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Home , Clara Luper, Joseph McNeil, Robert Hayling

Remembering Dr. King: 1929 – 1968 Classroom Resources

The following materials are designed to help About the exhibiton: students analyze and interpret the photographs in The Chicago History Museum’s exhibiton the exhibiton. They can be used in the classroom as Remembering Dr. King: 1929-1968 invites

well as during a visit to the exhibiton. visitors to walk through a winding gallery that features over 25 photographs depictng key moments in Dr. King’s work and the Civil Rights Included in this packet: movement, with a special focus on his tme in Recommended for grades 6 –12 Chicago. Timeline of Dr. King’s life — contains the informaton from the exhibiton related to the life of Dr. King. Chicago, like other U.S. cites, erupted in the Timeline of Natonal Civil Rights Events — contains the wake of King’s assassinaton on April 4, 1968. informaton from the exhibiton related to natonal events that While the center of his actvism was focused on took place during the Civil Rights Era. dismantling southern Jim Crow, the systems Reading Photographs Worksheet — students “read” and that kept oppressed in the interpret the photograph and answer some questons. American South, he spent tme in Chicago and Photograph Analysis Worksheet — students analyze, consider ofen spoke out on the realites of northern image context and identfy their questons about the discriminaton, partcularly around the issues of photograph. Please note, this worksheet ends with the same poverty, educaton and housing. wrap up questons as the frst. For more informaton on visitng the Chicago Please note: The photographs used for the actvites are available History Museum, visit htps:// in a second PDF. www.chicagohistory.org/educaton/feld- Suggested Actvites (use one or more): trips/ Using the tmelines: Separate the dates and the events, challenge the students to try to match them back together. Have students research some of the key events on either tmeline, fnding pictures if possible, and present them to their classmates.

Using the photographs: As a bell ringer, show one to two photographs and have students think about/discuss the image. ◦ Ex. What is one feeling this photograph evokes?; What topic might we be discussing? What questons does this image raise?

Use the Reading Photographs worksheet as an introducton to photograph analysis. Swap photos between students/small groups and ask them to complete the Photograph Analysis worksheet.

Cut an image in half. Give smaller groups half the image to analyze using the Reading Photographs worksheet. Students can present fndings then discuss the image as a whole and how that might change the interpretaton.

Choose 5-6 photographs for your students to analyze. Write out the four prompts from the top of the Photograph Analysis worksheet on a poster board or larger sized sheet of paper, one poster board for each photograph. Ask students to look at the photographs and respond to the prompts for 6-7 minutes. Next, students rotate to another photograph, read/respond to comments and add their own ideas for 5-6 minutes. Repeat this process, and decrease the tme, untl the students have viewed and responded to all the photographs. When students return to their original photograph, they read and discuss the additonal comments by their classmates. Use the remaining worksheet questons to hold a classroom discussion. Remembering Dr. King: 1929 – 1968 is supported by the Efroymson Family Fund. Standards Alignment for using Photographs

Grades 6—8 Grades 9—12 Common Core State Standards — Anchors Common Core State Standards — Anchors

Reading 2: Determine central ideas or themes of a text and Reading 2: Determine central ideas or themes of a text and analyze their development; summarize the key supportng analyze their development; summarize the key supportng details and ideas. details and ideas.

Reading 6: Assess how point of view or purpose shapes the Reading 6: Assess how point of view or purpose shapes the content and style of a text. content and style of a text.

Reading 7: Integrate and evaluate content presented in Reading 7: Integrate and evaluate content presented in diverse media and formats, including visually and diverse media and formats, including visually and quanttatvely, as well as in words. quanttatvely, as well as in words.

Writng 1: Write arguments to support claims in an analysis Writng 1: Write arguments to support claims in an analysis of substantve topics or texts, using valid reasoning and of substantve topics or texts, using valid reasoning and relevant and sufcient evidence. relevant and sufcient evidence.

Writng 7: Conduct short as well as more sustained research Writng 7: Conduct short as well as more sustained research projects based on focused questons, demonstratng projects based on focused questons, demonstratng understanding of the subject under investgaton. understanding of the subject under investgaton.

Speaking and Listening 4: Present informaton, fndings, and Speaking and Listening 4: Present informaton, fndings, and supportng evidence such that listeners can follow the line supportng evidence such that listeners can follow the line of reasoning and the organizaton, development, and style of reasoning and the organizaton, development, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience. are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience.

Illinois Social Science Standards Illinois Social Science Standards

SS.IS.4.6-8.MC: Gather relevant informaton from credible SS.IS.4.9-12: Gather and evaluate informaton from multple sources and determine whether they support each other. sources while considering the origin, credibility, point of SS.IS.5.6-8.MC: Develop claims and counterclaims while view, authority, structure, context, and corroboratve value pointng out the strengths and limitatons of both. of the sources.

