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WEPA Outlook on Water Environmental Management in Asia

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Outlook on Water Environmental Management in Asia 2018 Water Environmental Partnership in Asia (WEPA) Ministry of the Environment, Japan Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES) Outlook on Water Environmental Management in Asia 2018 Copyright © 2018 Ministry of the Environment, Japan. All rights reserved. No parts of this publica on may be reproduced or transmi ed in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any informa on storage and retrieval system, without prior permission in wri ng from Ministry of the Environment Japan through the Ins tute for Global Environment Strategies (IGES), which serves as the WEPA Secretariat. ISBN: 978-4-88788-201-0 This publica on is created as a part of the Water Environmental Partnership in Asia (WEPA) and published by the Ins tute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES). Although every eff ort is made to ensure objec vity and balance, the publica on of study results does not imply WEPA partner country’s endorsement or acquiescence with its conclusions. Ministry of the Environment, Japan 1-2-2 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8795 Japan Tel: +81-(0)3-3581-3351 h p://www.env.go.jp/en/ Ins tute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES) 2108-11 Kamiyamaguchi, Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0115 Japan Tel: +81-(0)46-855-3700 h p://www.iges.or.jp/ The team for WEPA Outlook 2018 includes the following IGES members: [Dra ing team] Tetsuo Kuyama, Manager (Water Resource Management), Natural Resources and Ecosystem Services Bijon Kumer Mitra, Senior Policy Researcher, Natural Resources and Ecosystem Services Pham Ngoc Bao, Senior Policy Researcher, Natural Resources and Ecosystem Services Binaya Raj Shivako , Senior Water and Adapta on Specialist, Natural Resources and Ecosystem Services Tomoko Minowa, Water and Disaster Risk Reduc on Specialist, Natural Resources and Ecosystem Services [Suppor ng team] Ai Takahashi, Programme Coordinator, Strategic Management Offi ce Saeko Kadoshima, Programme Coordinator, Natural Rescores and Ecosystem Services Emma Fushimi, Edi ng Coordinator, Strategic Management Offi ce Togo Uchida, Programme Manager, City Taskforce Sarah Heck, Intern, Regional Centre in Bangkok Printed in Japan Table of Contents Background to the Publication ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5 Message from the Water Environmental Partnership in Asia (WEPA) ............................................................... 6 Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8 Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 9 [ Chapter 1] Outlook on Water Environmental Management in WEPA Countries ........................ 11 [ Chapter 2] Country Profiles of Water Environmental Management in WEPA Countries 2.1 Cambodia ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 36 2.2 China ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 42 2.3 Indonesia .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 48 2.4 Japan ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 54 2.5 Republic of Korea ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 62 2.6 Lao PDR ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 68 2.7 Malaysia ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 76 2.8 Myanmar ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 84 2.9 Nepal ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 90 2.10 Philippines .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 96 2.11 Sri Lanka ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 104 2.12 Thailand ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 112 2.13 Viet Nam ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 122 References ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 135 Background to the Publication Asia comprises 30% of the worlds’ land area and 30% of the worlds’ freshwater resources, which is shared among 60% of the worlds’ popula on. This share of the water resources, es mated at avg. 3,400m3/year/person, is continuously dropping as the population and economy expand. Understandably, Asian countries continue to face serious water pollution problems, leading to degrada on of the living environment, decrease in available water, and loss of aqua c ecosystem services. Under these circumstances, an ini a ve called the Water Environmental Partnership in Asia (WEPA) was proposed by the Ministry of the Environment, Japan at the 3rd World Water Forum in 2003, aiming to solve the water pollu on issues in terms of governance. Since 2004, WEPA has conducted capacity development of stakeholders as well as sharing of informa on and knowledge for fi nding solu ons to water environmental issues under the partnership of 13 Asian countries, namely Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Japan, Republic of Korea, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Viet Nam. Considering the importance of a common understanding among stakeholders to solve water quality issues in the region, the “WEPA Outlook on Water Environmental Management” has been prepared by utilising accumulated information and knowledge, as well as the human network developed under this initiative. The report aims to provide the most up-to-date and useful information on the water environment and its management in Asia, with a target audience of policymakers, experts and others in the water sector of the region. Three former edi ons of the Outlook were launched in 2009, 2012, and 2015 respec vely during the World Water Forums in Istanbul, Marseille, and Daegu-Gyeongbuk. This report is the fourth edi on of the series, and consists of two main chapters: Chapter 1 - “Outlook on Water Environmental Management in WEPA Countries” and Chapter 2 - “Country Profi les of Water Environmental Management in WEPA Countries”. The fi rst chapter presents the results of analysis on ins tu onal frameworks for water environmental management in each country. The second chapter provides updated country profi les on water environmental management in the WEPA partner countries. Directly following this foreword readers will also find WEPA’s key recommendations describing WEPA’s commitments to sustainable water environmental management, made through discussions held in WEPA annual mee ngs and workshops. WEPA Outlook 2018 is being launched at the 8th World Water Forum held in Brasilia, Brazil
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