapidly may be taller for a given container size. Ball sizes shall always be of a diameter and depth Dwarf and light growing varieties may be one or to encompass enough of the fibrous a11d feeding two sizes smaller than standard for a given size root system as necessary for the full recovery of container. the plant. The container shall be sufficiently rigid to hold the The minimum ball size specification for "balled and ball shape, protecting the root mass during ship­ potted" plants shall be the same as for "balled and ping. burfapped" plants (Table 5). The following table gives tree sizes and recom­ mended minimum container sizes:

Table 6-Container sizes-trees

Tree height Tree caliper Recommended minimum container size Types 1 & 2 Types 3 & 4 Types 1 & 2 Types3&4

12 in. 12 in. #1

18 in. 18 in. #1

2 ft. 2 ft. #1 3 ft. 3 ft. #1 4 ft. 4 ft. #2 5 ft. 5 ft. #5

6 ft. 6ft. % in. #5

7 ft. 1 in. #7

8 ft. 11/.i in. 11/.i in. #10 11h in. 1112 in. #15 1% in. 1% in. #25

2 in. 2 in. #25

2112 in. 21/2 in. #25

9 ANSI ZG0-1996

1.6 Processed balled 1.7 In-ground fabric bag-grown

A processed balled shade or flowering tree is one These specifications are for shade and flowering dug bare root, while dormant, to which a growing trees field grown in fabric bags, commonly called medium is added around the roots to form a ball grow bags. Fabric bag size specifications are pro­ designed to sustain plant growth. vided on page ii of the Foreword. The following table represents the recommended The following table represents the recommended minimum sizes of processed balls for trees pro­ maximum tree caliper for shade and flowering trees, cessed by machine or hand. (Types 1,2,3, and 4). and multi stem trees, grown in in-ground fabric bags. All trees shall have a root system which has been developed by proper cultural practices. Table 8-Fabric bag sizes-trees Table 7-Ball sizes-processed balled trees Single stem trees Spreading trees Maximum Minimum Types 1,2,3 Type4 recommended recommended Minimum Height/ Minimum tree caliper fabric bag size Caliper diameter Caliper diameter (diameter) ball ball 1114 in. 10 in. Inches Inches Feet/Inches Inches 11h in. 12 in. 1h 10 2 ft. 10 3/4 10 3 ft. 10 1o/4 in. 14 In. 1 12 4 ft. 12 2 in. 16 in. 11/.4 14 5 ft. 12 21h in. 18 in. 11h 16 :Y. in. 12 13/4 18 1 in. 14 3 in. 20 in. 2 20 114 in. 14 31h in. 22 in. 21.h 20 11h in. 14 4 in. 24in. 3 28 H'• in. 18

10 ANSI Z60-1996

Section 3: 3.1 .1 Quality definitions The quality of evergreens offered is assumed to be Coniferous Evergreens normal for the species or variety unless otherwise designated as: This section applies to plants generally sold to the Specimen (Spec.). This designation may be used retail and landscape trade. For liner grades see to indicate exceptionally heavy, well shaped plants Section 6. and is usually applied to the larger commercial sizes and plants which have been cut back or trimmed to form a perfectly symmetrical, tightly knit plant. The 3.1 General specifications letters "X," "XX," or "XXX" may be used to desig­ nate the degree of heavy grades in place of using For purposes of simplicity, only one size per "grade" the word "specimen" (spec.). will be listed. That size will be the minimum size allowable for that grade, and the grade shall include Collected (Coll.). Natural seedling plants dug from plants from that size up to but not including the next native stands or forest plantings must be so desig­ larger grade size. nated. (Also see 3.2.2.) Example: Taxus media 'Brownii,' 15 inches. (This 3.1.2 Types of conifers could include Taxus media 'Brownii' 15 inches in 3.1 .2.1 Type 1. Creeping or prostrate type height up to but not including 18 inches and having a minimum spread of 12 inches.) Measurement designates spread (height not con­ sidered). Average spread Use 3-in. intervals up to 18 in. Use 6-in. intervals from 18 in. to 4 ft. Use 1-ft. intervals from 4 ft. up. Measurement should be average of plant and not the greatest diameter. Plants properly trimmed and transplanted should measure the same in any di­ rection. If a plant is uneven, for example, 15 inches the widest and nine inches the narrowest, it should be classified as 12-in. stock. Examples: Juniperus horizontalis cultivars Juniperus chinensis var. procumbens 3.1.2:2 Type 2. Semi-spreading type Measurement designates spread. Use 3-in. intervals up to 18 in. Use 6-in. intervals from 18 in. to 4 ft. Use I-ft. intervals from 4 ft. up. Measurement should average as in Type 1. Height will be at least one-half the spread. Above 3 feet the height will be less than the spread, varying somewhat according to natural growth of the par­ ticular species and method of handling. Figure 15-Measurement-Types 1 and 2 Spread Height coniferous evergreens 6 in. up to 3 ft. Same as spread 3 ft. 21h to 31h ft. 4 ft. 3 to 4 ft.

17 ANSI 260-1996

Examples: Juniperus chinensis 'Pfitzerana,' J. sabina Globe types Taxus cuspidata, T. cuspidata 'Nana,' T. media 'Densiformis' Size based on average height 3.1.2.3 Type 3. Broad spreading, globe, and upright types Height and spread equal Measurement designates height. Use 3-in. intervals up to 18 in. Use 6-in. intervals from 18 in. to 4 ft. Use I-ft. intervals from 4 ft. up. Spread will usually be equal to height in well grown Dwarf types material up to 12 inches. From there on there will Proportions of be a variation of spread to height depending on the plant more variety. than 12 in. high may Table 12-Type 3 coniferous evergreens vary depending on species or Heiqht Minimum Spread variety 6 in. 6 in. ~I 9 in. 9 in. Height

12 in. 10 in. Diameter 15 in. 12 in. Figure 16-Measurement-Type 3 18 in. 15 in. coniferous evergreens 2 ft. 18 in. 3.1.2.4 Type 4. Cone type (pyramidal) 2V2 ft. 21 in. Measurement designates height. Use 3-in. intervals up to 18 in. 3 ft. 24 in. Use 6-in. intervals from 18 in. to 3 ft. Use 1-ft. intervals from 3 ft. to 10 ft. Use 2-ft. intervals from 10 ft. up. Many broad spreading and globe types included in this classification will have the same or greater The ratio of height to spread of properly grown ma­ spread as height, even in the larger sizes. terial should not be less than 5 to 3. Examples: Table 13-Type 4 coniferous evergreens Chamaecyparis obtusa 'Gracillis,' 'Nana,' Height Maximum spread C. pisifera 'Plumosa Nana,' 'Squarrosa Minima' Juniperus squamata 'Meyeri' 12 in. 8to12in. Juniperus virginiana 'Globosa' 15 in. 9 to 15 in. Picea abies 'Nidiformis' Taxus media ' Brownii' 18 in. 12to18in. Thufa occidentalis 'Globosa,' 'Little Gem,' 'Hoveyi,' 2 ft. 15 to 21 in. 'Compacta,' 'Woodwardii,' Thufa orientalis 'Goldbush' 21h ft. 18 to 24 in. Upright growing dwarf types may approach the mini­ 3ft. 21 to 30 in. mum dimensions above. 4 ft. 2% to 3 ft. 5 ft. 3 to 4 ft.

18 ANSI Z60-1996

Examples: 3.1.2.5 Type 5. Broad upright type Abies Measurement designates height. Cedrus deodara Use 3-in. intervals up to 18 in. Chamaecyparis pisifera and varieties Use 6-in. intervals from 18 in. to 3 ft. (except dwarf types) Use 1-ft. intervals from 3 ft. to 1 0 ft. Picea abies (conical types) Use 2-ft. intervals from 1 O ft. up Pinus (except dwarf types) Pseudotsuga menziesii This group includes all the broader, upright growing Taxus cuspidata 'Capitata' evergreens which develop a straight sided form with Thuja occidentalis, T. orientalis (conical types) many upright branches or "leaders." Tsuga canadensis, T. caroliniana The ratio of height to spread of properly grown ma­ terial should not be less than 2 to 1. Average spread Table 14-Type 5 coniferous evergreens

Height Maximum spread

Ratio of 12 in. 8 to 12 in. height to 15 in. 9to15in. spread 18 in. 12 to 18 in. should be no 2 ft. 15 to 21 in. less than 21/z ft. 18 to 24 in. 5 to 3. 3 ft. 21 to 30 in. 4 ft. 21/z to 3 ft. 5 ft. 3 to 4 ft.

