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The Genomic Impact of Mycoheterotrophy in Orchids
fpls-12-632033 June 8, 2021 Time: 12:45 # 1 ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 09 June 2021 doi: 10.3389/fpls.2021.632033 The Genomic Impact of Mycoheterotrophy in Orchids Marcin J ˛akalski1, Julita Minasiewicz1, José Caius2,3, Michał May1, Marc-André Selosse1,4† and Etienne Delannoy2,3*† 1 Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk,´ Gdansk,´ Poland, 2 Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Univ Evry, Orsay, France, 3 Université de Paris, CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France, 4 Sorbonne Université, CNRS, EPHE, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, Paris, France Mycoheterotrophic plants have lost the ability to photosynthesize and obtain essential mineral and organic nutrients from associated soil fungi. Despite involving radical changes in life history traits and ecological requirements, the transition from autotrophy Edited by: Susann Wicke, to mycoheterotrophy has occurred independently in many major lineages of land Humboldt University of Berlin, plants, most frequently in Orchidaceae. Yet the molecular mechanisms underlying this Germany shift are still poorly understood. A comparison of the transcriptomes of Epipogium Reviewed by: Maria D. Logacheva, aphyllum and Neottia nidus-avis, two completely mycoheterotrophic orchids, to other Skolkovo Institute of Science autotrophic and mycoheterotrophic orchids showed the unexpected retention of several and Technology, Russia genes associated with photosynthetic activities. In addition to these selected retentions, Sean W. Graham, University of British Columbia, the analysis of their expression profiles showed that many orthologs had inverted Canada underground/aboveground expression ratios compared to autotrophic species. Fatty Craig Barrett, West Virginia University, United States acid and amino acid biosynthesis as well as primary cell wall metabolism were among *Correspondence: the pathways most impacted by this expression reprogramming. -
The Diversity of Wild Orchids in the Southern Slope of Mount Merapi, Yogyakarta, Indonesia Eight Years After the 2010 Eruption
BIODIVERSITAS ISSN: 1412-033X Volume 21, Number 9, September 2020 E-ISSN: 2085-4722 Pages: 4457-4465 DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d210964 The diversity of wild orchids in the southern slope of Mount Merapi, Yogyakarta, Indonesia eight years after the 2010 eruption FEBRI YUDA KURNIAWAN1,2,♥, FAUZANA PUTRI2,3, AHMAD SUYOKO2,3, HIMAWAN MASYHURI2,3, MAYA PURQI SULISTIANINGRUM2,3, ENDANG SEMIARTI3,♥♥ 1Postgraduate School, Universitas Gadjah Mada. Jl. Teknika Utara, Sleman 55281, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Tel./fax. +62-274-544975, email: [email protected] 2Biology Orchid Study Club (BiOSC), Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada. Jl. Teknika Selatan, Sekip Utara, Sleman 55281, Yogyakarta, Indonesia 3Department of Tropical Biology, Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada. Jl. Teknika Selatan, Sekip Utara, Sleman 55281, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Tel./fax.: +62-274-580839, email: [email protected] Manuscript received: 21 August 2020. Revision accepted: 31 August 2020. Abstract. Kurniawan FY, Putri F, Suyoko A, Masyhuri H, Sulistianingrum MP, Semiarti E. 2020. The diversity of wild orchids in the southern slope of Mount Merapi, Yogyakarta, Indonesia eight years after the 2010 eruption. Biodiversitas 21: 4457-4465. The ecosystem of the slopes of Mount Merapi is mountain tropical forest which is frequently affected by volcanic activities. The dynamics of the volcano affect the diversity and abundance of orchids in the ecosystem. Tritis is an area included in the Turgo Hill of the southern slope of Mount Merapi and is under the management of Mount Merapi National Park. The ecosystem in Tritis area classified as lower mountain forest and it has been affected by Mount Merapi eruption. This study aimed to do an inventory of orchid species in Tritis to know the diversity and abundance of orchids that exist in this area. -
Ants Tend Ghost Orchids: Patrolling of Dendrophylax Lindenii (Orchidaceae) by Crematogaster Ashmeadi in Florida
