DOCSLIB.ORG

Suicide Bombing in Pakistan

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Suicide Bombing in Pakistan SUICIDE BOMBING IN PAKISTAN MUHAMMAD ALI KHAN SAIF DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY, FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES QUAID-I-AZAM UNIVERSITY, ISLAMABAD 2013 Suicide Bombing In Pakistan 1 Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Anthropology MUHAMMAD ALI KHAN SAIF Department of Anthropology Faculty of Social Sciences Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad 2013 AUTHOR’S DECLARATIONS 2 I hereby declare that this thesis represents the original work of the author. Works of all other people has been acknowledged in the text. The research has been carried out as part of partial fulfillment for the award of Doctor of Philosophy Degree in Anthropology. Muhammad Ali Khan Saif ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks to Allah for enabling me to undertake this research. In addition, I would like to express my gratitude and indebtedness to Prof. Dr. Hafeez-ur-Rehme to man Chaudhry for supervising my thesis. His guidance was of immense help and support and in particular the interest he took in ensuring that I accomplish this task. His patience with me and constant support during my work has been of great value. His guidance in writing of this thesis has been of profound significance. I would also like to express my deep gratitude and support to my teachers, Dr. Anwar Iqbal Syed for his support and guidance in this work. His comments have been of great value. In addition, I would also like to acknowledge the support of Dr. Waheed Chaudhry and Dr. Waheed Rana in this respect. Their support has made the completion of this work possible. 3 ABSTRACT This thesis is an attempt to explore the causes and motivation factors behind suicide terrorism in Pakistan with special reference to the region of Waziristan. The area under research is large and complex. The research is focused on the main causes and motivation factors behind the ever burgeoning culture of suicide terrorism in Pakistan. It was planned at the very outset that the study should not expand into too many areas of investigation which always instigate a researcher to probe while losing sight of main problem. The main focus of the study is the region comprising of North and South Waziristan, the most troubled zone in the tribal areas of Pakistan which has emerged as a hub of Al-Qaeda supported religious extremists and a nursery of suicide bombers in Pakistan. Anthropological field work was the hardest activity to carry out in this region since both the militants and the security forces are engaged in hostilities. Visiting the region and conducting field research was not without risks. However, despite these difficulties my native ethnic connections and support of political and tribal leaders worked effectively and finally I was able to enter the field and conduct my research. The study is highly qualitative in nature because of its obvious requirements but a handful of statistical tools were also employed to tabulate the supportive tangible information. The primary data has been presented by and large in the form of case studies but a sizeable part contains an account and analysis of in-depth interviews and personal field observations. The study has been planned systematically, starting with theoretical discussion on the subject and moving logically towards the main analysis. A detailed discussion of the regional scenario and history of suicide bombing has been provided before addressing the central thesis problem pertaining to suicide bombing in Pakistan. The data on tribal areas of Pakistan reveals that political and religious factors are not the sole reasons for motivating volunteers to carry out suicide bombing. It has also been discussed that the suicide bombing phenomenon in Pakistan is not totally comparable to rest of the world particularly to other Muslim regions such as Palestine and Iraq. The treatment and practice of religion is ethnographically grounded and highly context sensitive; therefore the conventional parameters of analysis are not applicable across the board. Thus, the frameworks proposed by Robert Pape and Samuel Huntington do not offer much relevance to understand terrorism and suicide bombing in Pakistan. The tribal culture and religious environment have a dominant role 4 here. The ‘Pushtun’ tribal cultural code of life called ‘Pushtunwi’ provides that every Pushtun is bound to take revenge against his enemy for his insult and dishonour. Pashtunwali mandates upon him to offer shelter to his guests or a person who seeks asylum. Pashtunwali also requires a Pashtun to be loyal to his faith, Islam, which is regarded as a matter of personal honour. The Islamic concept of Jihad also binds a Muslim to fight against the enemies of Islam. This concept has been interpreted by pro-militants clerics to motivate their followers for Jihad and martyrdom (Shahadat) which is the ultimate culmination of Jihad. These