Diameter Ratio Figure 17-Measurement-Type 4 of coniferous evergreens height to spread should The upper limit for be no determining average height for type 4 less conifers is midpoint than between the upper­ 2 to 1 most whorl and the tip of the leader. . For trees such as cedrus deodara without whorls, average height is measured to the uppermost side growth

Figure 18-Determining average height­ Figure 19-Measurement-Type 5 Type 4 coniferous evergreens coniferous evergreens

19 ANSI Z60-1996

Examples: Average spread Chamaecyparis /awsoniana 'Allumii' Juniperus chinensis 'Keteleeri.' J. scopulorum Taxus media 'Hicksii,' 'Hatfieldii' In most cases ratio of height 3.1 .2.6 Type 6. Columnar type to spread should be less Measurement designates height. than 5 to 1 Use 3-in. intervals up to 18 in. Use 6-in. intervals from 18 in. to 3 ft. Use 1-tt. intervals from 3 ft. to 1O ft. Use 2-ft. intervals from 10 ft. up Broader types usually have This group includes all the upright growing ever­ a ratio of 4 to 1 greens which naturally develop a straight sided form but others are or one that tapers only slightly from the ground to a trimmed to a point more than half the height. narrower form The broader types will usually have a ratio of height to spread of 4 to 1. Many forms, however, will not attain this ratio, and even those of broad habit may be trimmed to advantage into a narrowed form. However, in most cases the ratio of height to spread should be less than 5 to 1. Table 15-Type 6 coniferous evergreens Figure 20-Measurement-Type 6 coniferous evergreens Height Maximum spread 12 in. 3 to 6 in. 3.2 Balling and burlapping specifications

15 in. 4 to 7 in. Ball sizes should always be of a diameter and 18 in. 5 to 8 in. depth to encompass enough of the fibrous and feeding root system as necessary for the full 2 ft. 6 to 9 in. recovery of the plant. 2112 ft. 7to10 in. It is recognized that balling of nursery grown stock 3 ft. 9to12in. can be accomplished by hand digging or by me­ chanical devices especially designed for nursery 4 ft. 12 to 15 in. conditions. The use of digging machines is an ac­ 5 ft. 15 to 18 in. ceptable nursery practice. 6 ft. 18 to 21 in. 3.2.1 Nursery grown 7 ft. 21 to 24 in. The following tables represent the recommended minimum ball sizes for conifers which are being 8 ft. 24 to 30 in. grown in the nursery under favorable growing con­ ditions and which have received the proper cultural treatment to develop a well branched root system. Examples: x Cupressocyparis leylandii These specifications are for plants either hand dug Cupressus sempervirens or machine dug with the ball of earth in which they Juniperus communis, J. virginiana (columnar are growing. type varieties) Taxus baccata 'Fastigiata' Thuja occidentalis, T orientalis (columnar type varieties)

20 ANSI Z60-1996

Table 16- Ball sizes-Types 1-5 It is recognized that plants having a coarse or wide­ coniferous evergreens spreading root system because of natural habit of Spreading, Conical and broad growth, soil condition, infrequent transplanting prac­ semi-spreading upright conifers tice, or plants which are moved out of season, would and globe or dwarf (Types 4, 5) require a size of ball in excess of the recommended (Types 1 , 2, 3) sizes. It is also recognized that special handling of t>pread Minimum Height Minimum certain material constitute cases where the sizes diam. ball diam. ball recommended may be excessive, for example, such as stock grown in pots or other containers, field 9 in. 8 in. 12 in. 10 in. plants recently planted out from containers or with 8 in. 18 in. 10 in. 12 in. smaller balls, or plants which have been frequently 15 in. 10 in. 2 ft. 12 in. transplanted or root pruned. 18 in. 10 in. 3 ft . 14 in. Plants dug to the specifications in the foregoing 2 ft. 12 in. 4 ft. 16 in. tables should have the trunk or stem of the plant in 14 in. 5 ft. 20 in. 2Vz ft. the center of the earth ball. A tolerance of 10% of 3 ft. 16 in. 6 ft. 22 in. the diameters is the maximum deviation allowable. 3 Vz ft. 18 in. 7 ft. 24 in. Example: For a tree with a 30-inch rootball the cen­ ft. 21 in. 8 ft. 27 in. 4 ter of the plant at ground level must be within a circle 5 ft. 24 in. 9 ft. 30 in. 131/2 inches from the outer edge of the ball. 6 ft. 28 in. 10 ft. 34 in. ?ft. 32 in. 12 ft. 34 in. 8 ft. 36 in. 14 ft. 42 in. 16 ft. 46 in. 18 ft. 50 in.

Table 17-Ball sizes-Type 6 columnar (\ coniferous evergreens tE-13.5" ~ 3•.. 13.5" =-t Reqular qrowina Rapid arowina• ~ Height Minimum Height Minimum J.._ 30" diameter diameter Figure 21-Example: trunk in ball ball center of earth ball 12 in. 10 in. 12 in. 8 in. Note: Where it has been a cultural practice to shear, 18 in. 10 in. 2 ft. 9 in. prune, disbud or otherwise impede the natural 2 ft. 12 in. 3 ft. 9 in. growth rate of this group of plants, other than by root pruning, trunk diameter shall be used to deter­ 3 ft. 13 in. 3 ft. 11 in. mine the minimum ball size of trees. · 4 ft. 14 in. 4 ft. 12 in. 5 ft. 16 in. 5 ft. 14 in. Measurement of trunk diameter shall be made within 6 inches above ground level. 6 ft. 18 in. 6 ft. 16 in. 7 ft. 20 in. Minimum ball diameters shall be those established 8 ft. 22 in. under Section 1.3.1 "Shade Trees," Types 1 and 2. Ball depth shall also be established as in Section 9 ft. 24 in. 1.3.4 (Ball Depths). 10 ft. 27 in. 12 ft. 30 in. 3.2.2 Collected 14 ft . 33 in. The minimum ball sizes shall be equal to those 16 ft. 36 in. specified in Tables 16 and 17 for the next larger 18 ft. 40 in. size nursery grown stock. *Rapid growing kinds such as: Thuja orientalis For the purposes of this standard, plants collected (Oriental Arborvitae), Juniperus communis 'Hibernica' from wild or native stands may be considered nurs­ (Irish Juniper). ery grown when they have been successfully rees-