Ants tend ghost orchids: patrolling of Dendrophylax lindenii (Orchidaceae) by Crematogaster ashmeadi in Florida Peter R. Houlihan1,5,*, Andrea Lucky2, Mike Owen3, and Thomas C. Emmel1,2,4,6 Abstract Myriad symbioses exist between insects and orchids, especially in tropical forests where the majority of species are epiphytic. Relationships be- tween ants and rare epiphytic orchids are underrepresented in the scientific literature. The natural history and ecological entomology of Florida’s endangered and epiphytic ghost orchid, Dendrophylax lindenii (Lindley) Bentham ex Rolfe (Orchidaceae), remain limited. Widely recognized for long-standing hypotheses concerning the species’ pollination ecology, that documentation recently overturned, other interactions between insects and ghost orchids are scarce. Here we describe the first associations between ants, Crematogaster ashmeadi Mayr (Hymenoptera: For- micidae), and D. lindenii. Ghost orchid roots provide facultative and opportunistic structures for arboreal ants to use in nesting. Furthermore, excrement from ant colonies within the root mass can increase nutrient availability in the orchid’s nutrient-poor substrate; the proximity of these ants permits patrolling to defend the plant and exert control over possible extra floral nectaries that require further inquiry. This study presents novel observations that expand the known insect associations with ghost orchids, elucidating the complex ecology of one of Florida’s rarest and most endangered species. Key Words: ants; arboreal; ecology; epiphyte; Everglades; Fakahatchee Resumen Existen incontables números de simbiosis entre insectos y orquídeas, especialmente en los bosques tropicales donde la mayoría de las especies son epífitas. Las relaciones entre las hormigas y las orquídeas epífitas más raras están subrepresentadas en la literatura científica. -
Cypripediaceae Lindl
Acta Botanica Neerlandica 14 (1965) 230-241 The Place of Epipogium in the System of Orchidales P. Vermeulen [Hugo de Vries-Laboratorium, Amsterdam) (;received April 13lh, 1965) Abstract stamen The (Ai) of Epipogium has a discrete filament and there is no broad in sertion of the large anther. In the anther the pollinia and the caudicles develop from of Orchioideae in of differently those the a way characteristic the genus. The rostellum consists of a simple gland crowning the top of the median stigma- tic lobe. This gland lies on top (is acrotonic) of the pollinia (and not basitonic). make should be refer- The common characteristics it clear that the genus Epipogium red to the contribe of the Neottianthae (subfamilia Epidendroideae). 1. The System of Orchidales Before assigning Epipogium a place in the system of orchidaceous plants, one has to choose the system one prefers to follow. My personal opinion being at variance with that of other modern taxonomists (Mansfeld, Dressler & Dodson, Garay and Melchior), it seems best to outline here the system I prefer. Ordo: ORCHIDALES, flowers zygomorphic, usually resupinate, epi- with the abaxial gynous, a gynostemium only stamens present (Ai + ai + aa) and these fertile or partly staminodial. Seeds dust- fine (usually) and after germination mycotrophic. (Fig. 1) Familia 1. Apostasiaceae Lindl.: perianth nearly regular, gynostemium short with Ai fertile or a staminodial, ai + a fertile, style and stamens partly free, anthers oblong; pollen powdery. No rostel- lum. Stigma terminal. Familia 2. Cypripediaceae Lindl.: median petal (lip) forming the label- lum slipper-like; gynostemium longer andbent with Ai represented orbicular by a staminod, ai + aa fertile, anther to oblong; pollen sticky, no pollinia. -
Orchid Floral Fragrances and Their Niche in Conservation
Florida Orchid Conservation Conference 2011 THE SCENT OF A GHOST Orchid Floral Fragrances and Their Niche in Conservation James J. Sadler WHAT IS FLORAL FRAGRANCE? It is the blend of chemicals emitted by a flower to attract pollinators. These chemicals sometimes cannot be detected by our nose. 1 Florida Orchid Conservation Conference 2011 WHY STUDY FLORAL FRAGRANCE? Knowing the floral compounds may help improve measures to attract specific pollinators, increasing pollination and fruit-set to augment conservation. Chemical compounds can be introduced to increase pollinator density. FLORAL FRAGRANCE: BACKGROUND INFORMATION 90 plant families worldwide have been studied for floral fragrance, especially the Orchidaceae6 > 97% of orchid species remain unstudied7 Of all plants studied so far, the 5 most prevalent compounds