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Università Di Pisa CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Archive - Università di Pisa UNIVERSITÀ DI PISA DIPARTIMENTO DI SCIENZE POLITICHE Corso di Laurea in Sociologia e Politiche Sociali (LM-87) TESI DI LAUREA OLTRE GLI OPG. La fine della degradazione dell'uomo tra utopia e realtà CANDIDATA RELATORE Mannarino Santa Prof. Borghini Andrea ANNO ACCADEMICO 2014-2015 1 Indice Introduzione ............................................................................................................... 6 Parte prima: l’analisi sociologica Capitolo 1 - Il sottile confine tra pazzia e criminalità: uno sguardo al passato 1.1 È . Durkheim e la criminalità come fatto sociale .......................................................... .8 1.2 Le istituzioni come negazione dell’identità. Il punto di vista di Erving Goffman .......... 17 1.3 Michel Foucault. Dalla spettacolarizzazione del supplizio alla nascita delle prigioni ................................................................................................................................ 28 1.4 I paradigmi retributivo e riabilitativo: il dibattito tra la scuola classica e positiva ................................................................................................................................ 44 Parte seconda: l’analisi giuridica Capitolo 2 -Alle origini dei manicomi criminali 2.1 Dal Codice Penale Zanardelli alla prima legge sui manicomi ........................................ 58 2.2 I manicomi giudiziari come misura di sicurezza: il Codice Penale Rocco del 1930 ..................................................................................................................................... 68 2.3 Dal ricovero coatto al ricovero volontario: la legge n. 431/68 (legge Mariotti) ........... 76 2.4 La tragica morte di Antonietta Bernardini .................................................................... 83 2.5 La testimonianza di Aldo Trivini detenuto per anni nell’Opg di Aversa ....................... 89 Capitolo 3- Dai manicomi criminali agli ospedali psichiatrici giudiziari 3.1 La riforma dell’ordinamento penitenziario: la legge n. 354/1975 ................................ 100 3.2 Le categorie giuridiche degli internati soggette a internamento presso l’ospedale psichiatrico giudiziario o casa di cura e custodia .............................................. 106 2 3.3 Franco Basaglia a Gorizia: storia di in cambiamento .................................................... 108 3.4 Dall’internamento al diritto alla salute: la legge 180/78 (c.d. legge Basaglia) e la n. 833/78 istitutiva del SSN ............................................................................................. 116 3.5 La presunzione di pericolosità sociale al vaglio della Corte: le sentenze n.139/1982 e n. 249/1983 e la legge Gozzini del 1986 ....................................................... 125 Capitolo 4 - Verso il definitivo superamento degli OPG 4.1 Il decreto legislativo n. 230/99...................................................................................... 129 4.2 Le sentenze della Corte Costituzionale n. 253/2003 e n. 367/2004: una nuova era ....................................................................................................................................... 131 4.3 Il trasferimento della Sanità Penitenziaria al Servizio Sanitario Nazionale: il DPCM 1 aprile 2008 ............................................................................................................. 133 4.4 La Commissione Parlamentare di inchiesta del Senato sull’efficacia e l’efficienza del Servizio Sanitario Nazionale ........................................................................ 137 4.5 Il Decreto Legge n. 211/2011 e il Decreto Interministeriale 1° ottobre 2012 .............. 140 4.6 Le continue proroghe .................................................................................................... 143 4.7 Stop OPG, avvio alle Residenze per l’Esecuzione delle Misure di Sicurezza (REMS): la legge n. 81/2014 ................................................................................................ 145 Conclusioni ................................................................................................................. 149 Bibliografia ................................................................................................................. 153 Sitografia .................................................................................................................... 154 Leggi, Atti e Normative ............................................................................................... 