Steam Generator Installation Manual
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Boiler Analysis
The World’s Leading Laboratory Network Boiler Analysis Industry www.eurofins.co.nz Page 2 Table of Contents Introduction Page 3 Who should read this brochure? Page 3 Boiler water tests available Page 4 Feedwater Page 4 Boiler Water Page 5 Condensate Page 6 How to arrange everything Page 7 Analysis Page 7 Contact us Page 8 Cover Photo: Broken pressure gauge Page 3 Introduction Eurofins-ELS is one of New Zealand’s leading experts in the areas of: Air quality monitoring Biological fluids Boiler water Ceramicware and metal food containers Environmental water Food and Dairy Products Landfills Legionella Meat industry services Metals Potable water for councils Potable water for small communities Sample Integrity Sewage and effluent Swimming pools Trade waste The company has its origin as part of the Hutt City Council Laboratory and became a private enterprise in 1994. We grew through natural growth as well as the acquisition of local laboratories until in December 2012 we were acquired by Eurofins - the largest laboratory network in the world. Eurofins Scientific is an international life sciences company which provides a unique range of analytical testing services to clients across multiple industries. The Group is the world leader in food and pharmaceutical products testing. It is also number one in the world in the field of environmental laboratory services, and one of the global market leaders in agroscience, genomics, pharmaceutical discovery and central laboratory services. We are based in a purpose built facility of 1450 m2 at 85 Port Road, Lower Hutt. Eurofins-ELS is comprised of four separate laboratory areas – Instrumental Chemistry, General Chemistry, Biological Fluids, and Microbiology. -
Economics of Energy Resources Lecture Notes
Philadelphia University –Jordan Electrical Engineering Department Economics of Energy Resources Lecture Notes Dr.Prof.Mohammed Tawfeeq Lazim Al-Zuhairi [email protected] 2008-2009 1 Economics of Energy Resources Dr.Mohammed Towfeeq Chapter One Economics of energy resources 1 1.1 Introduction Economics of energy resources studies energy resources and energy conversion as well as energy utilization. It includes: studies various types and sources of energy existing in the nature highlighting their features, advantages and disadvantages. The studies will emphasis on converting the available energy resources into electrical form of energy. Demand of energy is derived from preferences for energy services and depends on properties of conversion technologies and costs. Energy commodities are economic substitutes. The study also recognizes: 1) energy is neither created nor destroyed but can be converted among forms (the First Law of Thermodynamics); 2) energy comes from the physical environment and ultimately returns there (the law of conservation of energy). Economics of Energy Energy economics is the field that studies human utilization of energy resources and energy commodities and the consequences of that utilization. In physical science terminology, “energy” is the capacity for doing work, e.g., lifting, accelerating, or heating material. In economic terminology, “energy” includes all energy commodities and energy resources, commodities or resources that embody significant amounts of physical energy and thus offer the ability to perform work. Energy commodities - e.g., gasoline, diesel fuel, natural gas, propane, coal, or electricity – can be used to provide energy services for human activities, such as lighting, space heating, water heating, cooking, motives power, electronic activity and electric power generation. -
CHAPTER 6 Thermal-Hydraulic Design
1 CHAPTER 6 Thermal-Hydraulic Design Prepared by Dr. Nikola K. Popov Summary This chapter covers the thermal-hydraulic design of nuclear power plants with a focus on the primary and secondary sides of the nuclear steam supply system. This chapter covers the following topics: evolution of the reactor thermal-hydraulic system; key design requirements for the heat transport system; thermal-hydraulic design principles and margins; design details of the primary and secondary heat transport systems; fundamentals of two-phase flow; fundamentals of heat transfer and fluid flow in the reactor heat transport system; other related topics. ©UNENE, all rights reserved. For educational use only, no assumed liability. Thermal-Hydraulic Design – December 2015 2 The Essential CANDU Table of Contents 1 Introduction........................................................................................................................... 10 1.1 Overview....................................................................................................................... 10 1.2 Learning outcomes........................................................................................................ 12 1.3 Summary of relationship to other chapters ................................................................... 12 1.4 Thermal-hydraulic design ............................................................................................. 12 2 Reactor Types ...................................................................................................................... -