SS.CV.1.6-8.MC: Evaluate the powers and responsibilites of SS.IS.5.9-12: Identfy evidence that draws informaton from citzens, politcal partes, interest groups, and the media. multple sources to revise or strengthen claims.

SS.CV.3.6-8.MC: Compare the means by which individuals SS.CV.3.9-12: Analyze the impact of consttutons, laws, and and groups change societes, promote the common good, agreements on the maintenance of orders, justce, equality, and protect rights. and liberty.

SS.H.1.6-8.MC: Use questons generated about individuals SS.CV.8.9-12: Analyze how individuals use and challenge and groups to analyze why they, and the developments laws to address a variety of public issues. they shaped, are seen as historically signifcant. SS.H.3.9-12: Evaluate the methods utlized by people and SS.H.3.6-8.MC: Use other historical sources to infer a insttutons to promote change. plausible maker, date, place of origin, and intended SS.H.7.9-12: Identfy the role of groups, individuals and audience for historical sources where informaton is not insttutons in people’s struggle for safety, freedom, easily identfed. equality, and justce. Remembering Dr. King: 1929 – 1968 Timeline of Dr. King’s Life

Date Event

Martn Luther King Jr. is born in Atlanta, . He is the second of three children of January 15, 1929 Alberta (Williams) King and Reverend Martn Luther King Sr. At age nineteen, King graduates with a bachelor’s degree in sociology from Morehouse June 8, 1948 College, a historically black, all-men’s college in Atlanta. While in graduate school in Boston, King meets Coreta Scot, a music student. June 18, 1953 They marry on this day at her family’s home in Marion, Alabama, and will have four children. King accepts his frst full-tme pastorship at Dexter Avenue Baptst Church in September 1, 1954 Montgomery, Alabama, where he serves untl 1960. King receives a doctorate in systematc theology from Boston University School of June 5, 1955 Theology. Montgomery leaders select Dr. King to head the Montgomery Improvement December 5, 1955 Associaton which organizes the yearlong Montgomery bus boycot, the frst large- scale demonstraton against segregaton in the US. At 9:15 p.m., while Dr. King speaks at a mass meetng, his home in Montgomery, January 30, 1956 Alabama, is bombed. His wife Coreta and their daughter Yolanda are not injured. During an early visit to Chicago, King delivers his “A Knock at Midnight” sermon at February 12, 1956 Shiloh Baptst Church. In it, he calls on churches to be actve in tmes of crisis. King is elected the frst president of the newly formed Southern Christan Leadership February 14, 1957 Conference (SCLS), which helps organize peaceful, nonviolent civil rights protests across the south. The Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom draws a crowd of 25,000 to Washington D.C.. At May 17, 1957 the Lincoln Memorial, King delivers his “” speech, advocatng for votng rights for African Americans. At a book signing in Harlem for his memoir of the Montgomery bus boycot, Stride September 20, 1958 Toward Freedom, Dr. King is stabbed in the chest by Izola Ware Curry, who inficts a near-fatal wound. Dr. King is arrested during a lunch counter sit-in at Rich’s Department Store in Atlanta. October 19, 1960 He is released from Georgia State Prison at Reidsville on October 27 with the assistance of presidental candidate John F. Kennedy and Robert Kennedy. Convicted of obstructng the sidewalk and parading without a permit in Georgia, King July 10, 1962 chooses to accept a forty-fve-day sentence, but he is released afer his fne is paid anonymously. Remembering Dr. King: 1929 – 1968 Timeline of Dr. King’s Life (continued)

Date Event

Afer disobeying a court injuncton against marching, King is arrested on April 12 in April—May 1963 Birmingham, Alabama. Placed in solitary confnement, he writes “Leter from a Birmingham Jail,” a defense of nonviolent direct acton addressed to fellow clergymen. In Chicago, King addresses atendees at a beneft for the SCLC at the Arie Crown May 27, 1963 Theater organized by Mahalia Jackson, celebrated gospel singer and civil rights actvist. Other speakers include Rev. and Mayor Richard J. Daley. King delivers his speech “Remaining Awake Through a Great Revoluton” at the August 21, 1963 Natonal Insurance Associaton Conventon in Chicago. First given in 1959, the sermon promotes black self-respect and advocates for nonviolent actvism. King delivers his “” speech to a crowd of more than 200,000 at the August 28, 1963 Lincoln Memorial during the on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. All civil rights organizatons support the march. Time magazine names King “Man of the Year” of 1963. He is the frst African American January 3, 1964 to receive the honor. King briefy meets afer a US Senate press conference. It si their frst and March 26, 1964 only encounter. King and the SCLC join an ant-segregaton movement in St. Augustne, , led by April—July 1964 Dr. Robert Hayling, who has taken up arms in self-defense against Ku Klux Klan night riders.