21 ANSI 260-1996

tablished in the nursery row and grown under regu­ Conversely, in other soils and in certain regions roots lar nursery cultural practices for a minimum of two develop greater depth and less spread, requiring growing seasons and have attained adequate root an exceptionally deep ball which may be smaller in and top growth to indicate full recovery from trans­ diameter and greater in depth than the size recom­ planting into the nursery row. mended. 3.2.3 Plantation grown 3.2.5 Burlapping Plants which have been systematically planted in Burlap or other suitable material shall completely cover fertile, friable soil which is relatively free of stones the root ball. This wrapping shall be between the earth and foreign matter, but where plants have had a ball and the lacing or ball supporting device. minimum of after-care. 3.2.6 Ball supporting devices The minimum ball sizes shall be equal to that speci­ Ball supporting devices, such as wire baskets, shall fied in Tables 16 and 17 for the next larger size nurs­ hold the ball in a firm, rigid condition. ery grown stock. 3.3 Container grown specifications 3.2.4 Ball depths All container grown conifers shall be healthy, vigor­ For the greater part of the country, ball depths will ous, well rooted, and established in the container in carry the following ratios: which they are growing. They shall have tops of Balls with diameters less than 20 inches - depth good quality and be in a healthy growing condition. not less than 75% of diameter. A container grown conifer shall have a well-estab­ lished root system reaching the sides of the con­ Balls with diameters of 20 inches to 30 inches in­ tainer to maintain a firm ball. clusive - depth not less than 66 %% of diameter. All container grown conifers sold in containers shall Balls with diameters of 30 inches to 48 inches in­ be graded by plant size (height or spread desig­ clusive - depth not less than 60% of diameter. nated) and container size. The plant size shall agree with sizes specified in Section 3.1 .2 of this chapter, Balls with diameters over 48 inches will have the and the container sizes shall agree with the con­ depth scaled down proportionately. tainer class table on page ii of the Foreword. Plant Under certain soil and regional conditions, plants size refers to the minimum size for each grade. have root systems of proportionately less depth and Dwarf and light growing varieties may be 1 or 2 sizes greater diameter. These require a more shallow smaller than standard for a given size container. but wider ball to properly encompass the roots. The container shall be sufficiently rigid to hold the ball shape and to protect the root mass during ship­ Diameter less than 20 in. Depth ping. not less than 75% of diameter or 3/4 of width Table 18-Container sizes-Types 1-3 coniferous evergreens Height or spread Recommended Diameter 20 to 30 in. Depth minimum container size not less than 66-2/3% or 6 in. #1 2/3 of width 9 in. 12 in. 12 in. #2 15 in. Diameter 31 to 48 in. Depth 18 in. #3 not less than 60% or 315 of 2 ft. width. Balls with a diameter 18 in. #5 of 30 in. or more should be 2 ft. drum-laced 2112 ft. Note: Spread (Type 1, Spreading Conifers and Type 2, Semi-spreading Conifers); Height (Type 3, Globe Figure 22-Ball depth: diameter ratios or Dwarf Conifers)

22 ANSI Z60-1996

Table 19-Contalner sizes-Types 4-6 The following table represents the recommended coniferous evergreens• maximum height for coniferous evergreens grown Height or spread Recommended in in-ground fabric bags. Coniferous evergreens minimum container size are classified into two categories - faster growing 6 in. #1 conifers that attain height more quickly in relation to caliper; and slower growing varieties that attain 9 in. caliper more quickly in relation to height. Examples in. 12 of rapid growing varieties include Pinus strobus, 15 in. Pinus taeda, Cupressocyparis ley/andii, Juniperus 18 in. scopulorum, Juniperus virginiana, and Thuja 12 in. #2 orientalis. Examples of slower growing varieties 15 in. include Pinus nigra, Pinus sy/vestris, Pinus resinosa, 18 in. Pinus cembroides, Pinus thunbergii, and Picea 2 tt. pungens. 18 in. #3 Table 20-Fabric bag sizes­ 2 ft. coniferous evergreens 1 2 12 ft. Faster growing Slower growing 3 ft. 21/z ft. #5 Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum height recommended height recommended 3 ft. fabric fabric 3 'h ft. bag size bag size 4 ft. 4 ft. #7 4 ft. 10 in. 3 ft. 10 in. 4 Y2 ft. 5 ft. 12 in. 4 ft. 12 in. 5 tt. 6 ft. 14 in. 5 ft. 14 in. *Except tor extreme columnar types as 8 ft. 16 in. 6 ft. 16 in. Cupressus sempervirens (Italian cypress), 10 ft. 18 in. 7 ft. 18 in. which is acceptable 1 or 2 sizes taller 12 ft. 20 in. 8ft. 20 in. 14 ft. 22 in. 10 ft. 22 in. 3.4 Balled and potted 16 ft. 24 in. 12 ft. 24 in.

Balled and potted plants are field-grown nursery plants, dug with a ball of earth still intact in which they are growing, and which, in lieu of burlapping, are placed in a container to retain the ball unbro­ ken. Ball sizes shall always be of a diameter and depth to encompass enough of the fibrous and feed­ ing root system as necessary for the full recovery of the plant. The minimum ball size specification tor "balled and potted" plants shall be the same as tor "balled and burlapped" plants. (See Tables 16 and 17.)

3.5 In-ground fabric bag-grown

These specifications are tor coniferous evergreens field grown in fabric bags, commonly called grow bags. Fabric bag size specifications are provided on page ii of the Foreword.

23 Tumwater Comprehensive Street Tree Plan

Appendix II

Tree Planting Specifications for Tumwater Street Tree Planting Projects

Washington Forestry Consultants, Inc. 39 Tree Planting Specifications

I. Description of Work

These specifications include standards necessary for and incidental to execution and completion of planting street trees.

A. Specifications for the planting hole design, tree planting, mulching and watering are included.

B. Protection of existing features. During construction, protect all existing trees, shrubs, and other specified vegetation, site features and improvements, structures, and utilities specified herein and/or on submitted drawings. Removal or destruction of existing plantings is prohibited unless specifically authorized by the owner.

II. Applicable Specifications and Standards

A. Principles and Practice of Planting Trees and Shrubs. 1997. International Society of Arboriculture, P.O. Box GG, Savoy, IL 61874

B. American Standard for Nursery Stock. 1996. American Association of Nurserymen, Inc. 1250 I Street NC Suite 500, Washington, D.C. 20005

C. Standardized Plant Names. 1942. American Joint Committee on Horticulture Nomenclature, Horace McFarland Company, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. (Second edition).

III. Planting Season

A. Planting shall be done within the following dates: Balled and Burlaped (B&B) trees and shrubs: October 15 to May 1st Containerized trees and other: October 1st to May 1st. 1 1 Bare rooted trees and shrubs: February 15 h to April 15 h.

B. Variance: If special conditions exist that warrant a variance in the above planting dates, a written request shall be submitted to the project owner stating the special conditions and the proposed variance. Permission for the variance will be given if warranted in the opinion of project owner.

IV. Planting Locations

A. The landscape contractor (hereafter referred to as Contractor) shall plant at locations to be determined and marked by the owner or other person representing the owner (hereafter referred to as the Owner's Representative). Tree Planting Specification

B. Locations for individual trees will be supplied by the Owner's Representative. In some cases, the location may be inferred from reference to some identifiable field object or from some line that can be constructed in the field.

C. No tree that grows over 25 feet at maturity shall be planted under electrical utility wires.

D. No tree or shrub shall be planted within 10 feet of fire hydrants, driveways, streetlights, or intersections, or as specified by local ordinance.

V. Underground Utility Location

A. The Contractor shall contact the local utility companies for verification of the location of all underground utility lines in the area of the work. The Contractor shall be responsible for all damage resulting from neglect or failure to comply with the requirement.

B. Trees shall not be planted closer than 10 feet from water service connections, sewer laterals, or gas lines, unless so directed by the Owner's Representative. The Contractor shall be responsible for moving trees if planted closer than the specified distance.

VI. Materials

A. Topsoil provided shall be declared by the Contractor to be free from subsoil, roots, stones over 1 inch (2.5 cm) in diameter, herbicides, contaminates, and other extraneous materials. The Contractor shall dispose of materials removed. Topsoil shall be silt loam or loamy sand with 4 to 6 percent organic mater (by weight). Topsoil shall not be used in a frozen or muddy condition. The Contractor shall remove all surplus materials.

B. Plants shall be true to species and variety specified, and nursery-grown in accordance with good horticultural practices under climatic conditions similar to those in the locality of the project for at least 2 years. They shall have been freshly dug (during the most recent favorable harvest season).

Unless specifically noted, all plants shall be of specimen quality, exceptionally heavy, symmetrical, so trained to favored in development and appearance as to be unquestionably and outstandingly superior in form, compactness, and symmetry. They shall be sound, healthy, vigorous, well-branched and densely foliated when in leaf; free of disease and insects, eggs, or larvae' and shall have healthy well­ developed root systems. They shall be free from physical damage or other conditions that would prevent vigorous growth.

2 Tree Planting Specification

Trees with multiple leaders, unless specified, will be rejected. Trees with a damaged or crooked leaders, bark abrasions, sunscald, disfiguring knots, insect damage, or cuts of limbs over % in (2 cm) in diameter that are not completely closed will be rejected.