Circulatic Steam Generator Installation Manual
STEAM GENERATORS CIRCULATIC® STEAM GENERATORS INSTALLATION MANUAL VAPOR POWER INTERNATIONAL 551 S. County Line Rd. Franklin Park, IL 60131 P: 630.694.5500 F: 630.694.2230 VaporPower.com Revised July 2005 Bulletin No. Printed in U.S.A. TWM5-AM-2 CIRCULATIC TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Page No. List of Figures ..................................................................................................................2 List of Tables ...................................................................................................................2 1.0 Introduction .....................................................................................................................3 2.0 Lifting and Handling .........................................................................................................4 3.0 Installation .......................................................................................................................8 4.0 Mounting .........................................................................................................................9 5.0 Clearances .................................................................................................................... 10 6.0 Combustion and Ventilation Air Requirements ............................................................... 12 7.0 Stack Installation ........................................................................................................... 13 8.0 Steam Output ............................................................................................................... -
Steam Boiler Feedwater Storage Technology
www.spiraxsarco.com/uk Steam Boiler Feedwater Storage Technology Supporting an energy efficient, highly reliable steam system White Paper Steam Boiler Feedwater Storage Technology Contents 1.0 Executive Summary 2.0 The role of the deaerator in steam systems 3.0 The need to remove dissolved oxygen and other gases from feedwater 4.0 The components of an effective feedwater system 4.1 Feedtank construction 4.2 Feedtank capacity 4.3 Make-up water 4.4 Water level control 4.5 Feedtank connections 4.6 Sparge pipes 4.7 Steam injectors 5.0 Deaerator systems 5.1 Atmospheric deaerator systems 5.2 Pressurised deaerator systems 6.0 The Spirax Sarco feedwater system portfolio 7.0 Conclusion: Deaerators are critical for efficient and reliable steam systems www.spiraxsarco.com/uk 1.0 Executive Summary This paper describes best practice for boiler In practice two alternatives exist to suit a steam feedwater system design and operation for owners user’s requirements: an atmospheric solution or a and operators of boiler plant. pressurised system. The feedwater storage system, or feedtank, and A well-designed atmospheric deaerator raises the its associated components are vital for the correct feedwater temperature to approximately 85-90°C and efficient operation of the entire industrial steam to remove dissolved oxygen from the water which and condensate system. A correctly designed and would otherwise cause corrosion in the steam and implemented feedtank offers substantial savings in condensate system, and lead to rapid deterioration energy and water treatment costs, and increases of the boiler. It can also reduce the need for oxygen the reliability of the steam system for a more secure scavenging chemicals such as sodium sulphite by as steam supply. -
Description of the Advanced Gas Cooled Type of Reactor (AGR)
Nordisk Nordisk Poh|oismaincn Nordic kerne- karn- ydin- nuclear sikkerheds- sakcrhets- turvallisuus- safely forskning forskning lutkimus research KAK-2 NKS/RAK2(96)TR-C2 DK9700041 Description of the Advanced Gas Cooled Type of Reactor (AGR) Erik Nonbel Riso National Laboratory Roskilde, Denmark November 1996 Abstract The present report comprises a technical description of the Advanced Gas cooled Reactor (AGR), a reactor type which has only been built in Great Britain 14 AGR reactors have been built, located at 6 different sites and each station is supplied with twin-reactors The Torness AGR plant on the Lothian coastline of Scotland, 60 km east of Edinburgh, has been chosen as the reference plant and is described in some detail Data on the other 6 stations, Dungeness B, Hinkley Point B, Hunterston B, Hartlepool, Heysham I and Heysham II, are given only in tables with a summary of design data Where specific data for Torness AGR has not been available, corresponding data from other AGR plants has been used, primarily from Heysham II, which belongs to the same generation of AGR reactors The information presented is based on the open literature The report is written as a part of the NKS/RAK-2 subproject 3 "Reactors in Nordic Surroundings", which comprises a description of nuclear power plants neighbouring the Nordic countries NKS/RAK-2(96)TR-C2 ISBN 87-550-2264-2 Graphic Service, Riso, 1996 Tlic report can be obtained from NKS Secretariat Phone +45 46 77 40 45 POBox49 Fax +45 46 35 92 73 DK-4000 Roskildc hUp/Auuv nsoc dk/nks Denmark e-mail anncttc.lemmensfr nsoe dk -3- Contents 1 INTRODUCTION 8 2 SUMMARY OF DESIGN DATA 10 3 SITE AND REGION 13 3.1 Selection of the site 13 4 SAFETY CRITERIA 14 5 TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION AND DESIGN EVALUATION 15 5.1 Plant arrangement 15 5.2 Buildings and structures 16 5.3 Reactor core and other reactor vessel internals 17 5.3.1 Mechanical design.. -