are: limonene (71%), (E)-β-ocimene (71%), myrcene (70%), linalool (70%), and α-pinene (67%)6 2 Florida Orchid Conservation Conference 2011 POSSIBLE POLLINATORS BEES Found to pollinate via mimicry POSSIBLE POLLINATORS WASPS Similar as bees 3 Florida Orchid Conservation Conference 2011 POSSIBLE POLLINATORS FLIES Dracula spp. produce a smell similar to fungus where the eggs are laid POSSIBLE POLLINATORS MOTHS Usually white, large and fragrant at night 4 Florida Orchid Conservation Conference 2011 CASE STUDY The Ghost Orchid State Endangered1 Dendrophylax lindenii THE GHOST ORCHID Range: S Florida to Cuba Epiphyte of large cypress domes and hardwood hammocks Often affixed to pond apple or pop ash Leafless Flowers May-August 5 Florida -
Structuration Écologique Et Évolutive Des Symbioses Mycorhiziennes Des
Universit´ede La R´eunion { Ecole´ doctorale Sciences Technologie Sant´e{ Facult´edes Sciences et des Technologies Structuration ´ecologique et ´evolutive des symbioses mycorhiziennes des orchid´ees tropicales Th`ese de doctorat pr´esent´eeet soutenue publiquement le 19 novembre 2010 pour l'obtention du grade de Docteur de l'Universit´ede la R´eunion (sp´ecialit´eBiologie des Populations et Ecologie)´ par Florent Martos Composition du jury Pr´esidente: Mme Pascale Besse, Professeur `al'Universit´ede La R´eunion Rapporteurs : Mme Marie-Louise Cariou, Directrice de recherche au CNRS de Gif-sur-Yvette M. Raymond Tremblay, Professeur `al'Universit´ede Porto Rico Examinatrice : Mme Pascale Besse, Professeur `al'Universit´ede La R´eunion Directeurs : M. Thierry Pailler, Ma^ıtre de conf´erences HDR `al'Universit´ede La R´eunion M. Marc-Andr´e Selosse, Professeur `al'Universit´ede Montpellier Laboratoire d'Ecologie´ Marine Institut de Recherche pour le D´eveloppement 2 R´esum´e Les plantes n'exploitent pas seules les nutriments du sol, mais d´ependent de champignons avec lesquels elles forment des symbioses mycorhiziennes dans leurs racines. C'est en particulier vrai pour les 25 000 esp`ecesd'orchid´eesactuelles qui d´ependent toutes de champignons mycorhiziens pour accomplir leur cycle de vie. Elles produisent des graines microscopiques qui n'ont pas les ressources nutritives pour germer, mais qui d´ependent de la pr´esencede partenaires ad´equatspour nourrir l'embryon (h´et´erotrophie)jusqu’`al'apparition des feuilles (autotrophie). Les myco- rhiziens restent pr´esents dans les racines des adultes o`uils contribuent `ala nutrition, ce qui permet d'´etudierplus facilement la diversit´edes symbiotes `al'aide des ou- tils g´en´etiques.Conscients des biais des ´etudesen faveur des r´egionstemp´er´ees, nous avons ´etudi´ela diversit´edes mycorhiziens d'orchid´eestropicales `aLa R´eunion. -
The Threads That Bind: Symbiotic Fungi in the Garden
veryone knows that a plant they formed a symbiosis with fungi, has leaves and flowers, and whose growing network of threads (the below ground its roots mycelium) allowed them to explore branch and explore the soil. the soil and forage for phosphate. In Yet that picture misses an return the plant provided the fungus essential component as with organic compounds. EEvirtually all plants live with a fungus in Three lines of evidence support this a symbiosis called a mycorrhiza (from story: first, molecular evidence shows the Greek, meaning ‘fungus root’) that that this group of fungi originated at or is essential to both partners. The plants before that distant time; second, we get phosphate and some other nutrients find plants that form this type of mycor- from the fungus, and the fungus gets all rhiza in all branches of the evolutionary its sugars from the plant. Plants gain tree of land plants, showing that they The threads other benefits too from the symbiosis must all have shared a common mycor- and sustainable farming, forestry and rhizal ancestor; and most convincingly, gardening will all increasingly rely on there are fossils from Devonian rocks understanding how it behaves. nearly 400 million years old that contain the fungal structures (Fig. 1a) that bind: Meet the ancestors and older Ordovician spores that are To explain why they are mycorrhizal, unequivocally from the group. This we need to go back to when plants first ancestral type is known as an arbus- colonized the land more than 400 cular mycorrhiza, after the tiny struct- million years ago, in the Ordovician ures called arbuscules that develop symbiotic fungi and Devonian periods. -