Plants shall conform to the measurements specified, except that plants larger than those specified may be used if approved by the Owner's Representative. Use of larger plants shall not increase the contract price. If larger plants are approved, the root ball shall be increased in proportion to the size of the plant.

Caliper measurements shall be taken on the trunk 6 inches (15 cm) above the natural ground line for trees up to and including 4 inches (10 cm) in caliper, and 12 inches (30 cm) above the natural ground line for trees over 4 inches (10 cm) in caliper. Height and spread dimensions specified refer to the main body of the plant and not from branch tip to branch tip. Plants shall be measured when branches are in their normal position. If a range of size is given, no plant shall be less than the minimum size, and no less than 50 percent of the plants shall be as large as the maximum size specified. Measurements specified are minimum size acceptable after pruning, where pruning is required. Plants that meet measurements but do not possess a stan.dard relationship between height and spread, according to the American Standards for Nursery Stock, shall be rejected.

Substitutions of plant materials wiJl not be permitted unless authorized in writing by the Owner's Representative. If proof is submitted in writing that a plant specified is not obtainable, consideration will be given to the nearest available size or similar variety with a corresponding adjustment of the contract price.

C. The plant list at the end of this section is for the Contractor's information only, and no guarantee is expressed or implied that quantities therein are correct or that the list is complete. The Contractor shall satisfy himself that all plant materials shown on the drawings are included in his bid.

D. All plants shall be labeled by plant name and size. Labels shall be attached securely to all plants, bundles, and containers of plant materials when delivered. Plant labels shall be durable and legible, with information given in weather­ resistant ink or embossed process lettering.

E. Certificates of Plant Inspections: Certificates of inspection shall accompany invoices for each shipment of plants as may be required by law for transportation. Certificates are to be filed with the Owner's Representative prior to acceptance of the material. Passing inspection by federal or state governments at place of growth does not preclude rejection of plants at the work site.

3 Tree Planting Specification

VII. Selection and Tagging

A. Plants shall be subject to inspection for conformity to specification requirements and approval by the Owner's Representative at their place of growth and upon delivery. Such approval shall not impair the right of inspection and rejection during progress of the work. Inspection outside the state of Washington and Oregon shall be made at the expense of the Contractor. A Contractor's representative shall be present at all inspections.

B. A written request for the inspection of plant material at their place of growth shall be submitted to the Owner's Representative at least 10 calendar days prior to digging. This request shall state the place of growth and the quantity of plants to be inspected. The Owner's Representative may refuse inspection at this time if, in his/her judgment, sufficient quantities of plants are not available for inspection.

C. All plants shall be selected and tagged by the owner at their place of growth. For distant materials, photographs may be submitted for pre-inspection review.

VIII. Digging and Handling Plant Materials

A. Trees designated B&B shall be properly dug with firm natural balls of soil retaining as many fibrous roots as possible in sizes and shapes as specified in the most recent edition of the American Standard for Nursery Stock. Balls shall be firmly wrapped with nonsynthetic, rottable burlap and secured with nails and heavy nonsynthetic, rottable twine. Root collar will be apparent at surface of ball. No trees with loose, broken, or manufactured balls will be planted, except with special written approval before planting.

B. Plants grown in containers shall be of appropriate size for the container as specified in the most recent edition of the American Standard for Nursery Stock, and be free of circling roots on the exterior and interior of the root ball.

C. All other types of nursery stock shall also conform to the American Standard for Nursery Stock.

IX. Transportation and Storage of Plant Material

A. Fresh dug material is given preference over plant material held in storage. Plant material held in storage will be rejected if excessive growth or dieback of branches has occurred in storage.

B. Branches shall be tied with rope or twine only, and in such a manner that no damage will occur to the bark or branches.

C. During transportation of plant material, the Contractor shall exercise care to prevent injury and drying out of the trees. Should the roots be dried out, large

4 Tree Planting Specification

branches broken, balls of earth broken or loosened, or areas of bark torn, the Owner's Representative. may reject the injured tree(s) and order them replaced at no additional cost to the owner.

D . Plants must be protected at all times from sun or drying winds. Those that cannot be planted immediately on delivery shall be kept in the shade, well protected with soil covered with wet wood chips or other acceptable material, and kept well watered. Plants shall not remain unplanted any longer than 3 days after delivery. Plants shall not be bound with wire or rope at any time so as to damage the bark or break branches. Plants shall be lifted and handled with suitable support of the soil ball to avoid damaging it.

X. Mechanized Tree Spade Requirements

Trees may be moved and planted with an approved mechanical tree spade. The tree spade shall move trees limited to the maximum size allowed for the similar B&B root ball diameter according to the American Standard for Nursery Stock, or the manufacturer's maximum size recommendation for the tree spade being used, whichever is smaller. The machine shall be approved by the Owner's Representative prior to use. Trees shall be planted at the designated locations in the manner shown in the plans and in accordance with applicable sections of the specifications.

XI. Excavation of Planted Areas

A. Locations for plants and outlines of areas to be planted are to be staked out at the site. Approval of the Owner's Representative is required before excavation begins. A minimum of 30 percent total planting must be staked out before inspection.

B. Shrub beds are to be excavated to a depth of 1 foot (30 cm) unless otherwise indicated. Ground cover beds are to be excavated to at depth of 6 inches (15 cm), unless otherwise indicated. Tree pits shall be excavated three times wider than the diameter of the ball, unless otherwise specified by the Owner's Representative, and only as deep as the root ball to be placed in the hole. If initially dug too deep, the soil added to bring it up to the correct level should be thoroughly tamped. The sides of all plant holes shall be sloped and the bottoms horizontal. On slopes, the depth of the excavation shall be measured at the center of the hole. Poor quality subgrade soils shall be separated from the topsoil, removed from the area, and not used as backfill or otherwise spread around in the landscape area. Pits shall not be left uncovered or unprotected overnight.

C. Detrimental soil conditions: The Owner's Representative is to be notified, in writing, of soil conditions that the Contractor considers detrimental to the growth of plant material. These conditions are to be described as well as suggestions for correcting them. Proper water drainage must be assured.

5 Tree Planting Specification

D. Obstructions: If rock, underground construction work, tree roots, or obstructions are encountered in the excavation of plant pits, alternate locations may be s_elected by the Owner's Representative. Where locations cannot be changes as determined by the Owner's Representative, and where digging is permitted, submit cost required to remove the obstruction to the depth of not less than 6 inches (15 cm) below the required hole depth. Proceed with work after approval of the Owner's Representative.

XII. Planting Operations

A. Plants shall be set at the same relationship to finish grade as they were to the ground from which they were dug. Plants must be set plumb and braced in position until prepared topsoil has been places around the ball and roots. Plants shaJI be set so that they wiJJ be the same depth 1 year later. The trunk of the tree is not to be used as a lever in positioning or moving the tree in the planting hole.

B. Ropes, strings, and wrapping from the top half of the root ball are to be removed after the plant has been set. All waterproof or water repellant wrappings shall be removed from the ball. Remove at least the top half of the wire basket before backfilling.

C. The roots of bare root trees shall be pruned at the time of planting to remove damage or undesirable roots (those likely to become a detriment to future growth of the root system). Bare root trees shall have the roots spread to approximate the natural position of the roots and shall be centered in the planting pit. The planting soil backfiJI shall be worked firmly into and around the roots, with care taken to fill in completely with no air pockets.

D. When specified by the Owner's Representative, amend the backfiJI soil by adding 4-6 percent (by weight, 20-35 percent by volume, depending on materials) composted organic matter.

E. Basins are to be formed around tree and shrub root ball with a raised ring of soil as indicated on drawing.

F. Planting areas are to be finish graded to conform to grades on drawing after full settlement has occurred.

G. Plants are to be thoroughly watered immediately after planting.

H. Any excess soil, debris, or trimmings shall be removed from the planting site immediately upon completion of each planting operation.