Water Treatment Manual WS
This page intentionally left blank Table of Contents 1. Glossary of Terms........................................................................................................................................... 3 2. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 5 3. Basic Steam System ....................................................................................................................................... 9 4. Boiler Water Chemistry ............................................................................................................................... 11 5. Condensate System Chemistry .................................................................................................................... 14 6. Equipment Installation ................................................................................................................................. 15 7. Start-up ........................................................................................................................................................ 22 8. Initial System Cleaning ................................................................................................................................. 26 9. System Operation ........................................................................................................................................ 27 10. Troubleshooting Guide ............................................................................................................................... -
Guide to Combined Heat and Power Systems for Boiler Owners and Operators
ORNL/TM-2004/144 Guide to Combined Heat and Power Systems for Boiler Owners and Operators C. B. Oland DOCUMENT AVAILABILITY Reports produced after January 1, 1996, are generally available free via the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Information Bridge: Web site: http://www.osti.gov/bridge Reports produced before January 1, 1996, may be purchased by members of the public from the following source: National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161 Telephone: 703-605-6000 (1-800-553-6847) TDD: 703-487-4639 Fax: 703-605-6900 E-mail: [email protected] Web site: http://www.ntis.gov/support/ordernowabout.htm Reports are available to DOE employees, DOE contractors, Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDE) representatives, and International Nuclear Information System (INIS) representatives from the following source: Office of Scientific and Technical Information P.O. Box 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831 Telephone: 865-576-8401 Fax: 865-576-5728 E-mail: [email protected] Web site: http://www.osti.gov/contact.html This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. -
Power System Fundamentals
Power System Fundamentals Generation Unit Basics PJM State & Member Training Dept. PJM©2015 02/02/2015 Objectives •Given a generating unit, describe the basic steps involved in the energy conversion process •Describe the overall design and function of plant systems that are common to most facilities • Steam/condensate/feedwater systems • Turbine support systems • Start‐up Systems PJM©2015 02/02/2015 Objectives • Circulating water/Cooling water Systems • Sealing systems • Air Systems •Given a generating unit, list some possible Environmental limitations that may restrict unit output •Given a generating unit, list some possible Operational limitations that may restrict unit output PJM©2015 02/02/2015 Objectives •Describe the major design elements of a Fossil Unit •Describe the major design elements of a Nuclear Unit •Describe the major design elements of a Hydroelectric Unit •Describe the major design elements of a Combustion Turbine Unit PJM©2015 02/02/2015 Objectives •Describe the major design elements of a Combined Cycle Unit •Describe the major design elements of a Wind Unit •Describe the major design elements of a Solar Unit PJM©2015 02/02/2015 Agenda •Elements of the Energy Conversion Process •Provide an overview of: • Steam/Condensate/Feedwater and other Common Systems • Describe the various types of units: • Fossil generating units • Nuclear generating units • Hydroelectric generating units • Combustion turbines • Combined Cycle Power Plants (CCPP) • Wind Units • Solar Units PJM©2015 02/02/2015 Generation Unit Basics Basic Energy -
