Posted on Authorea 17 Sep 2020 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.160037755.52790128 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. oesr h aeyo h ae upyo h NDEP oemaue utb ae odecrease to taken direct the be reduce must to measures standards NSL. some discharge around SNWD-ERP, rivers strict Keywords: inflowing formulating the the as of into such sewage supply rivers, of contrast, inflowing water discharge In from the inputs contribution. of sulfate total SO SO safety the of the high contribution the of of maximum 52.18% source ensure the direct for To period, nondiversion largest accounting water during the nondiversion dissolution, sulfate the period, dissolved evaporite during water of was diversion compositions NSL the isotope in of During oxygen proper- centrations sources hydrochemical and periods. the original sulfur water analyzing and and diversion from by direct bodies investigated and transfer were water The water rivers the (NSL). after inflowing of Lake surrounding increased ties Nansi its rapidly and in sulfate NSL especially of in Province, concentrations sulfate Shandong the to that Province found Jiangsu was it operation, began Eastern the Abstract: with China associated in sulfate : of Head Project source Diversion Running Water the South-to-North analyze the as to such of isotopes NSL. rivers, Route oxygen around inflowing rivers and from inflowing sulfur inputs the into sulfate Using the the sewage the of during of safety decrease discharge contrast, the to direct ensure In taken the To reduce be inputs. to contribution. must SO42- river standards measures high total inflowing discharge some of from strict the SNWD-ERP, source formulating came of the direct SO42- 52.18% of largest of supply contribution for the maximum water sulfate accounting period, investigated dissolved the water dissolution, were of period, diversion rivers compositions evaporite water the inflowing isotope nondiversion was surrounding oxygen During NSL and its sulfur periods. in and and water NSL concentrations bodies diversion in water sulfate and the of nondiversion especially of sources Province, during properties Shandong original hydrochemical to found and the Province was direct Jiangsu analyzing it from The by operation, transfer (NSL). began water Lake officially after Nansi (SNWD-ERP) increased rapidly in Project sulfate Diversion of Water concentrations South-to-North the the that of Route Eastern the Since Abstract 2020 17, September 2 1 Qiao Kaili hn sacutywt ae hrae,adteprcpt ae eore fCiaaeblwteglobal the below are China of resources water capita per the and shortages, water with average country a is China Introduction Xie Wenlong Water China South-to-North in the sulfate of Project of Route Diversion source Eastern the the analyze with to associated isotopes oxygen and sulfur Using niomna rtcinDprmn fSadn Province Shandong of Department Protection Environmental China of University Ocean D,Fn i,Pr,Tn,21;i ag 02 tt oni,2012) Council, State 2012; Yang, & 2019;Liu Tang, Park, Liu, Fan, (Du, ic h atr ot fteSuht-ot ae ieso rjc SW-R)officially (SNWD-ERP) Project Diversion Water South-to-North the of Route Eastern the Since 1 as ae Sulfate; Lake; Nansi el Chu Meile , 1 ejnTian Weijun , uft ore nteSuht-ot ae ieso rjc nChina. in Project Diversion Water South-to-North the in sources Sulfate 1 n ininSong Tiantian and , 1 δ ine Zhou Jianren , 34 S SO4 ; δ 18 O SO4 ieso ae period water Diversion ; 2 1 IgZhao JIng , 1 1 in Wang Liang , 4 2- aefo noigrvrinputs. river inflowing from came 1 hoagDu Zhaoyang , h most The . 4 1 2- , con- Posted on Authorea 17 Sep 2020 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.160037755.52790128 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. ihiooevle) hc a oniewt h ufriooevle fteslae omdb evaporite by formed sulfates the of and 2018 values Pratt, concentrations isotope & (low sulfur White concentrations the Peng, sulfate with coincide the may with dissolution which correlated values), negatively isotope and high reduction biological sulfates ( by dissolved signature the isotope e.g., 2010 lakes; same al., (the 2016; in the et sulfates al., Yang have dissolved et of & Zhou 2010; sulfide sources 2008; Mitchell, Yoon and original al., Yun, the precipitation et study Kim, Yoon atmospheric to 2017; 2015; from difficult al., ( is Bao, 2012 et sulfates Valiente it dissolved However, & Mayer, 2014; of Paz, Killingsworth ). sources & & the 2011; Pozo Yuan track Rivas, 2000; Shimada, 2005; to 2019; 2008; decades Mayer, & Mayer, Jeffries, several al., Kagabu past & & the Nakano, et in Semkin Krouse Delinom, Yoon used Spoelstra, been 2009; have 1997; Schiff, isotopes Cozzarelli, different sulfur Kusakabem, 1999; are & & Hultberg, sources Breit sulfate & Morth Tuttle, the Kusakabe if Andersson, Torssander, 2008 different Torssander, Morth, are al., 2008; sulfate et Ingri, Cannals, Yoon of & 1996; 2007; compositions & Soler Veizer, isotope Sun Otero, & sulfur Zhou, 2000; Telmer The 2017;Yang, Wu, Mayer, Wu, & Cao, & Krouse 2007; Strosnider 2015; France-Lanord, Kobayashi, fer- Bao, & Sun, chemical & Brenot Killingsworth form dissolution, Gaillardet, ( evaporite 2018; is, discharge Calmels, form Han, that wastewater is, 2007; mine emissions, that industrial Benoit, anthropogenic sources, and & b) natural sewage & and a) urban Rock oxidation, use, groups: sulfide tilizer 2014; two into and Bosak, humans divided deposition, in & are atmospheric diarrhea water Sim 2005 cause surface al., Ono, even in processes et may sulfate 2011; Nakano biogeochemical concentrations 2015; al., in high Bao, and et role & declines, 2005). important Li quality Telmer, Feng; an water & plays high, 2015; Spence cycle Hoefs, element 2009; biological sulfur 1997; important Mayer, the Fritz, and common therefore, & a reactions; also (Clark is redox but many crust Earth’s in the in Lake. common Nansi from quite ( in only transfer mg/L the not water 400 to is after reached Sulfur water-shortage due rapidly and quality the Province increased water Shandong reduces concentrations long-term to sulfate greatly ensure Province 2012; the which to Jiangsu May that season, difficult indicated in wet is monitoring starting it the Long-term years, However, during six system line. stops hydraulic for transfer and complex water operational season the been dry along officially the pressure has lakes, during interconnected SNWD-ERP runs of The it system hydraulic channels. complex water a River and ( with Hai municipality canals and Tianjin and basin to rivers River and ( Provinces, Huai kilometers Hebei basin, 1,466.24 approximately and River is Yellow diversion Project basin, water Diversion of River Water distance 2019 Yangtze South-to-North channel the total the the spans of and part project basin, integral The an and is China. Project (SNDP-ERP) in Route Project Middle Route the Eastern Project, The Route region Western northern the Project. including the Route routes, in Eastern three shortages into the water divided of is SNDP problem The the solve to Zuo (SNDP) Zhao, 2016; Zehnder, 2014) & Yang water-rich resources 2017; water less al., of largely generally et 2017) is is Xinchun which Zillante, region 2010; south, northern & Gnauck, the the & and and Monsavi precipitation, north Abbaspur, region of the China distribution between South the spatial resources than uneven water the in to disequilibrium due the is feature obvious clsne,20;Vlet ta. 2017 al., et Valiente 2005; Schlesinger, δ 34 .TeSW-EPdvrswtrfo h oe ece fteYnteRvrt ins,Shandong Jiangsu, to River Yangtze the of reaches lower the from water diverts ERP SNWD- The ). hrfr,i 02 h hns oenetluce h ot-oNrhWtrDvrinProject Diversion Water South-to-North the launched government Chinese the 2002, in Therefore, . ausfo oho h bv uft ore r o) h ufriooecmoiini affected is composition isotope sulfur The low). are sources sulfate above the of both from values S Kos ae,20;Sa,Msn ale&Cpeln 00 on,Cadieux, Young, 2010; Cappellen, & Pallue Mason, Stam, 2000; Mayer, & (Krouse L,Xog hn,Wn ag 06 hoe l,21;Zag&Anadon, & Zhang 2017; al., et Zhao 2016; Wang, & Wang Zhang, Xiong, (Li, i.1 Fig. h oieooi eeomn ftenrhr eini ral iie ytelack the by limited greatly is region northern the of development socioeconomic The . G,Sa in,21;L,L hn,21;Zun ta. 2019) al., et Zhuang 2011; Zhang, & Li Li, 2012; Jiang, & Shao (Gu, .Itronce ae,sc sNniLk,aetu sda trg reservoirs storage as used thus are Lake, Nansi as such lakes, Interconnected ). Ba,Yn&X,21;Pn,Zag i ag 08 e,Yang, Wei, 2018; Wang, & Yin Zhang, Peng, 2014; Xu, & Yan (Bian, .Teaoeetoe hnmn aeaaye ftesucso dissolved of sources the of analyses make phenomena abovementioned The ). ; .Slaei bqioscmoeti ufc aes h rgn of origins The waters. surface in component ubiquitous a is Sulfate ). utee l,2009). al., et Tuttle lhuhslaei otxc fslaecnetain r too are concentrations sulfate if nontoxic, is sulfate Although .Slu csa neeto cetradeeto donor electron and acceptor electron an as acts Sulfur ). 2 sarsl,the result, a As rnt ainn France-Lanord Carignan, Brenot, H,Hpl&Klor 2014) Kilgour, & Hipel (He, ae,Saly aly& Bailey Shanley, Mayer, δ 34 au ag a overlap may range value S .Teeoe stable Therefore, ). Beo tal., et (Brenot (Killingsworth hage al., et Zhuang Hosono, ). . . Posted on Authorea 17 Sep 2020 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.160037755.52790128 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. h ape a esrdb rnttainwt .2NHl(q)i h ed h ape o measuring Cl for of concentrations samples cation The and field. anion and the the Mg in measure pH, to (aq.) (T), sample (HCO HCl water temperature alkalinity 0.025N each pH the the with to Additionally, titration measure acidified Gran were to sites. by cations sampling measured used was the was samples at HQ-40d) the values (HACH, (EC) analyzer conductivity quality electrical water portable A analysis NSL. Chemical near 2.3.1 mine In gypsum analysis. large methods isotope a Analytical and from period 2.3 chemical were collected water for was samples nondiversion bottles sample the the (HDPE) gypsum lake; polyethylene a during the high-density addition, collected of in center were stored the samples hermetically from were 11 NSL, four Moreover, entering and rivers channel 11 (S1-S17). ( from transfer 1-17 samples a Sample including from named period, in one Administration), water sulfates groundwater, Construction diversion for from the data Project monitoring during one Diversion previous Water collected the were South-to-North to samples and Shandong According nondiversion 17 the 2019). during from conducted Jan. (obtained were and 2018, campaigns NSL samplings (Jul. two periods are rivers, water surrounding diversion mines) the (gypsum and salts NSL Around gypsum and salts, ( The gypsum WSD Sampling precipitation. of and 2.2. annual portion salts of southwestern rock mm the 700 by in with dominated distributed climate lakemainly are monsoon largest continental WSD subhumid the in a is km evaporites is NSL 1,266 climate of south. the area to and water Shandong north zone, a western from with in extending China, located North sublakes, is Weishan in lake and This Zhaoyang SNWD-ERP. Dushan, the Nanyang, of hub (34 storage (WSD), important Province an is (NSL) Lake Nansi analyzed. and area investigated Study were 2.1. 