The Vascular Flora of Rarău Massif (Eastern Carpathians, Romania). Note Ii
Memoirs of the Scientific Sections of the Romanian Academy Tome XXXVI, 2013 BIOLOGY THE VASCULAR FLORA OF RARĂU MASSIF (EASTERN CARPATHIANS, ROMANIA). NOTE II ADRIAN OPREA1 and CULIŢĂ SÎRBU2 1 “Anastasie Fătu” Botanical Garden, Str. Dumbrava Roşie, nr. 7-9, 700522–Iaşi, Romania 2 University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Iaşi, Faculty of Agriculture, Str. Mihail Sadoveanu, nr. 3, 700490–Iaşi, Romania Corresponding author: [email protected] This second part of the paper about the vascular flora of Rarău Massif listed approximately half of the whole number of the species registered by the authors in their field trips or already included in literature on the same area. Other taxa have been added to the initial list of plants, so that, the total number of taxa registered by the authors in Rarău Massif amount to 1443 taxa (1133 species and 310 subspecies, varieties and forms). There was signaled out the alien taxa on the surveyed area (18 species) and those dubious presence of some taxa for the same area (17 species). Also, there were listed all the vascular plants, protected by various laws or regulations, both internal or international, existing in Rarău (i.e. 189 taxa). Finally, there has been assessed the degree of wild flora conservation, using several indicators introduced in literature by Nowak, as they are: conservation indicator (C), threat conservation indicator) (CK), sozophytisation indicator (W), and conservation effectiveness indicator (E). Key words: Vascular flora, Rarău Massif, Romania, conservation indicators. 1. INTRODUCTION A comprehensive analysis of Rarău flora, in terms of plant diversity, taxonomic structure, biological, ecological and phytogeographic characteristics, as well as in terms of the richness in endemics, relict or threatened plant species was published in our previous note (see Oprea & Sîrbu 2012). -
Phylogeny, Character Evolution and the Systematics of Psilochilus (Triphoreae)
THE PRIMITIVE EPIDENDROIDEAE (ORCHIDACEAE): PHYLOGENY, CHARACTER EVOLUTION AND THE SYSTEMATICS OF PSILOCHILUS (TRIPHOREAE) A Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for The Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Erik Paul Rothacker, M.Sc. ***** The Ohio State University 2007 Doctoral Dissertation Committee: Approved by Dr. John V. Freudenstein, Adviser Dr. John Wenzel ________________________________ Dr. Andrea Wolfe Adviser Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology Graduate Program COPYRIGHT ERIK PAUL ROTHACKER 2007 ABSTRACT Considering the significance of the basal Epidendroideae in understanding patterns of morphological evolution within the subfamily, it is surprising that no fully resolved hypothesis of historical relationships has been presented for these orchids. This is the first study to improve both taxon and character sampling. The phylogenetic study of the basal Epidendroideae consisted of two components, molecular and morphological. A molecular phylogeny using three loci representing each of the plant genomes including gap characters is presented for the basal Epidendroideae. Here we find Neottieae sister to Palmorchis at the base of the Epidendroideae, followed by Triphoreae. Tropidieae and Sobralieae form a clade, however the relationship between these, Nervilieae and the advanced Epidendroids has not been resolved. A morphological matrix of 40 taxa and 30 characters was constructed and a phylogenetic analysis was performed. The results support many of the traditional views of tribal composition, but do not fully resolve relationships among many of the tribes. A robust hypothesis of relationships is presented based on the results of a total evidence analysis using three molecular loci, gap characters and morphology. Palmorchis is placed at the base of the tree, sister to Neottieae, followed successively by Triphoreae sister to Epipogium, then Sobralieae. -
How to Grow the Ghost Orchid
