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Entre Chien Et Loup ANNEE 2003 THESE : 2003 – TOU 3 – 4102 ENTRE CHIEN ET LOUP : ETUDE BIOLOGIQUE ET COMPORTEMENTALE _________________ THESE pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR VETERINAIRE DIPLOME D’ETAT présentée et soutenue publiquement en 2003 devant l’Université Paul-Sabatier de Toulouse par Laurent, Sylvain, Patrice NEAULT Né, le 7 janvier 1976 à BELFORT (Territoire de Belfort) ___________ Directeur de thèse : M. le Professeur Roland DARRE ___________ JURY PRESIDENT : M. Henri DABERNAT Professeur à l’Université Paul-Sabatier de TOULOUSE ASSESSEUR : M. Roland DARRE Professeur à l’Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de TOULOUSE M. Guy BODIN Professeur à l’Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de TOULOUSE MINISTERE DE L'AGRICULTURE ET DE LA PECHE ECOLE NATIONALE VETERINAIRE DE TOULOUSE Directeur : M. P. DESNOYERS Directeurs honoraires……. : M. R. FLORIO M. J. FERNEY M. G. VAN HAVERBEKE Professeurs honoraires….. : M. A. BRIZARD M. L. FALIU M. C. LABIE M. C. PAVAUX M. F. LESCURE M. A. RICO M. A. CAZIEUX Mme V. BURGAT M. D. GRIESS PROFESSEURS CLASSE EXCEPTIONNELLE M. CABANIE Paul, Histologie, Anatomie pathologique M. CHANTAL Jean, Pathologie infectieuse M. DARRE Roland, Productions animales M. DORCHIES Philippe, Parasitologie et Maladies Parasitaires M. GUELFI Jean-François, Pathologie médicale des Equidés et Carnivores M. TOUTAIN Pierre-Louis, Physiologie et Thérapeutique PROFESSEURS 1ère CLASSE M. AUTEFAGE André, Pathologie chirurgicale M. BODIN ROZAT DE MANDRES NEGRE Guy, Pathologie générale, Microbiologie, Immunologie M. BRAUN Jean-Pierre, Physique et Chimie biologiques et médicales M. DELVERDIER Maxence, Histologie, Anatomie pathologique M. EECKHOUTTE Michel, Hygiène et Industrie des Denrées Alimentaires d'Origine Animale M. EUZEBY Jean, Pathologie générale, Microbiologie, Immunologie M. FRANC Michel, Parasitologie et Maladies Parasitaires M. MARTINEAU Guy, Pathologie médicale du Bétail et des Animaux de basse-cour M. MILON Alain, Pathologie générale, Microbiologie, Immunologie M. PETIT Claude, Pharmacie et Toxicologie M. REGNIER Alain, Physiopathologie oculaire M. SAUTET Jean, Anatomie M. SCHELCHER François, Pathologie médicale du Bétail et des Animaux de basse-cour PROFESSEURS 2e CLASSE Mme BENARD Geneviève, Hygiène et Industrie des Denrées Alimentaires d'Origine Animale M. BERTHELOT Xavier, Pathologie de la Reproduction M. CORPET Denis, Science de l'Aliment et Technologies dans les industries agro-alimentaires M. DUCOS DE LAHITTE Jacques, Parasitologie et Maladies parasitaires M. ENJALBERT Francis, Alimentation M. GUERRE Philippe, Pharmacie et Toxicologie Mme KOLF-CLAUW Martine, Pharmacie -Toxicologie M. LEFEBVRE Hervé, Physiologie et Thérapeutique M. LIGNEREUX Yves, Anatomie M. PICAVET Dominique, Pathologie infectieuse PROFESSEUR ASSOCIE M. HENROTEAUX Marc, Médecine des carnivores INGENIEUR DE RECHERCHES M. TAMZALI Youssef, Clinique équine PROFESSEURS CERTIFIES DE L'ENSEIGNEMENT AGRICOLE Mme MICHAUD Françoise, Professeur d'Anglais M. SEVERAC Benoît, Professeur d'Anglais MAITRE DE CONFERENCES HORS CLASSE M. JOUGLAR Jean-Yves, Pathologie médicale du Bétail et des Animaux de basse-cour MAITRES DE CONFERENCES 1ère CLASSE M. ASIMUS Erik, Pathologie chirurgicale M. BAILLY Jean-Denis, Hygiène et Industrie des Denrées Alimentaires d'Origine Animale M. BERGONIER Dominique, Pathologie de la Reproduction M. BERTAGNOLI Stéphane, Pathologie infectieuse Mme BOUCRAUT-BARALON Corine, Pathologie infectieuse Mlle BOULLIER Séverine, Immunologie générale et médicale Mme BOURGES-ABELLA Nathalie, Histologie, Anatomie pathologique M. BOUSQUET-MELOU Alain, Physiologie et Thérapeutique Mme BRET-BENNIS Lydie, Physique et Chimie biologiques et médicales M. BRUGERE Hubert, Hygiène et Industrie des Denrées Alimentaires d'Origine Animale M. CONCORDET Didier, Mathématiques, Statistiques, Modélisation Mlle DIQUELOU Armelle, Pathologie médicale des Equidés et des Carnivores M. DUCOS Alain, Zootechnie M. DOSSIN Olivier, Pathologie médicale des Equidés et des Carnivores Mme GAYRARD-TROY Véronique, Physiologie de la Reproduction, Endocrinologie Mme HAGEN-PICARD Nicole, Pathologie de la Reproduction M. JACQUIET Philippe, Parasitologie et Maladies Parasitaires M. JAEG Jean-Philippe, Pharmacie et Toxicologie M. LYAZRHI Faouzi, Statistiques biologiques et Mathématiques M. MATHON Didier, Pathologie chirurgicale Mme MESSUD-PETIT Frédérique, Pathologie infectieuse M. MEYER Gilles, Pathologie des ruminants Mme PRIYMENKO Nathalie, Alimentation Mme RAYMOND-LETRON Isabelle, Anatomie pathologique M. SANS Pierre, Productions animales Mlle TRUMEL Catherine, Pathologie médicale des Equidés et Carnivores M. VALARCHER Jean-François, Pathologie médicale du Bétail et des Animaux de basse-cour M. VERWAERDE Patrick, Anesthésie, Réanimation MAITRES DE CONFERENCES 2e CLASSE Mlle CADIERGUES Marie-Christine, Dermatologie Mme CAMUS-BOUCLAINVILLE Christelle, Biologie cellulaire et moléculaire Mme COLLARD-MEYNAUD Patricia, Pathologie chirurgicale M. FOUCRAS Gilles, Pathologie du Bétail M. GUERIN Jean-Luc, Productions animales M. MARENDA Marc, Pathologie de la Reproduction MAITRES DE CONFERENCES CONTRACTUELS M. DESMAIZIERES Louis-Marie, Clinique équine MAITRES DE CONFERENCES ASSOCIE M. REYNOLDS Brice, Pathologie chirurgicale ASSISTANTS D'ENSEIGNEMENT ET DE RECHERCHE CONTRACTUELS Mme MEYNADIER-TROEGELER Annabelle, Alimentation M. MOGICATO Giovanni, Anatomie, Imagerie médicale M. MONNEREAU Laurent, Anatomie, Embryologie A l’ensemble des membres du jury : A Monsieur le Professeur Henry DABERNAT, Professeur des Universités, Praticien hospitalier, Bactériologie- Virologie, Pour nous avoir fait l’honneur d’accepter la présidence de ce jury de thèse. A Monsieur le Professeur Roland DARRE, Professeur de l’Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Productions animales, Pour sa confiance, Hommages reconnaissants. A Monsieur le professeur Guy BODIN, Professeur de l’Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Pathogénie générale- Microbiologie- Immunologie Hommages respectueux. A mes parents, pour tout leur amour, A mes grands-parents, qui m’ont tant apporté, A toute ma famille, pour son soutien tout au long de mes études, A Stéphanie et Stéphane, pour leur aide et leur patience, A mes amis, A tous les chiens que j’ai aimés, A celle qui m’a émerveillé, Au monde des loups. SOMMAIRE INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................5 CHAPITRE I : APPROCHE HISTORIQUE ET CADRE THEORIQUE DES PRINCIPES D’EVOLUTION ET DE TAXINOMIE 1. L’évolution ......................................................................................................................7 2. La taxinomie : science de la classification .......................................................................10 CHAPITRE II : LA PLACE DU CHIEN ET DU LOUP DANS LA SYSTEMATIQUE. IMPORTANCE DES CARACTERES MORPHOLOGIQUES. 1. Classification ...................................................................................................................17 2. La famille des Canidés ....................................................................................................18 3. Le genre Canis .................................................................................................................23 4. Taxinomie du chien parmi les Canidés : critères morphologiques...................................28 CHAPITRE III : DU LOUP AU CHIEN A TRAVERS LA PALEONTOLOGIE 1. Les humains du Paléolithique et les loups .......................................................................39 2. Les premiers chiens du Mésolithique ..............................................................................42 3. Les chiens du Néolithique ...............................................................................................47 CHAPITRE IV : L’EXPERIENCE DE LA DOMESTICATION 1. Entre hommes et loups, une relation intime fondée sur la chasse ....................................53 2. L’intégration des louveteaux à la vie de l’homme : une étape essentielle du processus domesticatoire...................................................................................................................55 3. Une domestication pour remplir des fonctions utilitaires ? .............................................57 4. La domestication à travers les représentations symbolico-religieuses des premiers hommes ............................................................................................................................59 CHAPITRE V : COMMENT PASSER DU LOUP AU CHIHUAHUA OU AU SAINT – BERNARD ? 1. Aspects généraux de la domestication..............................................................................70 2. Les variations parallèles des animaux domestiques ........................................................71 3. La pédomorphose des chiens domestiques ......................................................................77 CHAPITRE VI : LA PLACE DU CHIEN PARMI LES CANIDES VUE SOUS L’ANGLE DE LA BIOLOGIE MOLECULAIRE 1. Introduction à la taxinomie à travers la biologie moléculaire .........................................83 2. Les relations phylogénétiques de la famille des Canidés au sein de l’ordre des Carnivores ........................................................................................................................89 3. Les relations phylogénétiques entre les différents Canidés .............................................90 4. Diversité génétique et origines du chien ..........................................................................96 5. Mythes et réalités
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