2019) Jan. methods during and and water 2018, underground Materials and and (Jul. sulfur 2. rivers, periods sulfate surrounding and highest water the types the diversion Lake, has hydrochemical and Nansi it nondiversion in using characteristics, because Province sulfate the area geological Shandong of study enters The compositions targeted water isotope the after oxygen Province. as sulfate chosen Shandong dissolved was of in Lake sources Nansi concentrations the approach. trace isotope to dual is 2016 a study al., this of et aims Zhou The transfer. dual 2018; water a artificial al., using with by et associated atmosphere Young sources the 2015; and wetlands Liu, groundwater, & 2000 ( glaciers, oxygen Vezier, rivers, and in approach sulfur & of of isotope Karim sources isotopes water the sulfate 2007; natural coupling the by in Mandernack, confirm sources factors & sulfate different characterize many Mayer to on Shanks, possible depends is sulfates it formed and newly bodies, of composition isotope oxygen The complicated. sulfates tn vrih.Tegpu apewsgon oapwe,wihwsdsovdi 0 al(q)fr24 for (aq.) NaCl 10% in dissolved was which powder, a to pH ground to was acidified sample gypsum and The beaker overnight. a stand in subsampled was HCO water remove of L 2 Approximately analysis Isotopes 2.3.2 mg/L. 5 than better were i.2 Fig. 2+ yincrmtgah IS30,DOE) h rcso fteainadcto concentrations cation and anion the of precision The DIONEX). (ICS-3000, chromatography ion by .Tewtrsmlswr lee hog 0.45- a through filtered were samples water The ). 3 - rCO or Coe l,21;Goe l,21;Kligwrh&Bo 05 i a,Zhou Gan, Li, 2015; Bao, & Killingsworth 2019; al., et Guo 2018; al., et (Cao ° 3 7 o3dg0 n 1dg4 o17e2’E.NLcnit ffu ulks the sublakes: four of consists NSL E). 117deg21’ to 116deg34’ and N 35deg20’ to 27’ 2- n BaSO and , < ihutaueHNO ultrapure with 2 4 a rcpttdb dig1%BaCl 10% adding by precipitated was 2 n 3iflwn ies S sstae nawr temperate warm a in situated is NSL rivers. inflowing 53 and 3 prxmtl 0 Lo ae a usmldfrom subsampled was water of mL 200 Approximately . 3 i 2010 Qi, μ .Hwvr hr r e tde ftesulfate the of studies few are there However, ). ilpr ebaeo ells ctt and acetate cellulose of membrane Millipore m ). .Teeoe tde aebgnto begun have studies Therefore, ). - SO , 2 4 a. otebae n etto left and beaker the to (aq.) 2- < NO , ihdsild6MHlto HCl M 6 distilled with 2 3 - Na , + K , 3 - + eeig of metering) Ca , 2+ Balci, and , Posted on Authorea 17 Sep 2020 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.160037755.52790128 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. n h l af ie.TeOdWnuRvri aniflwn ie fteNnagsbae(W.The (SW). sublake Nanyang the of river inflowing main a is River Wanfu Old Cl The SO SO maximum the River. Cl the Wanfu in displayed Old the difference only the little and not and was River (1,967 mg/L, Wanfu there EC Old Additionally, 357.04 highest The the reaching samples. also River. rivers, Wanfu but mg/L) Old inflowing (320.66 the Na the value in River, The all that Zhuzhaoxin (NE). than the for nondiversion lower sublake in slightly those the Nanyang appeared among in the value maximum value findings of the maximum river the and inflowing to period, major water Similar diversion a mg/L). the 590.65 during The to mg/L SO sublake. 671.32 (up the Nanyang River Zhushui the period, Zhuzhaoxin River, around the water Guangfu rivers in River, inflowing Wanfu observed important Old being are River, Canal Sihe SO Old The average and sublake. River Zhaoyang Zhuzhaoxin the River, entering SO river maximum main The the period. water NO nondiversion for the except during sublake, Nanyang the SO in The those than lower were sublakes Zhaoyang ie.Tepootoso SO of proportions The River. and period water nondiversion the during NSL in greatest 1,388 were and (SW) sublake 8.5 Nanyang reached the in values SO EC and The periods). Na two of for the value maximum in the mg/L and 42.85 periods, both Cl in mg/L, north to SO south The HCO from period. trend water increasing SO nondiversion The gradual the SO in a respectively. those showed mg/L, than NSL 631.5 higher in to notably were mg/L period 170.49 water SO from sion the and periods, mg/L water diversion 277.65 and to nondiversion the In (n=17). ods 1 Table Hydrochemistry 3.1. Results 3. than ae VSO)sadr,rsetvl.Teitrainlslu tnad B-2,wsmaue san as the measured of was precision NBS-127, Ocean The Mean standard, Standard sulfur correction. Vienna international standard the The internal and respectively. standard (V-CDT) standard, Troilite the 1,280 (V-SMOW) Diablo Water measure Canyon at Vienna to analyzer the stream with same compared gas the helium in SO a CO by to to decomposed UK). lysed of and Corp., value and burned Instrument the 1,000 and measure CV at cup to (CF-IRMS, Italy) stream tin S.P.A., spectrometer Vector a Euro mass in 3000, isotope EA placed flow was continuous portion a One using . by 60 measured at hours 24 BaSO for The dried was precipitate the Finally, Cl the reagent). until water ultrapure with 0.45- flushed a on collected and filtered 2001 ( Strauss, overnight stand to left and beaker pH 0.45- to a through filtered then and hours 4 4 2- 2- 3 ± < - + ocnrto nteOdCnlws596 gLadwssihl oe hnta nteZhuzhaoxin the in that than lower slightly was and mg/L 559.69 was Canal Old the in concentration a bevdi h ayn ulk N) h ihs ocnrtoso oemjrin,sc as such ions, major some of concentrations highest The (NE). sublake Nanyang the in observed was Cl , 0.2 4 n K and ih2%Hl(q) n BaSO and (aq.), HCl 25% with 2 2- hw h hmcldt o ahwtrsml ntennieso n1)addvrinwtrperi- water diversion and (n=11) nondiversion the in sample water each for data chemical the shows - - 4 ocnrtosi h aniflwn iesaon S agdfo 4.0m/ o654 mg/L 685.49 to mg/L 149.00 from ranged NSL around rivers inflowing main the in concentrations pt 5.1ad180 gL Na mg/L, 138.02 and 155.51 to up 4 Na , 2- rmec apewsdvddit w otos n h ufradoye stpswere isotopes oxygen and sulfur the and portions, two into divided was sample each from ocnrto nteervr a prxmtl 1.4m/,wt aiu concentrations maximum with mg/L, 319.34 approximately was rivers these in concentration + + .Te,teBaSO the Then, ). nteNnagsbae(W eesmlrt hs nteNnagsbae(E.TepH The (NE). sublake Nanyang the in those to similar were (SW) sublake Nanyang the in , n Mg and 4 μ 2- /m epciey h ocnrtoso SO of concentrations The respectively. s/cm, ocnrtosi h noigrvr rudNLrne rm120 gLto mg/L 142.06 from ranged NSL around rivers inflowing the in concentrations 2+ eeosre nteNnagsbae(W (HCO (SW) sublake Nanyang the in observed were , 4 μ δ 2- ilpr ebaeo ells ctt.Tepeiiaewscontinuously was precipitate The acetate. cellulose of membrane Millipore m 34 n te ao osi h ie ape rudNLehbtdtrends exhibited NSL around samples river the in ions major other and odeg olo tas,20;Kmshle rcshn& Bruckschen Kampschulte, 2005; Strauss, & Poulton Goldberg, S 4 SO4 rcpttdfo h ysmsml,adtewtrsmlswr both were samples water the and sample, gypsum the from precipitated μ ilpr ebaeo ells ctt.Tefitae eeacidified were filtrates The acetate. cellulose of membrane Millipore m h te oto a rpe ihl nasle u,wsburned was cup, silver a in tightly wrapped was portion other The . - δ ocnrtoscudb goe ntefitae tse ihAgNO with (tested filtrates the in ignored be could concentrations 4 18 2- 4 O a rcpttdb digecsie1%BaCl 10% excessive adding by precipitated was ocnrtosadcnetain fohrmjrin,except ions, major other of concentrations and concentrations ° SO4 n a hnpse noIM Iorm)b eimgas helium a by (IsoPrime) IRMS into passed then was and C + pt 2.9ad103 gLadMg and mg/L 170.33 and 226.59 to up ° au.Tersligvle of values resulting The value. δ ;te,tepoutwspse noIM (IsoPrime) IRMS into passed was product the then, C; 34 μ /m n HCO and s/cm) S 4 SO4 4 2- 4 and 2- ocnrtosapae nteCegu River, Chengguo the in appeared concentrations ocnrtosbtenteZuhoi River Zhuzhaoxin the between concentrations δ + 18 otn nteZuhoi ie a also was River Zhuzhaoxin the in content O 4 SO4 2- 3 - 4 ocnrtosrne rm18mg/L 158 from ranged concentrations 2- aus(5.8m/)aogalriver all among mg/L) (451.18 values nlsswsetmtdt ebetter be to estimated was analyses n te osi h uhnand Dushan the in ions other and 2 na lmna nlzr(Euro analyzer elemental an in 4 2- ocnrtosi h diver- the in concentrations 3 3 δ - - 34 pt 4.1ad215.28 and 245.51 to up n Ca and S SO4 2+ and 4 2+ 2- pt .7and 7.77 to up concentrations 2 . δ - 18 a. othe to (aq.) otn was content O SO4 were 3 - Posted on Authorea 17 Sep 2020 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.160037755.52790128 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. n ieso ae eid.Tecag in change The periods. water of diversion those and than smaller definitely the 9.90 were δ of as samples values river pattern mean from same values with the respectively, displayed of periods, values samples water 10.14the diversion of values and average nondiversion with respectively, periods, water of values The to River) period. Sihe water 22.15the of diversion ranges to fluctuation River) the the and -0.07Chengguo samples, greater, from lake ranged 10.92the nondi- of of periods The values the ranges water variation. 14.55mean In diversion little fluctuation showed and The 1. nondiversion periods Table water the 11.78respectively. in diversion shown of and are values nondiversion the samples average water with underground respectively, the and 11.78sublake) periods, river water lake, diversion and for version data isotopic dual low. The is water NSL the on data However, inputs Isotopic sources. groundwater 3.2. ion of same impact water the the have geothermal that might Gonghe indicates Ca rivers to finding was surrounding similar the groundwater was and in NSL rivers types in surrounding ions the the and therefore, NSL in type ( water The respectively. 3 otnswr ihs nteZuhoi ie n nteOdCnl h anrvr noigit the into inflowing rivers main the Canal, SO Old the the period, water in diversion and the River During Zhuzhaoxin areas. the other in in highest those were than contents higher significantly were contents for as such variations, salinity some cause in can decrease evaporation a rainfall, in little resulting with water, season surface SO dry dilute the precipitation in of amounts whereas large chemicals, season, wet the in Usually, periods sampling SO The two the during characteristics Sulfate 4.1 Discussion 15.70 4. were NSL around collected gypsum the SO ( ( 1:1 the River of that trend Chengguo a approached the all from samples samples except periods, during NSL of types water main The type. Na water were the periods determine water to diversion and used nondiversion be the can SO data the HCO period. hydrochemical as period, water These such water diversion contents, nondiversion the ion the during major in increases other trends marked and displayed the increased, to clearly contrast groundwater In in mg/L. 143.81 of value HCO SO whereas the period, rivers, water the in those to Compared NSL. in those to similar nTbe1 h SO the 1, nondiversion Table the in during those the than of higher SO contents were The The period season). water (wet diversion the period in water period values nondiversion water pH the and in ions those major than other greater times three than more i,Go hn,Wn ag 2017) Wang, & Wang Zhang, Guo, Liu, 34 .Smlrt S,tewtrtpso h aniflwn ieswr Na were rivers inflowing main the of types water the NSL, to Similar ). S 4 2- SO4 n Cl and 4 4 ausfrbt h aeadrvrsmlsapae ttesm oaindrn h nondiversion the during location same the at appeared samples river and lake the both for values 2- 2- ocnrtoswr infiatyhg nNL n hycudhv eniflecdb seasonality. by influenced been have could they and NSL, in high significantly were concentrations ocnrtosi S eepstvl orltdwt hs ntesronigrvr.A shown As rivers. surrounding the in those with correlated positively were NSL in concentrations 4 - 2- Fg 4 (Fig. δ h aiu SO maximum The . 