How to Grow the Ghost Orchid: DENDROPHYLAX lindenii is a rare plant in the wild as well as in collections. Hopefully, increased interest and uncovering some of its cultural secrets will lead to more of these jewels of nature being grown. The number one requirement for maintaining a healthy ghost orchid is finding a suitable substrate. Whatever is used must not decay for decades, must have some sort of patina such as moss and lichens, hold some moisture for a length of time after watering, and have a rough and variable texture. In the wild, these plants grow on live trees, and as long as the tree is alive, the bark that the plant is attached to maintains its integrity. Dendrophylax lindenii can be long lived and will take several years to develop into a blooming-size plant. For this reason, the substrate must also be long lasting or the grower will not see the 1 2 beloved plant live long enough to bloom consistently. In the wild, the tree’s bark restaurants that use real hickory for [1] A four-year-old seedling of Dlax. lindenii is covered with a mix of various lichens, cooking, mills that manufacture tool from flask mounted to a new hickory mosses and other hosts that add to the handles and salvaged trees from storm bark slab. Old roots showing new orchid’s microenvironment by providing damage. The bark is nearly impossible to growing tips and several new roots remove from fresh-cut trees. I leave the moisture directly to the roots, as well as emerging from crown can be seen. -
October 20182018
OrangeOrange CountyCounty OrchidOrchid SocietySociety OctoberOctober 20182018 COVER PHOTO: Aerides vanderum × Vanda amesiana. INSIDE COVER PHOTO: Aerides vanderum × Vanda amesiana. Grown by Janet Roberson Orange County Orchid Society, Inc. October 2018 Meeting Date Volume 72, Issue 10 October 17, 2018 (3rd Wednesday each month) Speaker: Ron Parsons Yorba Linda Public Library Topic: An Orchid Adventure in Community Room (Lower Level) the Philippines 18181 Imperial Highway Yorba Linda CA 92886 Ron writes, “Some years ago I was asked by my Australian friend, Doors Open & Set-Up ..................... 6:00 PM Plant Judging Set-Up ...................... 6:30 PM Jim Cootes, to meet him in the Plant Judging ................................. 7:00 PM Philippines to go looking for native Speaker ......................................... 7:30 PM orchids. Jim has written a couple Opportunity Table .......................... 9:00 PM books on orchids of this country, so I thought it was a great idea.” Officers “We traveled to the islands of President .................... Anne-Line Anderson, Mindoro, Leyte, Samar, Cebu, and Nohline L’Ecuyer, & Dana Seelig First Vice President .................... Committee Luzon, seeing wonderful sites and Second Vice President ........... Sharon Tanner flowers, and traveled around with Corporate Secretary ............. Janet Roberson some of Jim’s knowledgeable local Membership Secretary ............. Candy Jester Treasurer ............................ Susan Scheffler friends. It is an incredibly populated Directors country, and it was hard to be too Class of 2019 ....................... MaryAnn Burns remote in the places we visited, but & Jan Hennessey my talk presents the beautiful things Class of 2020 ........................... Peggie Berry I saw there.” & Michele Mitchell Class of 2021 ............................ Leroy Lance Ron Parsons has been growing & Dean Somerby Chairpersons AOS Rep ...................... Anne-Line Anderson © Ron Parsons; used with permission. -
A Case Study with Mycoheterotroph Plastomes
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Aberystwyth Research Portal Aberystwyth University Phylogenomic inference in extremis: Lam, Vivienne K. Y.; Darby, Hayley; Merckx, Vincent S. F. T.; Lim, Gwynne; Yukawa, Tomohisa; Neubig, Kurt M.; Abbott, J. Richard; Beatty, Gemma E.; Provan, Jim; Gomez, Marybel Soto; Graham, Sean W. Published in: American Journal of Botany DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1070 Publication date: 2018 Citation for published version (APA): Lam, V. K. Y., Darby, H., Merckx, V. S. F. T., Lim, G., Yukawa, T., Neubig, K. M., Abbott, J. R., Beatty, G. E., Provan, J., Gomez, M. S., & Graham, S. W. (2018). Phylogenomic inference in extremis: : A case study with mycoheterotroph plastomes. American Journal of Botany, 105(3), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajb2.1070 Document License CC BY-NC-ND General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the Aberystwyth Research Portal (the Institutional Repository) are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the Aberystwyth Research Portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the Aberystwyth Research Portal Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim.