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The new philanthropy and smallholder farmers' livelihoods. A case study of the Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA) in the northern region of Ghana Item Type Thesis Authors Asuru, Sumaila Rights <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc-nd/3.0/"><img alt="Creative Commons License" style="border-width:0" src="http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by- nc-nd/3.0/88x31.png" /></a><br />The University of Bradford theses are licenced under a <a rel="license" href="http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/">Creative Commons Licence</a>. Download date 26/09/2021 13:54:31 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10454/15940 University of Bradford eThesis This thesis is hosted in Bradford Scholars – The University of Bradford Open Access repository. Visit the repository for full metadata or to contact the repository team © University of Bradford. This work is licenced for reuse under a Creative Commons Licence. The new philanthropy and smallholder farmers' livelihoods A case study of the Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA) in the northern region of Ghana Sumaila Asuru MSc, B.Ed., PGDip Submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Faculty of Social Sciences University of Bradford 2017 ABSTRACT Sumaila Asuru The new philanthropy and smallholder farmers' livelihoods A case study of the Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA) in the northern region of Ghana Keywords: Poverty reduction, livelihoods, AGRA, philanthropy, rural development, Northern Ghana The new philanthropy is increasingly seen as a panacea and an alternative source of global development finance for rural development, especially in developing countries. The theoretical underpinning of the new philanthropy entails the idea that the private sector, led by philanthropists and civil society organisations in social policy issues can lead to more effective outcomes through partnership. The existing literature on the new philanthropy mainly focuses on its economic or commercial impact. This is particularly the case in the rural parts of Ghana; there has been very little research on the new philanthropy’s impact on the livelihoods of the poorest segments of society. Therefore, this research investigates the impact of new philanthropy on the livelihoods of smallholder farmers in Northern Ghana in order to fill the gap. The study employed ethnographic research, utilising qualitative techniques involving 20 stakeholders in philanthropy and livelihood affairs and 100 smallholder farmers. The research findings suggest that there is a significant relationship between philanthropic sponsored interventions in Ghana and an increase in smallholder farmers’ yields. The few farmers who purchased improved seeds and other agricultural inputs registered significant increases. However, this study identified some bottlenecks inhibiting access to agricultural inputs by smallholder farmers. Majority of smallholder farmers revealed that they could not afford them (seeds, chemical fertilizer and other inputs) despite the subsidies. Furthermore, rainfall variability gives rise to fluctuating food production from one season to another; meanwhile, there is a lack of strategy from philanthropic practitioners to address the variability in rainfall. Through philanthropy, other methods of faming such as i irrigation farming agroecology, and permaculture could be exploited to the benefits of smallholder farmers. The outcomes of this study have policy implications for philanthropic practitioners. This study shows that the failure to involve farmers directly in decisions that affect their livelihoods is a major cause of livelihood interventionist programme failures in Ghana. Thus, this study argues that understanding the socioeconomic dynamics in the Northern Region and amongst the farmers should be an important part of policy formulation for philanthropic involvements seeking to improve livelihood of smallholder farmers. Lastly, the study called for a separate policy framework for philanthropy that would have a key objective of mobilising private philanthropic resources to support steady economic growth and sustainable development, dealing directly with recipients. ii DEDICATION To My Wife Bukari Rukaya Chounwie And Children Nmawisi Asuru-Basinbuo Farawia Asuru-Basinbuo iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The writing of this thesis has been a long journey, a journey that often required the support of others. I would like to acknowledge the skills and expertise of my principal supervisor Dr Behrooz Morvaridi of the Bradford Centre for International Development. His elaborate criticism, extreme patience and guidance throughout the research period made this project a success. I also wish to express my sincere gratitude to Dr John Lawler, who unfortunately left the University of Bradford midway through my studies, but his immense counselling is still fresh in my mind. Thank you to my friend and fellow PhD candidate Raymond Adu, for his support in designing some of my tables and figures. On a more personal level, I would like to thank my wife Rukaya, who has been my biggest fan and supporter; even when I was busy with this research exercise, she managed our kids and me so well that I was able to complete this awesome undertaking. Thank you for gently pushing me and for believing in me. To the girls, Nmawisi and Farawia, very soon I will be available to put you to bed to your satisfaction. I look forward to spending ample time with you now that my PhD study is over. To my extended family, Alhaji Ishaq Asuru, the late Basinbuo Asuru and Haluri Dumah Asuru as well as Faustina Kwara, I am and will always be very grateful to you for having the foresight to send me to school. The support and encouragement of Abubakar Asuru, Issah Abubakar and Madam Veronica Akapame, Headmistress of Accra Girls Senior High School during the period of this study was very much appreciated. I will also like to acknowledge the support of the University of Bradford’s Economic Department for offering me a teaching role, especially Dr Karen Jackson for her encouragement and support. To my sponsor, the Government of Ghana, I wish to say a big thank you. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................. i DEDICATION ............................................................................................................. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................... iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................. v LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................... x LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................... xi ACRONYMS ............................................................................................................. xii CHAPTER ONE : GENERAL INTRODUCTION ......................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Statement of the Problem ............................................................................. 3 1.3 Current Research on Philanthropy in Ghana ................................................ 7 1.3.1 Research Gap and Justification .............................................................. 9 1.4 Objectives and Questions ........................................................................... 11 1.4.1 Research Questions ............................................................................. 11 1.4.2 Research Objectives ............................................................................ 12 1.5 Conceptual Framework ............................................................................... 13 1.6 Structure of the Thesis ................................................................................ 14 CHAPTER TWO : NEW PHILANTHROPY AND POVERTY REDUCTION DEBATE: LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................ 17 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................. 17 2.2 Understanding Philanthropy ........................................................................ 19 2.2.1 History of Philanthropy.......................................................................... 25 2.2.2 The New Philanthropy .......................................................................... 28 2.2.3 New Philanthropy or Philanthrocapitalism ............................................ 31 2.3 Relationship between Charity and Philanthropy .......................................... 41 v 2.4 Poverty Reduction ....................................................................................... 44 2.4.1 Philanthropy and Poverty Reduction .................................................... 47 2.5 Livelihood and Sustainable Livelihood Analysis (SLA) ................................ 52 2.6 The New Philanthropy in the Developing World .......................................... 53 2.7 Conclusion .................................................................................................. 61 CHAPTER THREE : THE CONCEPT OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT: LIVELIHOOD IMPROVEMENTS AND THE ROLE OF THE NEW PHILANTHROPY ..................... 62 3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................