Steam Supply and Feedwater System
Training Centre / Centre de formation Main Steam Supply and Feedwater System Training Objectives The participant will be able to describe or understand: • The function of the Steam and Feedwater system and its role in the Candu overall energy cycle. • The Functional requirements, both process and safety related. • The system description, including a comparison between a CANDU 6 and Ontario Hydro Stations. • The major equipment and components. • The system layout • An understanding of the control of major components. • System operation, normal and abnormal. • Protective devices used. • Interactions with other systems. • Hazards, both radiological and conventional. Table of Contents 1. Steam and Feedwater System Overview....................................................... 3 2. Functional Requirements ................................................................................ .4 3. System Description............................................................................................ 7 3.1 The Steam System ................................................................................. 7 3.1.1 The Steam Generator (Boiler) .............................................................. 9 3.1.2 Steam Valves ........................................................................................ 10 3.2 The Water System................................................................................ 12 3.2.1 The Condensate and LP Feedwater System.................................... 13 3.2.2 The Feedwater Heaters...................................................................... -
BOILER WATER TREATMENT for KILN DRY OPERATIONS Mike Wieland Technical Presentation IMPORTANT TOPICS
BOILER WATER TREATMENT FOR KILN DRY OPERATIONS Mike Wieland Technical Presentation IMPORTANT TOPICS • PRETREATMENT • TEMPERATURE VS OXYGEN • FEED WATER / DA • BOILER WATER • CONDENSATE Boiler Water Pretreatment • Purpose - Statistically 75% of all boiler water problems manifested in the boiler have a root cause in the pretreatment system • Process - Walk through the processes, key factors, monitoring, and operational impacts of pretreatment systems • Payoff - Cleaner boilers, increased energy efficiency, reduced maintenance time and costs, increased plant production time and capacity Pretreatment Methods • Lime Softening • Ion Exchange Softening & Demineralization • Deaeration: Full Mechanical & Heaters Ion Exchange Technology Ion Exchange • Purpose of softening. What is it? Why do we do it? • How softening occurs • The regeneration cycle • Critical factors and troubleshooting • Areas of opportunity and operational enhancement Purpose of Softening. What is it? Why do we do it? • Well and surface water naturally contains calcium and magnesium - referred to as hardness as well as other iron and manganese that are removed in softening. Examples: Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Ba, Al • These ions adversely impact water and process systems by leading to scaling, corrosion and/or contamination. $ Removing them improves heat transfer, increases equipment life, and lowers overall operating costs. • This process is known as Softening. Hardness can even make a glass of water taste bad! How Does Ion Exchange Occur? Top Connection •Operating Inlet •Rinse/Regeneration -
NB-410, Boiler/Feedwater Guidelines
BOILER/FEEDWATER GUIDELINES TheNationalBoardofBoilerandPressureVesselInspectors 1055CrupperAvenue Columbus,Ohio43229 614.888.8320 NB-410, Revision 3 Sept, 2015 1 1.0 GENERAL The purpose of this document is to provide basic guidelines to the inservice boiler inspector for boiler/feedwater treatment and the recognition of normal/abnormal boiler/feedwater conditions for power boilers, steam heating boilers, and hot water heating boilers. 2.0 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ON WATER 2.1 Earth’s Hydrological Cycle 2.1.1 Water begins to evaporate as the sun heats up a body of water. This evaporated water gathers in the atmosphere and forms clouds. When the cloud water vapor cools sufficiently to condense, it begins to rain. 2.1.2 The rain is without impurities as it begins to fall. Because it is pure or content neutral (pH7), it is “hungry rain,” with a high affinity for oxygen and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The rain droplets absorb oxygen and carbon dioxide as they pass through the atmosphere. 2.1.2.1 Some sources of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are the combustion of fossil fuels, vegetation fermentation, and respiration. 2.1.2.2 This carbon dioxide contributes to making the rain acidic (acid rain) and is a major source of carbon dioxide found in the boiler’s condensate return and feedwater system. 2.1.3 As the rain enters the ground, the acidic condition helps the water dissolve limestone. The limestone and other dissolved and suspended solids are obsorbed in the water. 2.1.3.1 These underground minerals, found in feedwater, are a major source of boiler scale.