June 21, 1964 King is the keynote speaker at the Illinois Rally for Civil Rights at Chicago’s Soldier Field.

At age thirty-fve, King receives the Nobel Peace Prize in Oslo, Norway. He is the December 10, 1964 youngest recipient of the award. Along with hundreds of other votng rights actvists, King is arrested an jailed in Selma, February 1, 1965 Alabama. King’s three-day visit to Chicago ends with a rally at Soldier Field and a march to city July 26, 1965 hall to demand the resignaton of Benjamin C. Willis, superintendent of schools. With the launch of the , King and the SCLC expand the January 7, 1966 north. The Chicago Freedom Movement rally at Soldier Field is followed by a march to city July 10, 1966 hall, where King posts a list of fourteen demands on the door, the majority of which demand nondiscriminatory housing practces in Chicago. Remembering Dr. King: 1929 – 1968 Timeline of Dr. King’s Life (continued)

Date Event

At Riverside Church in New York, Dr. King delivers “Beyond Vietnam,” his frst public April 4, 1967 ant-war address.

At New Covenant Baptst Church in Chicago, King delivers his sermon “The Three April 9, 1967 Dimensions of a Complete Life,” in which he validates the dignity of all work.

Dr. King launches the Poor People’s Campaign, which seeks to improve the material December 4, 1967 conditons of Americans living in poverty.

A solidarity march with striking sanitaton workers in Memphis, , quickly March 28, 1968 becomes violent, and King is rushed from the scene. At a mass meetng for the sanitaton workers, Reverend Abernathy compels King to April 3, 1968 speak to the capacity crowd. It is Dr. King’s fnal speech, and his words eerily foreshadow his death. While standing on the second-foor balcony of the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Dr. King April 4, 1968 is shot by white supremacist James Earl Ray. He is pronounced dead at St. Joseph Hospital at 7:05 P.M.

Riots break out natonwide afer King’s assassinaton. They are espectally devastatng April 5, 1968 in Baltmore, Chicago, and Washington, DC.

Please note: Dates in italics are related to events in and around Chicago. Remembering Dr. King: 1929 – 1968 Timeline of National Civil Rights Events

Date Event

President Franklin D. Roosevelt signs Executve Order 8802, banning discriminatory June 25, 1941 hiring practces in the government and defense industries. President Harry S. Truman signs Executve Order 9981, declaring racial discriminaton July 26, 1948 unlawful in every branch of the US armed forces. When an African American family moves into Cicero, Illinois, white residents atack July 11-12, 1951 their apartment building. The ensuing riot results in nineteen injuries, 117 arrests, and thousands of dollars in property damage. Civil rights pioneer Harry T. Moore and his wife, Harriete, are murdered when a bomb December 25, 1951 explodes in their home in Minns, Florida. They are considered the frst martyrs of the modern civil rights movement. In the Brown v. Board of Educaton of Topeka verdict, the Supreme Court renders May 17, 1954 segregaton in public educatonal facilites unconsttutonal. Chicago teenager Emmet Till is brutally murdered in Money, Mississippi. His death August 28, 1955 receives natonal coverage and is a catalyst for civil rights actvism. Local actvist is arrested in Montgomery, Alabama, for refusing to give up her seat on a segregated city bus. The act sparks the Montgomery bus boycot, which December 1, 1955 lasts for 381 days and ends with the desegregaton of the city’s public transportaton system. The state of Alabama bans the Natonal Associaton for the Advancement of Colored June 1, 1956 People (NAACP). President Dwight D. Eisenhower signs the , the frst civil rights September 9, 1957 legislaton passed since Reconstructon. Arkansas governor Orval Faubus calls upon the state’s Natonal Guard to prevent nine teenagers, known as the Litle Rock Nine, from integratng Litle Rock Central High September 23, 1957 School. With federal interventon, they atend their frst full day of classes on September 25. Educator and actvist and the NAACP Youth Council stage a sit-in at August 20, 1958 ’s Katz Drug Store. Agricultural and Technical State University freshmen Ezell Blair Jr., February 1, 1960 Franklin McCain, Joseph McNeil, and David Richmond state the frst of many sit-ins at the Woolworth store lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina. Remembering Dr. King: 1929 – 1968 Timeline of National Civil Rights Events

Date Event

President Dwight D. Eisenhower signs the , which establishes May 6, 1960 federal inspecton of voter registraton polls and introduces penaltes against those who obstruct voter registraton. Massachusets Senator John F. Kennedy wins the presidental electon with strong November 8, 1960 support from African American voters. , an interracial group of student actvists, begin their campaign to May 4, 1961 integrate interstate buses in the south. The campaign, ofen met with brutal violence, contnues through the summer.