18 orei hs w ieshdcagd nadto,the addition, In changed. had rivers two these in source δ O 34 SO4 4 S 2- SO4 ). ocnrtosi h ulkssrone ysm noigrvr ihhg SO high with rivers inflowing some by surrounded sublakes the in concentrations nlk ape agdfo .3S) n rm86ntennieso n diversion and nondiversion the 8.6in from and 8.33(SW)) from ranged samples lake in au ag uigtennieso ae eidwsgetrta htdrn the during that than greater was period water nondiversion the during range value 3 - otnswr shg s564 gLadteCa the and mg/L 506.47 as high as were contents 2+ -SO 4 2- 4 2- ocnrtosi S ntedvrinwtrpro dysao)were season) (dry period water diversion the in NSL in concentrations al 1 Table -Cl 4 2- δ - 34 uigbt h odvrinaddvrinwtrpros This periods. water diversion and nondiversion the both during ocnrtosi rudae eelwrdrn h nondiversion the during lower were groundwater in concentrations S δ SO4 34 δ 34 S and SO4 S ausi h aesmlsrne rm95S) n from and 9.5(SW)) from ranged samples lake the in values SO4 hr h osmil aefo ysmdissolution; gypsum from came mainly ions the where , i.4(j) Fig. auswsntceri oto h ape o different for samples the of most in clear not was values al 1 Table 5 + aus oee,teflcuto agsof ranges fluctuation the However, values. -SO 4 2- ,ecp o h ieRvr tcnb assumed be can It River. Sihe the for except ), -Cl and δ 34 - n Na and S i.4(i) Fig. SO4 δ 34 δ 18 S aus h maximum The values. SO4 + O + δ -SO δ -SO SO4 34 34 ausi h ie ape were samples river the in values S S 2+ 3 4 SO4 4 ,adthe and ), SO4 - aidfo .9rm6.27the 7.59from from varied 2- 2- Cl , otn ece maximum a reached content -Cl -HCO δ and ausi ie ape in samples river in values - 18 - Na , n Na and O 3 SO4 δ - + 18 epciey( respectively , Mg , δ 4 O 18 2- ausfo lake from values + SO4 O -SO concentrations 2+ SO4 δ 18 ausfrom values 4 δ n Ca and 2- O 34 ausin values -HCO δ SO4 S 18 SO4 O Fig. and SO4 2+ 4 4 3 in 2- 2- - , , Posted on Authorea 17 Sep 2020 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.160037755.52790128 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. h e eerhae fNL a iie nodffrn ra ocluaetecnrbto ae feach of rates contribution the calculate to as areas sublake, different Nanyang the into SO Therefore, divided low was waters. Additionally, NSL, natural in River. of SO quality Chengguo main area sublakes water research the other and in key in environmental concentrations the except the the low, and on high, were effect were rivers little rivers inflowing inflowing its their and and sublake Nanyang the in position contents geographic NSL. SO the in from main to sulfate each derived according of of isotopes mainly rates, source stable is contribution each paper, the sulfate from this calculate ratios the in from accurately contribution season, Therefore, derived To the dry mainly ratio. calculate is contribution the to season 49% in used rainy a also and the with were ratio, wastewater in contribution River industrial 56% Jialing and domestic the a in with sulfate oxidation retained the is sulfide information that source determined the successfully therefore, and water); natural composition in isotopic sulfate its on ( change effect to little has difficult reduction is (microbial it water, in NSL. dissolves in sulfate overlooked After sources be sulfate can different composition from isotope Contributions sulfur 4.3. the on reducers ( sulfate oxygen SO dissolved microbial ( the ( high of between periods long-term reducers water correlation to sulfate diversion due negative environment microbial and significant nondiversion by no the obscured was during there be However, might sources ). environment sulfate anaerobic the on discharge in reduction sewage information ( sulfate direct microbial bodies prohibits by water changed policy SO were of a of signatures sources as isotopic the direct NSL, addition, the around In rivers Therefore, inflowing lake. the the through into ( lake area the study into the in carried precipitation acid in little seen was As there that noted also was 2017 It surface al., of ranges. in values these sulfate of -3measured of outside from fell source ranged inputs, potential deposition river important atmospheric precipitation, from an atmospheric to is related precipitation mainly Atmospheric water were NSL inflowing dissolution. main in the evaporite sulfate and and of NSL in sources characteristics potential isotopic and the hydrochemical rivers, of discussion above the NSL to According the inputs. in could sewage sulfate there as of that such SO Sources implying period, the 4.2. water in period, diversion water increase the nondiversion the in the for rainfall in decreased responsible those factors than other higher be ( generally little were change period would water 2017 periods Halas, sampling two & the Jedrysek for ratios result relative This SO the of rivers. concentrations inflowing the The ( in study as previous patterns a processes. same of evaporation the results SO presented waters, the NSL face with the agreement of SO sublakes in in the was increase in the ( to ions sublakes contributors major other major be the might in rivers inflowing those SO than the higher accordingly, siderably and (NE), sublake Nanyang ie l,21;Zo ta. 2016) al., et Zhou 2011; al., et Li L ta. 2011 al., et (Li 4 2- ,idctn htamshrcdpsto a o h ansuc fteslaepeeti NSL. in present sulfate the of source main the not was deposition atmospheric that indicating ), i.5 Fig. ore niei h odvrinwtrpro,NLwsdvddit ieetaesi the in areas different into divided was NSL period, water nondiversion the in Unlike source. 4 4 2- on ta. 2018 al., et Young 2- SO , ore S a iie nodffrn ra.I h odvrinwtrpro,teSO the period, water nondiversion the In areas. different into divided was NSL source, ocnrtoscnb ffce yetra nus(tem) eodpeiiainand precipitation beyond (streams), inputs external by affected be can concentrations 4 2- .Acrigto According ). nNLmil aefo eaeadeaoaedsouin n eaewsonly was sewage and dissolution, evaporate and sewage from came mainly NSL in 4 2- .Hwvr ssonin shown as However, ). n Cl and - ,rsligi o SO low in resulting ), nsraewtr a hnedet analadeaoain but evaporation, and rainfall to due change can waters surface in sdtecaatrsiso h stpccmoiini aua water natural in composition isotopic the of characteristics the used rueadMyr(2000), Mayer and Krouse 4 4 2- 2- al 1 Table ocnrtosi h ayn ulk N)wr con- were (NE) sublake Nanyang the in concentrations nNLwr h vprt islto n ie inputs. river and dissolution evaporite the were NSL in i.4(e) Fig. 6 in e,H i,2012 Xie, & Hu Pei, Tian, i.6 Fig. 4 2- ainee l,2017 al., et Valiente ocnrtosi ae n iesi diinto addition in rivers and lakes in concentrations 4 and 2- ,adNLi icl ofr nanaerobic an form to difficult is NSL and ), h SO the , δ ocnrtosbthigh but concentrations 34 4 i.2 Fig. 2- S SO4 reik,Trojanowska-Olichwer, Drzewicki, ocnrtosi S.Smlry other Similarly, NSL. in concentrations 4 and h ausof values the 2- .Ti eutsgetdta the that suggested result This ). /Cl 4 2- δ 18 - otnsand contents O ai ausi h diversion the in values ratio SO4 ,sgetn hti sur- in that suggesting ), ainee l,2017 al., et Valiente .Teeoe h effect the Therefore, ). rmtelk samples lake the from δ 34 δ S 34 SO4 4 aus hence, values; S 2- δ otnshave contents 34 and S SO4 δ 18 uet Yu values O SO4 4 2- Posted on Authorea 17 Sep 2020 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.160037755.52790128 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. h otiuinrtsfo ahsuc,ZS,DS n YLwr ute iie notresubregions, three into accordance divided the further in (ZWSL), respectively, were areas NYSL subregions, and sublake four ( Weishan DSSL and (NYSL) ZWSL, and SO subregions area source, Zhaoyang two the each sublake the from Nanyang to rates as the According contribution named and the areas, (DSSL) complicated. area was major sublake three period Dushan into water divided diversion was the NSL during NSL in content SO high increased the the sulfate by With followed main 32.56%, the period period. as were water water high nondiversion inputs Diversion as the river 4.3.2 was in inflowing sublake and the Nanyang input Therefore, the River in Wanfu (25.60%). source Old dissolution the evaporite from of came contribution in sublake summarized Nanyang are the rates in contribution calculated the All NYSL-2. for used Eq. rates. contribution ieetiflwn ie nus and inputs; river inflowing different where (4) 100% = D + C δ (2) 100% B= + A δ 2011 SO The the regions, NYSL-2 SO and complex ). NYSL-1 the the the to and due In sublake River sublake. Nanyang Wanfu The the Old of period. the southwest water and River, and nondiversion River Zhuzhaoxin the Sihe the during the of the sublake of Nanyang area that area hypothesized convergence mixing We the the was sublake. was Nanyang NYSL-2 NYSL-3 sublake. sublake. Nanyang Nanyang the the ( and the SO River NYSL-3 and Zhushui main and River the NYSL-2 adjacent River, Sihe NYSL-1, the the of parts: the of of three distribution area of into area spatial converging the boundary the the in to in the except According distributed was sublake, salts Nanyang sublake gypsum the Nanyang more in sublake. was sulfate the Nanyang there of and source and River main ( WSD, River the the the Sihe Sihe during in Nanyang the the ignored salts of the of be southwest gypsum for could area the source sublake of converging Nanyang main distribution the the the in not addition, sulfates was In on Canal Canal Old Old the the period. water Therefore, of nondiversion impact SO sublake. the the Nanyang that and and the sublake, sublake in Nanyang the those in than and Canal Old the in 3 ignored. Fig. be not period could water SO period Nondiversion high water 4.3.1 of diversion influence the environmental during the rivers inflowing of the because period, water diversion 34 34 S S lake lake ): δ = hw htteewr infiatdffrne nteceia ye fwater of types chemical the in differences significant were there that shows 4 34 = 2- δ S 34 δ lake otiuinrtso ahmi orecnb acltdb h olwn formulas following the by calculated be can source main each of rates contribution 34 S i S *A+ gypsum stevleof value the is δ 34 S + C * j B(1) *B (1) 4 n Eq. and 2- i 2010 Qi, δ 34 ocnrtost ihlvl niflwn ies h itiuin fteSO the of distributions the rivers, inflowing in levels high to concentrations δ S 34 k S D(3) *D SO4 (2) δ 34 .Teeoe SO Therefore, ). ntelake; the in eeue o YL1adNS-,adEq. and NYSL-3, and NYSL-1 for used were S gypsum δ 34 S stevleof value the is SO4 i.7(a) Fig. δ 34 δ ausi ahrgo ece h au bevdi the in observed value the reached region each in values 7 S 34 SO4 S 4 al 2 Table i 2- , au a 12.50 was value δ rmeaoiedsouinwsntcniee as considered not was dissolution evaporite from 34 .NS- a h iigae fteGuangfu the of area mixing the was NYSL-1 ). δ 4 4 34 S 2- 2- 4 j 2- S δ ocnrto itiuin nteNanyang the in distributions concentration ocnrtosi h l aa eelower were Canal Old the in concentrations and SO4 34 n h aiu otiuino SO of contribution maximum the and , ore h ayn ulk a divided was sublake Nanyang the source, S SO4 auswr esrdt h northeast the to measured were values δ i.7(b) Fig. 34 S ngpu 1.0 n r the are D and (15.70C gypsum in k δ 4 34 2- r h ausof values the are S otnsi ahsbaeand sublake each in contents SO4 .T cuaeycalculate accurately To ). au a 13.35( was value (3) n Eq. and 4 2- δ distributions, 34 L tal., et (Li S SO4 (4) al 1 Table from were 4 4 2- 2- Posted on Authorea 17 Sep 2020 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.160037755.52790128 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. islto.Teeoe ti esnbet sueta the that entering assume rivers to the reasonable SO periods), of two is rates (for it contribution rates Therefore, and contribution concentrations calculated high the dissolution. had entered to sublake all according Nanyang River, NYSL Wanfu the the the in and Canal 30% sources SO Old with than high associated the with were River, sublake periods Zhuzhaoxin Nanyang both the the in Specifically, River Wanfu dissolution. Old evaporite sewage. the of and d) River and Wanfu River, oxidation, Zhuzhaoxin sulfide River, c) dissolution, evaporite b) From deposition, atmospheric SO a) the 2008 Therefore, types: al., sewage. four et dissolu- Yoon domestic evaporite 2017; from deposition, mainly al., et came atmospheric Sun included inputs 2015; transfer human Bao, and water & sulfides, and of rivers oxidation in the sulfate tion, of sources main The periods. water diversion SO and nondiversion SO the 4.4. However, the The between dramatically. periods. little decreased changed water period. sublake River diversion SO water Nanyang Wanfu to the diversion Old addition, nondiversion the the In the dif- during of from Canal. significant contribution SO Old greatly had maximum the main increased in contributions the River the occurred provided the not also it that changes was but Similar evident River Wanfu period, was water the it nondiversion example, sublake, For Nanyang NSL. the in ferences. of source on contribution SO main the concentrating of the with mainly contributions not and was the dissolution water comparing evaporite diversion By from from that sulfate in Shandong with Notably, to shown compared In rivers. Province low As inflowing Jiangsu was sulfate. other from NSL of period. transfer to amounts water water transfer lower artificial diversion water provided for the channel rivers a during inflowing is Province of SO Canal rates the Hanzhuang contribution the NYSL, addition, the the and in dissolution, trends evaporite where to sublake, Nanyang contrast Wanfu the and In into flowed Canal, all Old rivers River, three Zhuzhaoxin SO these the SO The Moreover, for the 22.76%). period. especially of water neglected, contribution diversion be (total the River cannot in during inputs presented occurred river rate inflowing are contribution from results maximum The the with obtained. and 52.18%, was 6 by NSL Eq. divided the to were to According ZWSL source and each DSSL in of river rates 3 each contribution Table of The rate contribution respective. and 9 12, by divided was subregions ( lake the 12.86 14.63the and subregions, third and (1) SO Canal the period. Old calculate water of the To the diversion areas and the River, that mixing the was Zhushui the during hypothesized the subregion were sublake was and subregions sixth corresponding It River three Zhuzhaoxin each the of The River. final the areas and The Guangfu River, respectively. Wanfu mixing the sublake. sublake, the sublake, lake Nanyang and and Weishan the Dushan the River and Wanfu were the the River Old subregions with Sihe the and fifth the River River and of Dongyu area Panlong fourth and mixing The of the River areas sublake. convergence sublake, Baima Zhaoyang the Weishan the were the subregions the and three River first and The Chengguo Canal sources. sulfate Hanzhuang major the adjacent of locations the with n Eq. and ore fslaei h noigrivers inflowing the in sulfate of Sources δ i.5 Fig. 34 4 2- S . al 1 Table SO4 otiuin rmipt eelreyhge hntoefo vprt dissolution. evaporite from those than higher largely were inputs from contributions (2) au ftelk ntesvnhsbein h eann urgosue 14.10 used subregions remaining The subregion. seventh the in lake the of value h ausof values the , eeue o h atrtresbein.A subregions. three latter the for used were (3) and 4 2- n Eq. and i.7(b) Fig. otiuinrts Eq. rates, contribution δ 34 S (4) SO4 .Tecluae otiuinrt fec ie nNS oterespective the to NYSL in river each of rate contribution calculated The ). 4 δ h oa SO total the , 2- 34 and otiuin.Atog h SO the Although contributions. S 4 SO4 2- δ 18 ore nNLi h odvrinaddvrinwtrperiods, water diversion and nondiversion the in NSL in sources au o SLfrtefut n fhsbein.Additionally, subregions. fifth and fourth the for DSSL for value O 4 2- SO4 (3) ore o h SLadZS ohcm anyfrom mainly came both ZWSL and DSSL the for sources Beo ta. 07 a ta. 08 Killingsworth 2018; al., et Cao 2007; al., et (Brenot 4 n Eq. and rmsmlssc stoefo h l aa,Guangfu Canal, Old the from those as such samples from 2- otiuinrtso vprt islto oNLwas NSL to dissolution evaporite of rates contribution 8 .Teslaefo ua nusit h ie system river the into inputs human from sulfate The ). 4 δ 2- 34 ore ntervr rudNLwr iie into divided were NSL around rivers the in sources 4 S 2- (4) SO4 al 3 Table otiuinfo vprt islto othe to dissolution evaporite from contribution δ δ 34 eeue o h rtsxsbein,adEq. and subregions, six first the for used were 34 au nec urgo ece h au in value the reached subregion each in value 4 S S 2- SO4 SO4 orefrteNnagsbaei the in sublake Nanyang the for source 4 au f1.8sdfrtefis,second first, the for 11.78used of value 2- h otiuinrt rmartificial from rate contribution the , 4 and 2- otiuinrt fteZhuzhaoxin the of rate contribution rmeaoiedsouinwsless was dissolution evaporite from δ 4 18 2- O hc aefo evaporite from came which , SO4 auso h Nanyang the of values δ 4 34 2- S contribution SO4 4 2- au of value source Posted on Authorea 17 Sep 2020 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.160037755.52790128 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. in . .Yn&H u 04 ffiinyeauto o einlubnwtrueadwastewater and use water urban regional for evaluation 15-23. Efficiency 83,pp. Recycling and 2014. Conservation Resources, approach. of Xu. DEA 3796–3811. systematics A H. pp. isotope (15), China: & sulfur 71 in Yan and systems Acta. decontamination Oxygen S. Cosmch. Geoch. 