concepts have widely been used to engage youth in suicide terrorism by motivating them with religious emotionalism. This study argues that the phenomenon of suicide bombing can best be understood in a holistic manner by taking into account the interplay of strong cultural support factors, existing religious milieu and socio-economic and political conditions of Pakistan and in particular the Pashtun inhabitants of tribal areas. Suicide bombing and the resulting culture, the data strongly suggests, is not entirely an individual activity. It is a group activity, planned and organized by other players who have their own political agenda; the individual is used merely as a mule and an instrument. There were a number of questions proposed in the research problem which have been answered in the final analysis. It has been concluded that suicide bombers in Pakistan are not always alienated and marginalized individuals. It is rather peoples’ disillusionment and frustration as a result of politically motivated problems that are channelized into suicide attacks. Religion in isolation of other social, cultural and economic factors is not the sole motivating factor behind suicide attacks. A set of motivational factors inducing an individual to commit suicide bombing may include a desire for social prestige, heroism, albeit pseudo, and recognition particularly with one’s immediate social and tribal circles. The data also reveal that almost all known suicide bombers belong to religious schools of Deobandis who are Sunnis and followers of the Hanafite school of Islamic fiqh, with some adherents of the Wahhabi school as well. The data also show that finances are abundantly available for terrorist activities. However, the identification of main sources is undiscoverable through anthropological research because of the sensitivity of the subject. The main postulate that religion is the main motivation factor was, therefore, proved incorrect owing to the fact that at personal level it is not religion but personal individual traits and inclinations under which an individual succumbs to motivations for commission of such acts. Religious zeal is just one factor in addition to many others. Revenge appeared as a strong contributing factor. However, at a larger societal level, it was not found correct. The assumption that the society in general is strongly supportive of 5 suicide attacks was also proved false as the majority of the people do not agree with the interpretation of Islamic principles offered by the militant circles. Money, as a major inducement and contributor was also not proved correct. The study was not aimed at offering a viable solution to the suicide bombing problem. However, it has come up with the finding that suicide terrorism is basically a reaction of extremist religio-political groups to political grievances, and that Pakistan’s current social and political environment has provided an enabling environment and a fertile ground for this style of activity. Its internal political and social problems have facilitated the exploitation of religion and culture by the militants and disgruntled elements to spread their message through death and destruction. This study is divided into eight chapters. The first chapter discusses the methodological approach adopted for the research. The second chapter discusses the relevant theoretical formulations and literature review. The third chapter provides an overview of the background of suicide terrorism in other Muslim states and Pakistan. Chapter four discusses the tribal areas of Pakistan, in particular, Waziristan and the cultural and traditions of its Pashtun inhabitants. Chapter five discusses developments in Waziristan after the October 2001 invasion of Afghanistan and the emergence of militancy as a result and its relationship with suicide terrorism in the region. Chapter six and seven include ethnographic studies, including case studies, interviews etc. of the relatives of suicide bombers and would be suicide bombers. A discussion on public perceptions and response to suicide terrorism is also included. Chapter eight contains the final conclusion and observations. 6 ABBREVIATIONS ANP Awami National Party FATA Federally Administered Tribal Areas FCR Frontier Crime Regulation 1901 FR Frontier Regions JI Jamaat Islami JUI Jamiat-e-Ulama-Islam KPK Khyber Pukhtunkhwa Province MQM Muttahida Quami Movement PBUH Peace Be Upon Him PML Pakistan Muslim League PPP Pakistan Peoples’ Party PTI Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaaf TTP Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan IMU Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan 7 TRANSLITERATION Ameer A leader Fatwa A religious decree issued by a scholar or a grand cleric on a question of Islamic law Fidai
Load more

Recommended publications
  • “TELLING the STORY” Sources of Tension in Afghanistan & Pakistan: a Regional Perspective (2011-2016)
    “TELLING THE STORY” Sources of Tension in Afghanistan & Pakistan: A Regional Perspective (2011-2016) Emma Hooper (ed.) This monograph has been produced with the financial assistance of the Norway Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Its contents are the sole responsibility of the authors and do not reflect the position of the Ministry. © 2016 CIDOB This monograph has been produced with the financial assistance of the Norway Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Its contents are the sole responsibility of the authors and do not reflect the position of the Ministry. CIDOB edicions Elisabets, 12 08001 Barcelona Tel.: 933 026 495 www.cidob.org [email protected] D.L.: B 17561 - 2016 Barcelona, September 2016 CONTENTS CONTRIBUTOR BIOGRAPHIES 5 FOREWORD 11 Tine Mørch Smith INTRODUCTION 13 Emma Hooper CHAPTER ONE: MAPPING THE SOURCES OF TENSION WITH REGIONAL DIMENSIONS 17 Sources of Tension in Afghanistan & Pakistan: A Regional Perspective .......... 19 Zahid Hussain Mapping the Sources of Tension and the Interests of Regional Powers in Afghanistan and Pakistan ............................................................................................. 35 Emma Hooper & Juan Garrigues CHAPTER TWO: KEY PHENOMENA: THE TALIBAN, REFUGEES , & THE BRAIN DRAIN, GOVERNANCE 57 THE TALIBAN Preamble: Third Party Roles and Insurgencies in South Asia ............................... 61 Moeed Yusuf The Pakistan Taliban Movement: An Appraisal ......................................................... 65 Michael Semple The Taliban Movement in Afghanistan .......................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Pakistan: Lai Nullah Basin Flood Problem Islamabad – Rawalpindi Cities
    WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION THE ASSOCIATED PROGRAMME ON FLOOD MANAGEMENT INTEGRATED FLOOD MANAGEMENT CASE STUDY1 PAKISTAN: LAI NULLAH BASIN FLOOD PROBLEM ISLAMABAD – RAWALPINDI CITIES January 2004 Edited by TECHNICAL SUPPORT UNIT Note: Opinions expressed in the case study are those of author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the WMO/GWP Associated Programme on Flood Management (APFM). Designations employed and presentations of material in the case study do not imply the expression of any opinion whatever on the part of the Technical Support Unit (TSU), APFM concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. LIST OF ACRONYMS ADB Asian Development Bank ADPC Asian Disaster Preparedness Centre ADRC Asian Disaster Reduction Centre CDA Capital Development Authority Cfs Cubic Feet Per Second DCOs District Coordination Officers DTM Digital Terrain Model ECNEC Executive Committee of National Economic Council ERC Emergency Relief Cell FFC Federal Flood Commission FFD Flood Forecasting Division FFS Flood Forecasting System GPS Global Positioning System ICID International Commission on Irrigation & Drainage ICIMOD International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development ICOLD International Commission on Large Dams IDB Islamic Development Bank IFM Integrated Flood Management IWRM Integrated Water Resources Management JBIC Japan Bank for International Cooperation JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency LLA Land Acquisition Act MAF
    [Show full text]
  • Letters from Abbottabad: Bin Ladin Sidelined?
    Letters from Abbottabad: Bin Ladin Sidelined? Harmony Program Letters from Abbottabad: Bin Ladin Sidelined? Nelly Lahoud Stuart Caudill Liam Collins Gabriel Koehler-Derrick Don Rassler Muhammad al-`Ubaydi HARMONY PROGRAM THE COMBATING TERRORISM CENTER AT WEST POINT www.ctc.usma.edu 3 May 2012 The views expressed in this report are the authors’ and do not necessarily reflect those of the Combating Terrorism Center, U.S. Military Academy, Department of Defense or U.S. government. May 3, 2012 Foreword The death of Usama bin Ladin one year ago understandably generated a significant amount of interest in the professionals who carried out the raid in Abbottabad, Pakistan, on the night of May 2nd. Lost in the focus on this single mission is the fact that United States Special Operations Forces (SOF) have conducted thousands of comparable missions in Afghanistan and Iraq since 2001. The success of “Neptune Spear” was the cumulative result of the experience, relentless focus and professionalism of a community that has been conducting these types of missions for over ten years. A second feature of the raid and one much less apparent to the general public is that the professionals conducting this operation were trained to survey the site and collect any electronic media, papers, or pocket litter that might inform future operations. As discussed in the report, this process, known as F3EA (Find, Fix, Finish, Exploit and Analyze), has helped to revolutionize the fight against al-Qa`ida and created a cyclical operational process for combating networked actors. The end of the raid in Abbottabad was the beginning of a massive analytical effort as experts from across the Intelligence Community (IC) worked to exploit these captured documents, which in turn undoubtedly contributed to additional operations.
    [Show full text]
  • The Militant Pipeline Between the Afghanistan-Pakistan Border Region and the West
    New America Foundation National Security Studies Program Policy Paper The Militant Pipeline Between the Afghanistan-Pakistan Border Region and the West Paul Cruickshank Second Edition July 2011; First Edition February 2010 Of the 32 “serious” jihadist terrorist plots against the West between 2004 and 2011, 53 percent had operational or training links to established jihadist groups in Pakistan and just 6 percent to Yemen. A decade after 9/11, despite growing concerns over Yemen, entry to join the fighting in Afghanistan, the presence of al Pakistan’s Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) and Qaeda, and its sustained ability to train recruits and swaths of the country’s northwest arguably remain al Qaeda persuade them to launch attacks in the West, continue to ’s main safe haven, and the area from which it can hatch its make the FATA what President Obama called in 2009 “the most dangerous plots against the West. 1 Al Qaeda’s most dangerous place in the world.” 4 presence in these areas has long threatened international security. It was in Peshawar in Pakistan’s northwest that al U.S. officials have recently suggested that when it comes to Qaeda was founded in 1988, and ever since Pakistan’s the U.S. homeland, al Qaeda’s affiliate in Yemen – al Qaeda border region with Afghanistan has been a gateway for in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP) – could now pose a recruits joining the terrorist network and its affiliates, and greater threat than “al Qaeda Central” in the tribal areas of an area in which its senior figures have felt comfortable Pakistan.
    [Show full text]
  • UNESCO-UNEVOC in Action Biennial Report 2012-2013
    UNESCO-UNEVOC in Action Biennial Report 2012-2013 Published by UNESCO-UNEVOC International Centre for Technical and Vocational Education and Training UN Campus Platz der Vereinten Nationen 1 53113 Bonn Germany Tel: +49 (0) 228 815 01 00 Fax: +49 (0) 228 815 01 99 www.unesco.org/unevoc [email protected] This report can be downloaded in PDF format from www.unevoc.unesco.org/publications Design Christiane Marwecki, cmgrafix The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, city or area, or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. ISBN 978-92-95071-65-0 (print) ISBN 978-92-95071-66-7 (online) © UNESCO 2014 All photos are copyright of UNESCO-UNEVOC unless stated otherwise Table of contents 5 Preface 7 Overview 11 UNESCO-UNEVOC at a glance 12 TVET and the world of work 13 UNESCO Strategy for TVET 14 The Third International TVET Congress 16 UNESCO-UNEVOC’s thematic priorities 17 Greening TVET for sustainable development 20 Youth and skills 25 UNESCO-UNEVOC’s action for capacity development 27 Highlights of 2012 29 Highlights of 2013 32 The UNEVOC Network 34 UNEVOC Network clusters 37 Introducing new members 41 UNESCO-UNEVOC’s action for knowledge management and resource development 42 Publications 44 Online services 50 Partnerships and international collaboration 52 Highlights 2012/2013 55 Collaboration with UNESCO Headquarters, Field Offices and Institutes 60 Activities with regional and international partners 66 Engagement with the host country 70 Inside UNESCO-UNEVOC 70 Staffing 73 Financial report 76 Appendix: List of visitors to the UNESCO-UNEVOC International Centre Preface Creative Commons © Peter Morgan / Sustainable Sanitation Alliance GIZ Creative Commons © Peter 4 It is with great pleasure that I share with you the 2012-2013 Biennial Report of the UNESCO-UNEVOC International Centre for Technical and Vocational Education and Training.
    [Show full text]
  • Parcel Post Compendium Online Pakistan Post PKA PK
    Parcel Post Compendium Online PK - Pakistan Pakistan Post PKA Basic Services CARDIT Carrier documents international Yes transport – origin post 1 Maximum weight limit admitted RESDIT Response to a CARDIT – destination Yes 1.1 Surface parcels (kg) 50 post 1.2 Air (or priority) parcels (kg) 50 6 Home delivery 2 Maximum size admitted 6.1 Initial delivery attempt at physical Yes delivery of parcels to addressee 2.1 Surface parcels 6.2 If initial delivery attempt unsuccessful, Yes 2.1.1 2m x 2m x 2m No card left for addressee (or 3m length & greatest circumference) 6.3 Addressee has option of paying taxes or Yes 2.1.2 1.5m x 1.5m x 1.5m Yes duties and taking physical delivery of the (or 3m length & greatest circumference) item 2.1.3 1.05m x 1.05m x 1.05m No 6.4 There are governmental or legally (or 2m length & greatest circumference) binding restrictions mean that there are certain limitations in implementing home 2.2 Air parcels delivery. 2.2.1 2m x 2m x 2m No 6.5 Nature of this governmental or legally (or 3m length & greatest circumference) binding restriction. 2.2.2 1.5m x 1.5m x 1.5m Yes (or 3m length & greatest circumference) 2.2.3 1.05m x 1.05m x 1.05m No 7 Signature of acceptance (or 2m length & greatest circumference) 7.1 When a parcel is delivered or handed over Supplementary services 7.1.1 a signature of acceptance is obtained Yes 3 Cumbersome parcels admitted No 7.1.2 captured data from an identity card are Yes registered 7.1.3 another form of evidence of receipt is No Parcels service features obtained 5 Electronic exchange of information
    [Show full text]
  • Part-I: Post Code Directory of Delivery Post Offices
    PART-I POST CODE DIRECTORY OF DELIVERY POST OFFICES POST CODE OF NAME OF DELIVERY POST OFFICE POST CODE ACCOUNT OFFICE PROVINCE ATTACHED BRANCH OFFICES ABAZAI 24550 Charsadda GPO Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 24551 ABBA KHEL 28440 Lakki Marwat GPO Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 28441 ABBAS PUR 12200 Rawalakot GPO Azad Kashmir 12201 ABBOTTABAD GPO 22010 Abbottabad GPO Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 22011 ABBOTTABAD PUBLIC SCHOOL 22030 Abbottabad GPO Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 22031 ABDUL GHAFOOR LEHRI 80820 Sibi GPO Balochistan 80821 ABDUL HAKIM 58180 Khanewal GPO Punjab 58181 ACHORI 16320 Skardu GPO Gilgit Baltistan 16321 ADAMJEE PAPER BOARD MILLS NOWSHERA 24170 Nowshera GPO Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 24171 ADDA GAMBEER 57460 Sahiwal GPO Punjab 57461 ADDA MIR ABBAS 28300 Bannu GPO Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 28301 ADHI KOT 41260 Khushab GPO Punjab 41261 ADHIAN 39060 Qila Sheikhupura GPO Punjab 39061 ADIL PUR 65080 Sukkur GPO Sindh 65081 ADOWAL 50730 Gujrat GPO Punjab 50731 ADRANA 49304 Jhelum GPO Punjab 49305 AFZAL PUR 10360 Mirpur GPO Azad Kashmir 10361 AGRA 66074 Khairpur GPO Sindh 66075 AGRICULTUR INSTITUTE NAWABSHAH 67230 Nawabshah GPO Sindh 67231 AHAMED PUR SIAL 35090 Jhang GPO Punjab 35091 AHATA FAROOQIA 47066 Wah Cantt. GPO Punjab 47067 AHDI 47750 Gujar Khan GPO Punjab 47751 AHMAD NAGAR 52070 Gujranwala GPO Punjab 52071 AHMAD PUR EAST 63350 Bahawalpur GPO Punjab 63351 AHMADOON 96100 Quetta GPO Balochistan 96101 AHMADPUR LAMA 64380 Rahimyar Khan GPO Punjab 64381 AHMED PUR 66040 Khairpur GPO Sindh 66041 AHMED PUR 40120 Sargodha GPO Punjab 40121 AHMEDWAL 95150 Quetta GPO Balochistan 95151
    [Show full text]
  • Chicago Man Pleads Guilty to Attempting to Provide Funds to Support Al Qaeda in Pakistan