Leaders of various civil rights organizatons initate the in Albany, November 17, 1961 Georgia. It is the frst atempt to desegregate and entre community.

Medgar Evers, civil rights actvist and feld secretary for the Mississippi NAACP, is June 12, 1963 assassinated in his driveway in view of his family. Four young girls — Addie Mae Collins, Denise McNair, Carole Robertson, and Cynthia September 12, 1963 Wesley — are killed in the bombing of Birmingham’s Sixteenth Street Baptst Church.

November 22, 1963 President John F. Kennedy is assassinated in Dallas, Texas, by Lee Harvey Oswald.

Congress ratfes the Twenty-Fourth Amendment prohibitng the use of “poll taxes,” January 23, 1964 one of the several Jim Crow tactcs used in southern states to prevent blacks from votng in federal electons. While conductng a voter registraton campaign in Mississippi, , Andrew June 21, 1964 Goodman, and disappear. Their remains are discovered on August 4. President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the . The broad, sweeping legislaton prohibits discriminaton in employment and educaton on the basis of race, July 2, 1964 color, religion, sex, or natonal origin and outlaws segregaton in public accommodatons. Authorites fnd the remains of Charles Eddie Moore and Henry Hezekiah Dee, two July 12-13, 1964 black men killed by the Ku Klux Klan, during the search for Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner.

February 21, 1965 Malcolm X is assassinated in Harlem, one week afer his home was frebombed. Remembering Dr. King: 1929 – 1968 Timeline of National Civil Rights Events

Date Event

Dr. King and the SCLC join the Student Nonviolent Coordinatng Commitee (SNCC) in March 7 –25, 1965 Selma, Alabama, on a campaign for votng rights and votng registraton. President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Votng Rights Act of 1965 to counteract the August 6, 1965 legal barriers preventng African Americans from votng. In the Wats neighborhood of Los Angeles, two white police ofcers arrest a black August 11 –16, 1965 motorist suspected of impaired driving. Racial tensions explode, resultng in thirty-four deaths and six days of lootng and arson.

Jerome Huey, an African American teenager from Chicago, travels to Cicero, Illinois, May 25, 1966 for a job interview and is brutally murdered by four white teens.

James Meredith, the frst African American to enroll at the University of Mississippi, is June 6, 1966 shot by a sniper while atemptng to embark on his one-man “.” The for Self Defense is founded by and Huey P. October 15, 1966 Newton in Oakland, California, to protect African American communites from police brutality. Chapters spring up natonwide, including in Chicago. In the Loving v Virginia decision, the Supreme Court declares state laws against June 12, 1967 interracial marriage unconsttutonal. Civil rights atorney becomes the frst African American to serve on August 30, 1967 the US Supreme Court. President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the . Title 8 of the law is the April 11, 1968 Fair Housing Act, which prohibits discriminaton in the sale, rental, and fnancing of housing on the basis of race, religion, or natonal origin. Demonstrators begin a two-week protest to demand an Economic Bill of Rights as part May 12, 1968 of the Poor People’s Campaign, launched by Dr. King in the year before his assassinaton.

Please note: Dates in italics are related to events in and around Chicago. Reading Photographs Name: ______Remembering Dr. King 1929-1968

Examine and discuss your photograph using the following questons.

My photograph is: ______

List the objects and fgures in the photograph. What inferences can you make from this evidence?

Which parts of the photograph are most important? Why?

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Are the people in the image posed or captured spontaneously? Why does that mater?

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______Reading Photographs Remembering Dr. King 1929-1968

In broad terms, what does the photograph tell you about the tme period in which it was taken?

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What point of view or perspectve is not included in the photograph?

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Write a ttle and capton for this photograph.

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______Photograph Analysis Name: ______Remembering Dr. King 1929-1968

Look at the photograph and fll in the chart; describing key details, inferences, context of the photograph, and questons about this image.

Key details: Inferences:

Context of the photograph: Questons about this image:

How does this photograph relate to the life of Dr. King?

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______Photograph Analysis Remembering Dr. King 1929-1968

In broad terms, what does the photograph tell you about the tme period in which it was taken?

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What point of view or perspectve is not included in the photograph?

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Write a ttle and capton for this photograph.

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