2007. Y., pyrite. Mandernack. Bian, of oxidation K.W. abiotic & and bacterial Mayer, by B. produced sulfate Shanks, into W.C. flow to N., that necessary Balci, rivers is the it into sewage Therefore, of References Rivers. discharge Panlong direct the and to reduce Chengguo to the methods NSL. standards for treatment SO discharge especially the initiate strict such addition, formulate to In source, essential sulfate pipelines. is major transfer it to quality, NSL from water diversion SO the satisfactory decrease guarantee to SO SO Thus, the with dissolution. NYSL, River, evaporite the Wanfu from in and those Notably, Canal than respectively. Old largest higher 7.12%, River, the and Zhuzhaoxin Wanfu 7.54% season), the 8.10%, Old (dry from of inputs period the the water from for diversion especially SO that the the In However, especially SO contribution. level. the rivers, total SO SO total addition, inflowing maximum high In the the The of of of contribution. source total 25.60% inputs period. the for the diversion of accounted 32.56% the from dissolution to in came up than providing sublake sublake, River, and Nanyang Nanyang dissolution the the evaporite in in overturn, SO that sulfate the seasonal for season), of to (wet except evidence period linked water hydrochemical nondiversion were NSL. the documented into changes During of flow obtained the sources that research We and rivers the hydrochemical the SNWD-ERP, through periods, from analysis. the traced two inputs were isotope in the SNWD-ERP, levels oxygen the in sulfate and of changes increasing hub sulfur of storage by problem important and the an NSL, clarify in to sulfate study, present the In River Chengguo the Conclusions entered water dioxide then nondiversion 5. sulfur and the Basin, sulfate River in into Chengguo However, the transformed in eventually precipitation. period. resources have through coal water might abundant combustion diversion the coal the and deposition. from rainfall in atmospheric sufficient rate and to due sewage contribution period, both de- greater involved atmospheric a and period had sewage water SO sewage of diversion the mixture the comparing a in of By source result the the but been deposition, have SO could The which sources. area, position sewage the near plotted of values of the values The the and in diversion sources, area. shifts the primary sewage During in the the resulting dissolution. in evaporite of overlapping influenced, of were the one area River in became the Zhushui plots in sewage River plots Zhushui period, mainly the water period in Jining are addition, water shown as and nondiversion as In such areas the sewage, cities, rivers. watershed during and large these dissolution wider from evaporite sewage by with between Domestic received rivers area watershed. be large each might are in Zaozhuang, rivers cities and the These for resources period. water SO water the important diversion therefore, the sources; sewage during the inputs of range the in were in area The dissolution evaporite the in plot sublake δ δ 34 34 S S SO4 SO4 and and 4 2- δ δ 18 otn,sc sb sn ciae abno hrolasrto,bfr ae sdiverted is water before adsorption, charcoal or carbon activated using by as such content, 18 O 4 O 2- 4 SO4 SO4 2- ocnrtosi S aefo vprt islto,acutn o 21%o the of 52.18% for accounting dissolution, evaporite from came NSL in concentrations otnso h hngoRvri h odvrinaddvrinwtrperiods, water diversion and nondiversion the in River Chengguo the of contents 4 2- ausi h azun aa eei h ag famshrcdpsto and deposition atmospheric of range the in were Canal Hanzhuang the in values auso h aln ie,Cegu ie,BiaRvradDny River Dongyu and River Baima River, Chengguo River, Panlong the of values oreo h hngoRvri h odvrinwtrpro a atmospheric was period water nondiversion the in River Chengguo the of source 4 2- rprinfo noigrvript noNLcudntb ignored, be not could NSL into inputs river inflowing from proportion i.5 Fig. 4 9 2- . otiuin rmswg niflwn iesaea are rivers inflowing in sewage from contributions 4 2- 4 2- ore fteervr eemil rmartificial from mainly were rivers these of sources i.5 Fig. ocnrtoswr infiatylwri NSL, in lower significantly were concentrations δ h SO The . 34 S SO4 4 2- otiuin fteervr were rivers these of contributions and 4 4 2- 2- δ δ 34 otiuinfo evaporite from contribution oreo h hsu River Zhushui the of source 18 S O SO4 SO4 and ovle htplot that values to 4 4 2- δ 2- 18 contributions O contribution SO4 nthe in Posted on Authorea 17 Sep 2020 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.160037755.52790128 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. rue ..&B ae.20.Slu n xgniooe nslae n ok .. ece,AL (Eds.), A.L. Herczeg, 7). P.G., (Chapter ground Cook, 195-231 in In: sulfate pp. 143-151. sulfate. of Boston, in pp. Kluwer, isotopes isotopes 100, oxygen Hydrology. sulfur and Subsurface Geochem. and Sulfur in Appl. oxygen Trecers 2000. of Environmental areas. Mayer. Signature B. mine & in 2019. H.R. oxidation Krouse, sulfide Mayer. enhanced B. reflecting & 4851-4860. water Yoon surface pp. S. and and 49, Yun, Flux Technol. S. the D., Sci. on Impact carbon, Kim, Environ. Human riverine America. Significant from North implications 2015. in 153–177. River Basin: Bao. Largest pp. H. Indus 170, & the Geol. 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Data may be preliminary. of-the-south-to-north-water-diversion-project-in-china and-oxygen-isotopes-to-analyze-the-source-of-sulfate-associated-with-the-eastern-route- Figures.docx file Hosted the-south-to-north-water-diversion-project-in-china oxygen-isotopes-to-analyze-the-source-of-sulfate-associated-with-the-eastern-route-of- Water and status, South-to-North pollution the Tables.docx Distribution, of 108-118. influence 2019. pp. the 671, file Liu. under Hosted Environ. Y. sediments Total & lake Sci. Song in China. J. metals Wang, Project, trace Transfer Q. of Frie, apportionment A.L. source Ying, S.C. W., Zhuang, vial at available vial at available https://authorea.com/users/359866/articles/481631-using-sulfur-and- https://authorea.com/users/359866/articles/481631-using-sulfur- 13