6 Tree Planting Specification

XIII. Guying, Staking, Wrapping, Pruning and Mulching

A. Stake all deciduous trees over 1.5 inch caliper and all conifer trees over 5 feet tall.

B. Staking and guying shall be completed immediately after planting. Trees up to 2.5 inches caliper are to be staked with two stakes and separate flexible ties as shown on drawings. For larger trees, use 3 guy wires and ground anchors. Ground anchors are to be driven at approximately a 45-degree angle to ground plane and distributed at 120 degree intervals around the trunk. Guying cables, turnbuckles, and hose are to be attached securely until the tree is well supported.

C. Guying and staking materials: Ground anchors shall be arrowhead shaped earth anchors of malleable iron castings, aluminum castings, or stamped steel. Staking wire shall be pliable 12-gauge galvanized, twisted two strands. Guying cable shall be 5 strand, 3/16 in (5 mm) diameter steel cable. Vertical supporting stakes shall be sound hardwood or pine. They shall be a minimum of 2 x 2 in. (5 x 8 cm) in diameter, 6-8 feet (2.4 m) long, and pointed at one end. Rubber chain­ link ties are to be used to secure the tree to the stakes.

D. Plants are to be pruned at the time of planting and according to best horticulture practices. Pruning of all trees will include the removal of injured branches, double leaders, watersprouts, suckers, and interfering limbs. Healthy lower branches and small twigs close to the center should not be removed, except as necessary to clear sidewalks or streets. All pruning cuts shall be clean and smooth, with the bark intact and uninjured at the edges. In no case shall more than 25% of the branching structure be removed, leaving the normal shape of the plant in tact.

E. All trees, shrubs, and other planting beds will be mulched with a mixture of composted wood chips or bark previously approved by the owner. The composted mulch will be free of materials injurious to plant growth, branches, leaves, roots, and other extraneous matter. The mulch will be 2 to 3 inches deep on trees and shrubs. The depth of mulch on the planting beds will be 2-3 inches. Mulch must not be placed within 3 inches (8 cm) of the trunks of trees or shrubs.

F. Antitranspirant, if required, shall be an emulsion that provides a protective film over plant surfaces and is nontoxic to all plants used. It shall be delivered in containers of the manufacturer and mixed according to the manufacturer's directions.

XIV. Maintenance of Trees, Shrubs and Vines

A. Maintenance shall begin immediately after each plant is planted and continue until the Owner's Representative has confirmed its acceptance.

7 Tree Planting Specification

B. Maintenanc·e shall consist of pruning, watering, cultivating, weeding, muJching, tightening and repairing guy and stakes, resetting plants to proper grades and to an upright position, restoration of the planting saucer, and furnishing and applying such sprays or other materials as are necessary to keep planting free of insects and diseases and in vigorous condition.

C. Planting areas and plants shall be protected at all times against trespassing and damage of all kinds for the duration of the maintenance period. If a plant becomes damaged or injured, it shall be treated or replaced as directed by the Owner's Representative at no additional cost.

D. Watering: Contractor shall irrigate, as required, to maintain vigorous and healthy tree growth. Over-watering or flooding shall not be allowed. Contractor shall use existing irrigation facilities and furnish any additional material, equipment, or water to ensure adequate irrigation. During periods of restricted water usage, all governmental regulations (permanent and temporary) shall be followed. Should modifications of existing irrigation systems and/or schedules facilitate adherence to these regulations, the Contractor shall notify the owner of the suggested modifications. The Contractor may have to transport water from other sources when irrigation systems are unavailable.

XV. Acceptance

A. The Owner's Representative shall inspect all work for acceptance upon written request of the Contractor. The request shall be received at least IO calendar days before the anticipated date of inspection.

B. Acceptance of plant material by the Owner's Representative shall be for general conformance to specified size, character, and quality and shall not relieve the Contractor of responsibility for full conformance to the contract documents, including correct species.

C. Upon completion and reinspection of all repairs or renewals necessary in the judgment of the Owner's Representative, the Owner's Representative shall certify in writing that the work has been accepted.

XVI. Acceptance in Part

A. Work may be accepted in parts when the Owner's Representative and Contractor deem that practice to be in their mutual interest. Approval must be given in writing by the Owner's Representative to the Contractor verifying that the work is to be completed in parts. Acceptance of work in parts shall not waive any other provisions of this contract.

8 Tree Planting Specification

XVII. Guarantee Period and Replacements

A. The guarantee period for trees and shrubs shall begin at the date of acceptance.

B. The Contractor shall guarantee all plant material to be in a healthy and flourishing condition for a period of 1 year from the date of acceptance.

C. When work is accepted in parts, the guarantee periods extend from each of the partial acceptances to the terminal date of the guarantee of the last acceptance. Thus, all guarantee periods terminate at one time.

D. The Contractor shall replace, without cost, as soon as weather conditions permit, and within a specified planting period, all plants determined by the Owner's Representative to be dead or in an unacceptable condition during and at the end of the guarantee period. To be considered acceptable, plants shall be free of dead or dying branches and branch tips and shall bear foliage of normal density, size, and color. Replacements shall closely match adjacent specimen of the same species. Replacements shall be subject to all requirements stated in the specifications.

E. The guarantee of all replacement plants shall extend for an additional period of 1 year from the date of their acceptance after replacement. In the event that a replacement plant is not acceptable during or at the end of the said extended guarantee period, the Owner's Representative may elect subsequent replacement or credit for that item.

F. The Contractor shall make periodic inspections, at no extra cost, during the guarantee period to determine what changes, if any, should be made in the maintenance program. If changes are recommended, they shall be submitted in writing to the Owner's Representative.

XVIII. Final Inspection and Final Acceptance

A. At the end of the guarantee period and upon written request of the Contractor, the Owner's Representative will inspect all guaranteed work for final acceptance. The request shall be received at least 10 calendar days before the anticipated date for final inspection. Upon completion and reinspection of all repairs or renewals necessary in the judgment of the Owner's Representative at that time, the Owner's Representative shall certify, in writing, that the project has received final acceptance.

9 Tree Planting Specification

XIX. Planting Diagram - STREET TREE PLANTING DETAIL

Prune damaged (minor) or crossing branches. Tree should have central leader and show evidence of corrective pruning in the nursery. It should be free of damage.

Slack Wire through rubber hose or Rubber chain-Link 2"x2" Stakes ties

Remove Transit Guard 2-3" Bark or Composted Wood Chip Mulch Dig hole 3x's root ~ ball diameter ....~~~~~

Soil Mix: Blend 1: 1 silt loam with native soil. Add Remove 2/3's of burlap an fold down 5 gallons of decomposed undisturbed soil. Top wire basket. organics. Top dress with 1 of rootball should be cup 20-10-10 granular placed just above WFCI-2002 fertilizer. Water thoroughly. finished grade. 10 Tumwater Comprehensive Street Tree Plan

APPENDIX III

Tree Pruning Guidelines

d 14 , ' ~~ p p \ ~.,. I I ~

Washington Forestry Consultants, Inc. 40 Pruning for Strength

The first guide to pruning a young shade tree is to have a food factories) is left intact. Only damaged or dead limbs clear understanding about what pruning can do for the tree should be removed. - and you. After the first year, pruning should begin in earnest. For example, we know to prune modestly - if at all - Pruning with strength as the objective is the best way to avoid when transplanting a new tree. An immediate objective must weak branches later on, and to prevent expensive corrections be to strengthen and expand the root system which is usually that will otherwise become necessary. reduced by 80-90 percent during transplanting. To meet this What to look for: objective, as much as possible of the leaf surface (the tree's

Branch Angles Watersprouts and Size and Suckers Narrow angles signal a point of fu­ These "parasiten sprouts ture weakness, whether in the trunk can oci:ur at the base or in­ or crown. The reason is that as the side the crown. They are two branches grow, neither has suffi­ rapidly growing, weakly at­ cient space to add the wood needed tached, and upright. Usually for strength. fostead, they grow they use more energy than ~each other. The effect is simi­ they return to the tree. It is lar to hammering in a wedge. To best to remove them as soon prevent this and the expensive prob­ as possible when it is obvious lems that are sure to follow, simply they are vigorous sprouts. remove one of the two branches. For strength, the ideal branching angle approximates 10 ·or 2 o'clock. Lateral branches should be no more than Y2 to :V. the diameter of the trunk. As the trunk grows it will strengthen the joint by adding wood around the branch - like a dowel in a chair leg.

Ideal angles

Rubbing Branches Branches that rub result in wounds, decay and notches. Remove one of the offending branches·.

Center of Gravity Young trees deformed by wind may be corrected by pruning. Move the tree's cen­ Temporary ter of gravity to a point more Branches central over the tnink by cut­ Branches below the lowest perma­ ting back the leader and lat­ nent branch can protect young bark erals on the doWllwind side from injury from the sun and add (or direction oflean) to more taper and strength to the trunk. Par­ upright branches. ticularly in lawn plantings where lower limbs do not block passage or tempt vandals, the limbs may be left for 3-4 years after planting. Then re­ move over the next 2-3 years, begin­ ning with the larger temporaries. Don't let the temporary branches become large and vigorous. Shorten the larger temporary branches, or Caution: When pruning diseased trees, dip your sheafs in remove vigorous temporaries if less household bleach before storing or moving to the next tree. vigorous ones can be selected. Be sure to rinse· and wipe dry before storage.

• TilEE 0TY USA BULLETIN No. l • N;uional Ai·bor Dar FoundoHion Pruning for Form

The objective in pruning for form is to help shape a tree that is aesthetically pleasing and serves well in the space it is to occupy. After pruning with strength in mind, look for ways to help shape the most desirable tree.

,,,,.~ -"" /------T/

Y:i

~~ .... ---· ...... ------l ·Before pruning After lngrowers Thinning and Spacing Protruders and Crown Ratio Most trees benefit from thinning - removing a portion of the When a crown is dense, look for limbs that turn inward, and limbs that compete for space and light. Evenly spaced laterals, 8-12 those that extend beyond the "natural" outline of the crown. Prune inches apart in the young tree, is a good rule of thumb to help assure at the trunk or down to an appropriate lateral branch. Over­ an ideal "ladder" at maturity. pruning can damage or even kill your tree. Always maintain at least % of the tree as the live crown.

15 years after Double Leaders Function removing low branch Protect the leader from competition. In trees with co-dominant Try to imagine what the tree will look like when it is larger. If a leaders, remove the one with a crook or other defects, or that limb is headed toward trouble (the house, walkway, sign, etc.), remove creates a lop-sided appearance. as early as possible in the life of the tree. Closure of the wound will be more complete when the limb is small, and it is less trouble and expense. Remember, limbs do nl2t move upward as a tree grows Caution: Do not prune too high too quickly. To "lift" (raise) in height. the crown, remove lower limbs over several years. No more than 113 ofthe live crown should ever be removed in a single cutting.

TREE OTY USA BULl.ETIN No. l • Narional A1bo.- D:.1r Foum.brton • Revision ofANSI A300-J995

for Tree Care Operations - Tree, Shrub, and Other Woody Plant Maintenance - Standard Practices (Pruning) AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI A300 (Part 1 )·2001 Pruning

American National Standard The reasons for tree pruning may include, but are for Tree Care Operations - not limited to, reducing risk, maintaining or improv­ ing tree health and structure, improving aesthetics, or satisfying a specific need. Pruning practices for Tree, Shrub, and Other agricultural, horticultural production, or silvicultural Woody Plant purposes are exempt from this standard. Maintenance - 2.3 Safety Standard Practices 2.3.1 Tree maintenance shall be performed only by arborists or arborist trainees who, through related (Pruning) training or on-the-job experience, or both, are famil­ iar with the practices and hazards of arboriculture and the equipment used in such operations.

2.3.2 This standard shall not take precedence over arboricultural safe work practices. 1 ANSI A300 standards 2.3.3 Operations shall comply with applicable 1.1 Scope Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) standards, ANSI Z133.1, as well as state ANSI A300 standards present performance standards and local regulations. for the care and maintenance of trees, shrubs, and other woody plants. 3 Normative references

1.2 Purpose The following standards contain provisions, which, through reference in the text, constitute provisions ANSI A300 standards are intended as guides for fed­ of this American National Standard. All standards eral, state, municipal and private authorities including are subject to revision, and parties to agreements property owners, property managers, and utilities in based on this American National Standard shall ap­ the drafting of their maintenance specifications. ply the most recent edition of the standards indi­ cated below. 1.3 Application ANSI Z60.1, Nursery stock ANSI A300 standards shall apply to any person or entity engaged in the business, trade, or performance ANSI Z133.1, Tree care operations - Pruning, trim­ of repairing, maintaining, or preserving trees, shrubs, ming, repairing, maintaining, and removing trees, and or other woody plants. cutting brush - Safety requirements

1.4 Implementation 29 CFR 1910, General industry 1)

Specifications for tree maintenance should be writ­ 29 CFR 1910.268, Telecommunications 1) ten and administered by an arborist. 29 CFR 1910.269, Electric power generation, trans­ 2 Part 1 - Pruning standards mission, and distribution 1)

2.1 Purpose 29 CFR 1910.331 - 335, Electrical safety-related work practices 1) The purpose of this document is to provide standards for developing specifications for tree pruning. 4 Definitions

2.2 Reasons for pruning 4.1 anvil-type pruning tool: A pruning tool that

1 ANSI A300 (Part 1 )-2001 Pruning

has a sharp straight blade that cuts against a flat caused by microorganisms. metal cutting surtace, in contrast to a hook-and-b/ade­ type pruning tool (4.21 ). 4.15 espalier: The combination of pruning, sup­ porting, and training branches to orient a plant in 4.2 apical dominance: Inhibition of growth of one plane (5.7.2). lateral buds by the terminal bud. 4.16 establishment: The point after planting when 4.3 arboriculture: The art, science, technology, a tree's root system has grown sufficiently into the and business of commercial, public, and utility tree surrounding soil to support shoot growth and anchor care. the tree.

4.4 arborist: An individual engaged in the pro­ 4.17 facility: A structure or equipment used to fession of arboriculture who, through experience, edu­ deliver or provide protection for the delivery of an cation, and related training, possesses the compe­ essential service, such as electricity or communi­ tence to provide for or supervise the management of cations. trees and other woody plants. 4.18 final cut: A cut that completes the removal 4.5 arborist trainee: An individual undergoing or reduction of a branch or stub. on-the-job training to obtain the experience and the competence required to provide for or supervise the 4.19 frond: A leaf of a palm. management of trees and other woody plants. Such trainees shall be under the direct supervision of an 4.20 heading: 1. Cutting a currently growing, or arborist. a 1-year-old shoot, back to a bud. 2. Cutting an older branch or stem back to a stub in order to meet 4.6 branch bark ridge: The raised area of bark a defined structural objective. 3. Cutting an older in the branch crotch that marks where the branch branch or stem back to a lateral branch not large and parent meet. enough to assume apical dominance in order to meet a defined structural objective. Heading may 4.7 branch collar: The swollen area at the base or may not be an acceptable pruning practice, de­ of a branch. pending on the application.

4.8 callus: Undifferentiated tissue formed by 4.21 hook-and-blade-type pruning tool: A the cambium around a wound. pruning tool that has a sharp curved blade that overlaps a supporting hook; in contrast to an 4.9 cambium: The dividing layer of cells that anvil-type pruning tool (4.1 ). (syn.: by-pass forms sapwood (xylem) to the inside and inner bark pruner) (phloem) to the outside. 4.22 interfering branches: Crossing, rubbing, 4.10 cleaning: Selective pruning to remove one or upright branches that have the potential to dam­ or more of the following parts: dead, diseased, and/ age tree structure and/or health. or broken branches (5.6.1 ). 4.23 internodal cut: A cut located between lat- 4.11 climbing spurs: Sharp, pointed devices af­ eral branches or buds. fixed to a climber's boot used to assist in climbing trees. (syn.: gaffs, hooks, spurs, spikes, climbers) 4.24 lateral branch: A shoot or stem growing from a parent branch or stem. 4.12 closure: The process of woundwood cov- ering a cut or other tree injury. 4.25 leader: A dominant or co-dominant, upright stem. 4.13 crown: The leaves and branches of a tree measured from the lowest branch on the trunk to the 4.26 limb: A large, prominent branch. top of the tree. 4.27 lion's tailing: The removal of an excessive 4.14 decay: The degradation of woody tissue number of inner, lateral branches from parent

2 ANSI A300 (Part 1)-2001 Pruning

branches. Lion's tailing is not an acceptable pruning with very little human activity, land improvement, or practice (5.5.7). development.

4.28 mechanical pruning: A utility pruning tech­ 4.40 restoration: Selective pruning to improve nique where large-scale power equipment is used the structure, form, and appearance of trees that to cut back branches (5.9.2.2). have been severely headed, vandalized, or dam­ aged (5.7.4). 4.29 parent branch or stem: A tree trunk, limb, or prominent branch from which shoots or stems 4.41 shall: As used in this standard, denotes a grow. mandatory requirement.

4.30 peeling: For palms: The removal of only 4.42 should: As used in this standard, denotes the dead frond bases at the point they make con­ an advisory recommendation. tact with the trunk without damaging living trunk tis­ sue. (syn.: shaving) 4.43 stub: An undesirable short length of a branch remaining after a break or incorrect prun­ 4.31 petiole: A stalk of a leaf or frond. ing cut is made.

4.32 phloem: Inner bark conducting tissues that 4.44 thinning: Selective pruning to reduce den- transport organic substances, primarily carbohydrates, sity of live branches (5.6.2). from leaves and stems to other parts of the plant. 4.45 throwline: A small, lightweight line with a 4.33 pollarding: The maintenance of a tree by weighted end used to position a climber's rope in a making internodal cuts to reduce the size of a young tree. tree, followed by the annual removal of shoot growth at its point of origin (5.7.3). 4.46 topping: The reduction of a tree's size us­ ing heading cuts that shorten limbs or branches 4.34 pruning: The selective removal of plant back to a predetermined crown limit. Topping is not parts to meet specific goals and objectives. an acceptable pruning practice (5.5.7).

4.35 qualified line-clearance arborist: An in­ 4.47 tracing: The removal of loose, damaged tis- dividual who, through related training and on-the­ sue from in and around the wound. job experience, is familiar with the equipment and hazards in line clearance and has demonstrated 4.48 urban/residential areas: Locations, such the ability to perform the special techniques in­ as populated areas including public and private volved. This individual may or may not be currently property, that are normally associated with human employed by a line-clearance contractor. activity.

4.36 qualified line-clearance arborist trainee: 4.49 utility: An entity that delivers a public ser- An individual undergoing line-clearance training vice, such as electricity or communications. and who, in the course of such training, is familiar with the hazards and equipment involved in line 4.50 utility space: The physical area occupied clearance and has demonstrated ability in the per­ by a utility's facilities and the additional space re­ formance of the special techniques involved. This quired to ensure its operation. individual shall be under the direct supervision of a qualified line-clearance arborist. 4.51 vista pruning: Selective pruning to allow a specific view (5.7.5). 4.37 raising: Selective pruning to provide verti- cal clearance (5.6.3). 4.52 watersprouts: New stems originating from epicormic buds. (syn.: epicormic shoots) 4.38 reduction: Selective pruning to decrease height and/or spread (5.6.4). 4.53 wound: An opening that is created when the bark of a live branch or stem is penetrated, cut, 4.39 remote/rural areas: Locations associated or removed.

3 ANSI A300 (Part 1 )-2001 Pruning

4.54 woundwood: Partially differentiated tis­ 5.3.4 The final cut shall result in a flat surface sue responsible for closing ·wounds. Woundwood with adjacent bark firmly attached. develops from callus associated with wounds. 5.3.5 When removing a dead branch, the final 4.55 xylem: Wood tissue. Active xylem is sap- cut shall be made just outside the collar of living wood; inactive xylem is heartwood. tissue.

4.56 young tree: A tree young in age or a newly 5.3.6 Tree branches shall be removed in such a transplanted tree. manner so as not to cause damage to other parts of the tree or to other plants or property. Branches 5 Pruning practices too large to support with one hand shall be precut to avoid splitting of the wood or tearing of the bark 5.1 Tree inspection (see Figure 5.3.2). Where necessary, ropes or other equipment shall be used to lower large branches 5.1.1 An arborist or arborist trainee shall visu- or portions of branches to the ground. ally inspect each tree before beginning work. 5.3. 7 A final cut that removes a branch with a 5.1.2 If a condition is observed requiring atten­ narrow angle of attachment should be made from tion beyond the original scope of the work, the con­ the outside of the branch to prevent damage to the dition should be reported to an immediate supervi­ parent limb (see Figure 5.3.7). sor, the owner, or the person responsible for au­ thorizing the work. 5.3.8 Severed limbs shall be removed from the crown upon completion of the pruning, at times 5.2 Tools and equipment when the tree would be left unattended, or at the end of the workday. 5.2.1 Equipment and work practices that dam­ age living tissue and bark beyond the scope of the work should be avoided.

5.2.2 Climbing spurs shall not be used when climbing and pruning trees. F~d Exceptions: - when limbs are more than throwline distance Branch apart and there is no other means of climbing the ~-·:::/· ~---+-Bark tree; Final Cut Ridge - when the bark is thick enough to prevent dam­ Branch ------;""' age to the cambium; Collar - in remote or rural utility rights-of-way.

5.3 Pruning cuts

5.3.1 Pruning tools used in making pruning cuts shall be sharp.

5.3.2 A pruning cut that removes a branch at its point of origin shall be made close to the trunk or Figure 5.3.2. - A pruning cut that removes a parent limb, without cutting into the branch bark branch at its point of origin shall be made close ridge or collar, or leaving a stub (see Figure 5.3.2). to the trunk or parent limb, without cutting into the branch bark ridge or collar, or leaving a stub. 5.3.3 A pruning cut that reduces the length of a Branches too large to support with one hand shall branch or parent stem should bisect the angle be­ be precut to avoid splitting of the wood or tear­ tween its branch bark ridge and an imaginary line ing of the bark. perpendicular to the branch or stem (see Figure 5.3.3).

4 ANSI A300 (Part 1)-2001 Pruning

5.4 Wound treatment

5.4.1 Wound treatments should not be used to cover wounds or pruning cuts, except when recom­ mended for disease, insect, mistletoe, or sprout con­ trol, or for cosmetic reasons.

5.4.2 Wound treatments that are damaging to tree tissues shall not be used.

5.4.3 When tracing wounds, only loose, dam­ Branch aged tissue should be removed. ---+- Bark Ridge 5.5 Pruning objectives

5.5.1 Pruning objectives shall be established prior to beginning any pruning operation.

5.5.2 To obtain the defined objective, the growth cycles and structure of individual species and the type of pruning to be performed should be considered.

Figure 5.3.3. - A pruning cut that reduces the 5.5.3 Not more than 25 percent of the foliage length of a branch or parent stem should bisect should be removed within an annual growing sea­ the angle between its branch bark ridge and an son. The percentage and distribution of foliage to imaginary line perpendicular to the branch or be removed shall be adjusted according to the stem. plant's species, age, health, and site.

5.5.4 Not more than 25 percent of the foliage of a branch or limb should be removed when it is cut back to a lateral. That lateral should be large enough to assume apical dominance.

5.5.5 Pruning cuts should be made in accordance with 5.3 Pruning cuts.

l. 5.5.6 Heading should be considered an accept­ Branch able practice for shrub or specialty pruning when Bark needed to reach a defined objective. ··:::_ "" Final Ridge { Cut 5.5.7 Topping and lion's tailing shall be consid­ ered unacceptable pruning practices for trees.

5.6 Pruning types

Specifications for pruning should consist of, but are not limited to, one or more of the following types:

Figure 5.3.7. -A final cut that removes a branch 5.6.1 Clean: Cleaning shall consist of selective with a narrow angle of attachment should be made pruning to remove one or more of the following from the outside of the branch to prevent dam­ parts: dead, diseased, and/or broken branches. age to the parent limb. 5.6.1.1 Location of parts to be removed shall be specified.

5 ANSI A300 (Part 1 )-2001 Pruning

5.6.1.2 Size range of parts to be removed shall be pruning and have the potential to outgrow their space specified. should be considered for relocation or removal.

5.6.2 Thin: Thinning shall consist of selective 5.7.1.3 At planting pruning to reduce density of live branches. 5.7.1.3.1 Pruning should be limited to clean- 5.6.2.1 Thinning should result in an even distribu­ ing (5.6.1 ). tion of branches on individual limbs and through­ out the crown. 5.7.1.3.2 Branches should be retained on the lower trunk. 5.6.2.2 Not more than 25 percent of the crown should be removed within an annual growing sea­ 5.7.1.4 Once established son. 5.7.1.4.1 Cleaning should be performed 5.6.2.3 Location of parts to be removed shall be (5.6.1 ). specified. 5.7.1.4.2 Rubbing and poorly attached 5.6.2.4 Percentage of foliage and size range of branches should be removed. parts to be removed shall be specified. 5. 7 .1.4.3 A central leader or leader( s) as ap- 5.6.3 Raise: Raising shall consist of selective propriate should be developed. pruning to provide vertical clearance. 5. 7 .1.4.4 A strong, properly spaced scaffold 5.6.3.1 Vertical clearance should be specified. branch structure should be selected and main­ tained. 5.6.3.2 Location and size range of parts to be re­ moved should be specified. 5.7.1.4.5 Interfering branches should be re- duced or removed. 5.6.4 Reduce: Reduction shall consist of selective pruning to'ciecrease height and/or spread. 5.7.2 Espalier

5.6.4.1 Consideration shall be given to the ability 5.7.2.1 Branches that extend outside the desired of a species to tolerate this type of pruning. plane of growth shall be pruned or tied back.

5.6.4.2 Location of parts to be removed and clear­ 5.7.2.2 Ties should be replaced as needed to pre­ ance should be specified. vent girdling the branches at the attachment site.

5.6.4.3 Size range of parts should be specified. 5.7.3 Pollarding

5.7 Specialty pruning 5.7 .3.1 Consideration shall be given to the ability of the individual tree to respond to pollarding. Consideration shall be given to the ability of a spe­ cies to tolerate specialty pruning, using one or more 5.7 .3.2 Management plans shall be made prior to pruning types (5.6). the start of the pollarding process for routine re­ moval of watersprouts. 5.7.1 Young trees 5.7.3.3 lnternodal cuts shall be made at specific 5.7.1.1 The reasons for young tree pruning may locations to start the pollarding process. After the include, but are not limited to, reducing risk, initial cuts are made, no additional internodal cut maintaining or improving tree health and struc­ shall be made. ture, improving aesthetics, or satisfying a spe­ cific need. 5.7.3.4 Watersprouts growing from the cut ends of branches (knuckles) should be removed annually 5. 7 .1.2 Young trees that will not tolerate repetitive during the dormant season.

6 ANSI A300 (Part 1)-2001 Pruning

5.7 .4 Restoration 5.9.1.3 Utility pruning operations are exempt from require·ments in 5.1 Tree Inspection: 5.7.4.1 Restoration shall consist of selective prun­ ing to improve the structure, form, and appearance 5. 1. 1 An arborist or arborist trainee shall visually of trees that have been severely headed, vandal­ inspect each tree before beginning work. ized, or damaged. 5.1.2 If a condition is observed requiring atten­ 5.7.4.2 Location in tree, size range of parts, and tion beyond the original scope of the work, the con­ percentage of watersprouts to be removed should dition should be reported to an immediate supervi­ be specified. sor, the owner, or the person responsible for au­ thorizing the work. 5.7.5 Vista pruning 5.9.1.4 Safety inspections of the work area are re­ 5.7 .5.1 Vista pruning shall consist of selective prun­ quired as outlined in ANSI Z133.1 4.1.3, job brief­ ing to allow a specific view. ing.

5.7.5.2 Size range of parts, location in tree, and 5.9.2 Utility crown reduction pruning percentage of foliage to be removed should be speci­ fied. 5.9.2.1 Urban/residential environment

5.8 Palm pruning 5.9.2.1.1 Pruning cuts should be made in accordance with 5.3, Pruning cuts. The following 5.8.1 Palm pruning should be performed when requirements and recommendations of 5.9.2.1 .1 are fronds, fruit, or loose petioles may create a dan­ repeated from 5.3 Pruning cuts. gerous condition. 5.9.2.1.1.1 A pruning cut that removes a 5.8.2 Live healthy fronds, initiating at an angle branch at its point of origin shall be made close to of 45 degrees or greater from horizontal, with frond the trunk or parent limb, without cutting into the tips at or below horizontal, should not be removed. branch bark ridge or collar, or leaving a stub (see Figure 5.3.2). 5.8.3 Fronds removed should be severed close to the petiole base without damaging living trunk 5.9.2.1.1.2 A pruning cut that reduces the tissue. length of a branch or parent stem should bisect the angle between its branch bark ridge and an imagi­ 5.8.4 Palm peeling (shaving) should consist of nary line perpendicular to the branch or stem (see the removal of only the dead frond bases at the Figure 5.3.3). point they make contact with the trunk without dam­ aging living trunk tissue. 5.9.2.1.1.3 The final cut shall result in a flat surface with adjacent bark firmly attached. 5.9 Utility pruning 5.9.2.1.1.4 When removing a dead branch, the 5.9.1 General final cut shall be made just outside the collar of liv­ ing tissue. 5.9.1.1 The purpose of utility pruning is to prevent the loss of service, comply with mandated clear­ 5.9.2.1.1.5 Tree branches shall be removed in ance laws, prevent damage to equipment, avoid such a manner so as not to cause damage to other access impairment, and uphold the intended us­ parts of the tree or to other plants or property. age of the facility/utility space. Branches too large to support with one hand shall be precut to avoid splitting of the wood or tearing of 5.9.1.2 Only a qualified line clearance arborist or the bark (see Figure 5.3.2). Where necessary, ropes line clearance arborist trainee shall be assigned to or other equipment shall be used to lower large line clearance work in accordance with ANSI branches or portions of branches to the ground. 2133.1, 29 CFR 1910.331-335,29 CFR 1910.268 or 29 CFR 1910.269. 5.9.2.1.1.6 A final cut that removes a branch

7 ANSI A300 (Part 1 )-2001 Pruning

with a narrow angle of attachment should be made from the bottom of the branch to prevent damage to the parent limb (see Figure 5.3.7).

5.9.2.1.2 A minimum number of pruning cuts should be made to accomplish the purpose of facil­ ity/utility pruning. The natural structure of the tree should be considered.

5.9.2.1.3 Trees directly under and growing into facility/utility spaces should be removed or pruned. Such pruning should be done by removing entire branches or by removing branches that have laterals growing into (or once pruned, will grow into) the facility/utility space.

5.9.2.1.4 Trees growing next to, and into or toward facility/utility spaces should be pruned by re­ ducing branches to laterals (5.3.3) to direct growth away from the utility space or by removing entire branches. Branches that, when cut, will produce watersprouts that would grow into facilities and/or utility space should be removed.

5.9.2.1.5 Branches should be cut to laterals or the parent branch and not at a pre-established clearing limit. If clearance limits are established, pruning cuts should be made at laterals or parent branches outside the specified clearance zone.

5.9.2.2 Rural/remote locations - mechanical pruning

Cuts should be made close to the main stem, out­ side of the branch bark ridge and branch collar. Pre­ cautions should be taken to avoid stripping or tear­ ing of bark or excessive wounding.

5.9.3 Emergency service restoration

During a utility-declared emergency, service must be restored as quickly as possible in accordance with ANSI Z133.1, 29 CFR 1910.331 - 335, 29 CFR 1910.268, or 29 CFR 1910.269. At such times it may be necessary, because of safety and the ur­ gency of service restoration, to deviate from the use of proper pruning techniques as defined in this standard. Following the emergency, corrective pruning should be done as necessary.

8