162 3 4 “Allora per la prima volta ci siamo accorti che la nostra lingua manca di parole per esprimere quest’offesa, la demolizione di un uomo". In un attimo, con intuizione quasi profetica, la realtà ci si è rivelata: siamo arrivati in fondo. Più giù di così non si può andare: condizione umana più misera non c’è, e non è pensabile. Nulla è più nostro: ci hanno tolto gli abiti, le scarpe, anche i capelli; se parleremo, non ci ascolteranno, e se ci ascoltassero, non capirebbero. Ci taglieranno anche il nome: e se vorremmo conservarlo, dovremo trovare in noi la forza di farlo, di fare sì che dietro al nome, qualcosa ancora di noi, di noi quali eravamo, rimanga”. Primo Levi 5 Introduzione Con questa mia tesi vorrei ripercorrere la storia e l’evoluzione legislativa degli ospedali psichiatrici giudiziari, così denominati nel 1975 ma ben noti fin dalla fine dell'800 come manicomi criminali, evidenziando le diverse funzioni che queste istituzioni hanno svolto nel corso del tempo. Manicomio criminale, manicomio giudiziario, ospedale psichiatrico giudiziario, tutte denominazioni che hanno indicato la stessa istituzione preposta al contenimento della pericolosità sociale del folle autore di reato. Obiettivo principale di questo lavoro è quello di fornire una riflessione sui fattori che ostacolano il percorso di superamento degli Opg e pertanto impediscono il reinserimento del soggetto nella società, cercando, inoltre, di comprendere quali siano le diverse azioni volte a rendere effettivo tale percorso, con tutti i rischi e i vantaggi che ciò comporterebbe sia peri soggetti colpiti da alienazione mentale che per la società cosiddetta “sana”. Questo lavoro si suddivide in una parte sociologica e una legislativa. La prima parte comprende un capitolo nel quale ho trattato il tema della follia nelle varie epoche storiche, focalizzando l’attenzione sulle varie ideologie che col tempo hanno cercato di spiegarne la genesi. Inoltre, ho cercato di illustrare le teorie, in parte sociologiche, che fecero emergere il carattere totalitario e regressivo dell’istituzione manicomiale. Infine, ho analizzato l’origine teorica dell’intervento nei confronti del soggetto colpito da alienazione mentale e autore di reato, soffermandomi, in particolare, sul dibattito tra le due scuole penali, classica e positiva, nell’ambito del quale sorse da un lato la categoria dei folli rei e dall’altro la necessità di istituire i manicomi criminali per fronteggiare la pericolosità sociale. La seconda parte della tesi si suddivide in tre capitoli. Nel primo capitolo ho cercato di tracciare le tappe più importanti che hanno sancito la nascita e la consacrazione normativa dell’istituzione manicomiale, realizzata con l’entrata in vigore del Codice penale Rocco fino ad arrivare alla sua messa in discussione, a seguito degli scandali emersi, nel corso degli anni ’70, dopo che una donna, Antonietta Bernardini, legata da quattro 6 giorni, moriva bruciata viva nel manicomio giudiziario femminile di Pozzuoli dove era internata. Nel secondo capitolo ho cercato di cogliere i passaggi più rilevanti che hanno consentito di avanzare una riflessione sulla necessità di adottare una misura di sicurezza alternativa a quella manicomiale; in questa ricostruzione, ho esaminato due importanti riforme, una rappresentata dalla legge n. 345/75 che ha sostituito la denominazione dei manicomi, da manicomi criminali in ospedali psichiatrici giudiziari (OPG) e l’altra delineata dalla legge n. 180/78 (c.d. Legge Basaglia), con la quale veniva disposta la chiusura dei manicomi; inoltre, mi sono soffermata sulle sentenze, di notevole rilevanza, della Corte Costituzionale, (sentenze n. 139/82 e n. 259/83) che sono intervenute sulla pericolosità sociale presunta e sull’automatismo che impediva al giudice di adottare, nei confronti del soggetto affetto da infermità mentale e autore di reato, una misura diversa dal ricovero in opg. Nel terzo e ultimo capitolo ho affrontato il graduale processo di superamento degli ospedali psichiatrici giudiziari, disposto dal DPCM 01/04/2008, ripreso poi con la legge n. 9 del 2012 che ne sanciva la chiusura definitiva entro il 1° febbraio 2013 e la loro sostituzione con strutture sanitarie regionali: le cosiddette REMS (Residenze per l’Esecuzione delle Misure di Sicurezza). Ho evidenziato, inoltre, come tale termine sia stato prorogato, con la Legge 57/2013 (Decreto Legge 24/2013), al 31 marzo del 2014 e, infine, con la Legge 81/2014 (Decreto Legge 52/2014) fino al 31 marzo 2015; infine, ho rilevato come, in realtà, la manovra legislativa riguardante il superamento degli opg abbia dei limiti, poiché lascia immutata la disciplina codicistica delle misure di sicurezza. 7 Capitolo 1 - Il sottile confine tra pazzia e criminalità: uno sguardo al passato È. Durkheim e la criminalità come fatto sociale; Le istituzioni come negazione dell’identità. Il
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