    U.S. Department of Justice United States Attorney Northern District of Illinois S)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))Q Patrick J. Fitzgerald Federal Building United States Attorney 219 South Dearborn Street, 5th Floor Chicago, Illinois 60604 (312) 353-5300 FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE PRESS CONTACT: MONDAY FEBRUARY 6, 2012 Randall Samborn (312) 353-5318 www.justice.gov/usao/iln CHICAGO MAN PLEADS GUILTY TO ATTEMPTING TO PROVIDE FUNDS TO SUPPORT AL QAEDA IN PAKISTAN CHICAGO — A Chicago man, who personally provided hundreds of dollars to an alleged terrorist leader with whom he had met in his native Pakistan, pleaded guilty today to attempting to provide additional funds to the same individual after learning he was working with al Qaeda. The defendant, Raja Lahrasib Khan, a Chicago taxi driver and native of Pakistan who became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 1988, pleaded guilty to one count of attempting to provide material support to a foreign terrorist organization, resolving charges that have been pending since he was arrested in March 2010. Khan, 58, of the city’s north side, never posed any imminent domestic danger, law enforcement officials said at the time of his arrest. He remains in federal custody while awaiting sentencing, which U.S. District Judge James Zagel scheduled for 2 p.m. on May 30. Khan faces a maximum sentence of 15 years in prison. His plea agreement calls for an agreed sentence of between five and eight years in prison, and it requires Khan to cooperate with the government in any matter in which he is called upon to assist through the termination of his sentence and any period of supervised release.
    [Show full text]
  • Documentos De Seguridad Y Defensa 62
    Documentos de Seguridad Escuela de Altos y Defensa 62 Estudios Yihadismo en el mundo actual de la Defensa MINISTERIO DE DEFENSA Documentos de Seguridad Escuela de Altos y Defensa 62 Estudios de la Yihadismo en el mundo actual Defensa MINISTERIO DE DEFENSA CATÁLOGO GENERAL DE PUBLICACIONES OFICIALES http://publicacionesoficiales.boe.es/ Edita: SECRETARÍA GENERAL TÉCNICA http://publicaciones.defensa.gob.es/ © Autor y editor, 2014 NIPO: 083-14-164-1 (impresión bajo demanda) NIPO: 083-14-163-6 (edición libro-e) Fecha de edición: septiembre 2014 ISBN: 978-84-9781-968-8 (edición libro-e) Las opiniones emitidas en esta publicación son exclusiva responsabilidad del autor de la misma. Los derechos de explotación de esta obra están amparados por la Ley de Propiedad Intelectual. Ninguna de las partes de la misma puede ser reproducida, almacenada ni transmitida en ninguna forma ni por medio alguno, electrónico, mecánico o de grabación, incluido fotocopias, o por cualquier otra forma, sin permiso previo, expreso y por escrito de los titulares del © Copyright. ÍNDICE Página Introducción Yihadismo en el mundo actual Marín Bello Crespo ..................................................................................................... 7 Introducción ............................................................................................................... 7 Capitulo primero Doctrina y acción política. Pugnas sobre el islam verdadero. El salafismo Federico Aznar Fernández-Montesinos ..................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Radicalization in the U.S. Beyond Al Qaeda Treating the Disease of the Disconnection
    Radicalization in the U.S. Beyond al Qaeda Treating the disease of the disconnection Clint Watts Published in August 2012 (Written in December 2011) Program on National Security Foreign Policy Research Institute www.fpri.org Published in August 2012 (Written in December 2011) Note: This paper was originally produced for and delivered at an FPRI conference sponsored by the Combating Terrorism Technical Support Office entitled “Irregular Warfare: Challenges and Opportunities” held in Washington, DC, in December 2011. This material may be reproduced by or for the U.S. Government pursuant to the copyright license under clause at DFARS 252.227-7013 (November 1995). The U.S. Government retains Unlimited Rights. Unlimited rights means rights to use, modify, perform, display, release, or disclose technical data in whole or in part, in any manner and for any purpose whatsoever, and to have or authorize others to do so. FPRI 1528 Walnut Street, Suite 610 • Philadelphia, PA 19102-3684 Tel. 215-732-3774 • Fax 215-732-4401 About the Author Clint Watts is a Senior Fellow at the Foreign Policy Research Institute, a consultant with Navanti Group, and editor of SelectedWisdom.com. Clint’s research focuses on analyzing transnational threat groups operating in local environments on a global scale. Before his current affiliations, Clint served as a U.S. Army infantry officer, a FBI Special Agent on a Joint Terrorism Task Force, and as the Executive Officer of the Combating Terrorism Center at West Point (CTC). His written works for FPRI include the E-Notes “What If There Is No Al- Qaeda? Preparing for Future Terrorism,” July 2012, and “Major Nidal Hasan and the Fort Hood Tragedy: Implications for the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • World Bank Document
    Document of The World Bank FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Public Disclosure Authorized Report No: 74711-AF EMERGENCY PROJECT PAPER ON A Public Disclosure Authorized PROPOSED GRANT IN THE AMOUNT OF SDR 35.7 MILLION (US$ 55 MILLION EQUIVALENT) TO THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF AFGHANISTAN FOR A Public Disclosure Authorized SECOND SKILLS DEVELOPMENT PROJECT March 1, 2013 Human Development Unit South Asia Region Public Disclosure Authorized This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization. CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (Exchange Rate Effective January 31, 2013) Currency Unit = Afghani (AFN) AFN 51.2 = US$1 US$ 1.54 = SDR 1 FISCAL YEAR January 1 – December 31 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS AIT Afghanistan Institute of Technology ARTF Afghanistan Reconstruction Trust Fund ANIM Afghanistan National Institute of Music ASDP Afghanistan Skills Development Project BP Business Plan BDS Business Development Services CTI Computer Technology Institute DA Designated Account DAB Da Afghanistan Bank DOI Department of Infrastructure DOP Department of Planning DMTVET Deputy Ministry of Technical and Vocational Education Training EC European Commission EMIS Education Management Information System EQUIP Education Quality Improvement Program ESMF Environment and Social Management Framework FM Financial Management FMM Financial Management Manual GAAP Generally Accepted Accounting Principles GC Grants Committee GCL Governing Council GDP Gross
    [Show full text]
  • Estimated Age
    The US National Counterterrorism Center is pleased to present the 2016 edition of the Counterterrorism (CT) Calendar. Since 2003, we have published the calendar in a daily planner format that provides our consumers with a variety of information related to international terrorism, including wanted terrorists; terrorist group fact sheets; technical issue related to terrorist tactics, techniques, and procedures; and potential dates of importance that terrorists might consider when planning attacks. The cover of this year’s CT Calendar highlights terrorists’ growing use of social media and other emerging online technologies to recruit, radicalize, and encourage adherents to carry out attacks. This year will be the last hardcopy publication of the calendar, as growing production costs necessitate our transition to more cost- effective dissemination methods. In the coming years, NCTC will use a variety of online and other media platforms to continue to share the valuable information found in the CT Calendar with a broad customer set, including our Federal, State, Local, and Tribal law enforcement partners; agencies across the Intelligence Community; private sector partners; and the US public. On behalf of NCTC, I want to thank all the consumers of the CT Calendar during the past 12 years. We hope you continue to find the CT Calendar beneficial to your daily efforts. Sincerely, Nicholas J. Rasmussen Director The US National Counterterrorism Center is pleased to present the 2016 edition of the Counterterrorism (CT) Calendar. This edition, like others since the Calendar was first published in daily planner format in 2003, contains many features across the full range of issues pertaining to international terrorism: terrorist groups, wanted terrorists, and technical pages on various threat-related topics.
    [Show full text]