Manual of Trumpet (Cornet) Techniques
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University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1960 Manual of trumpet (cornet) techniques Jack D. Lind The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Lind, Jack D., "Manual of trumpet (cornet) techniques" (1960). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 2922. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/2922 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A MANUAL OP TRUMPET (CORNET) TECHNIQUES by JACK D. LIND B,M, Montana S tate U niversity, 1956 Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Music MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY I960 Approved by: tu Chairman, Board^ 'd ofo f'E Examine! x lm i Dean, Graduate School JIN 9 Date UMI Number: EP35100 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMT OisMftation Publishing UMI EP35100 Published by ProQuest LLC (2012). Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code ProOuesf ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 TABLE OP CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I . THE TRUMPET IN HISTORY..................................................................1 H . SELECTION OP THE INSTRUMENT...................................................5 Bore ................................................................................5 Valves ........................................................................................ 7 Other Mechanisms ......................................................................8 The Playing T e s t ...................................................................10 I I I . THE PIRST LESSONS.........................................................................11 IV. TONGUING AND SLURRING................................................................20 T o n g u i n g .......................................................................................20 E x p e r i m e n t ............................................................................. 21 Starting the tone ...............................................................26 S l u r r i n g .................................................................................... 2 ? V. ENDURANCE AND RANGE....................................................................33 VI, THE ADVANCING STUDENT....................................................................[|.0 Additional R ange ...................................................................1^3 The Warm-Up..................................................................................I4.7 Advanced T o n g u in g ................................................................... i;8 V II. TRUMPET MATERIALS..........................................................................5l M e th o d s ............................................................................................52 E t u d e s ............................................................................................ 53 Daily D rills ..............................................................................55 CHAPTER pace S o l o s ............................................................................................56 V III. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .................................. 6l The C o r n e t .......................................................... .... 62 The Dally Routine ................................................................... 6l(. Warm-up .......................................................................................65 Major and minor scales ......................................66 Chromatic scales ...................................................... 66 Lip s l u r s ........................................................................ 66 A r p e g g i o s........................................................................66 Single tonguing ...............................................................66 Double and tr ip le tonguing .............................. 66 S o n g s ..................................................................................67 E t u d e s ..................................................................................67 S o l o s .................................................................................. 67 Transposition .............................. 6 7 Sight reading........................ 68 Vibrato . ..........................................................68 The Checklist..............................................................................69 Recommendations ........................................................................ 71 The instrument ....................................................................71 The foundation ....................................................................72 Range and e n d u r a n c e .....................................................7ij. The warm-up and d a ily ro u tin e ..................................7lj. The duties of the student and teacher. 75 - i i i - LIST OP TABLES TABLE PAGE I. Relation of Membrane Tension to Air Pressure. , . 36 II, Advanced Techniques Together with Pitfalls. , lj.1 III. Table of Abbreviations of Publishers ^) - i v - LIST OF FIGURES PIGITRE PAGE 1. Vowel Usage In Trnmpet A r t i c u l a t i o n .................................2l|_ 2. Examples of Lip S lu rs ...................................................................30 3. Pedal Fingerings for the Trumpet. ....... 1|_6 i|. Examples of Rapid Tonguing Exercises ................................lj.9 -V- FOREWORD Thousands of pages have been written concerning the problems of trumpet artistry and their possible solu tions. This paper represents an attempt to compile some of the outstanding problems together with the solutions they demand as suggested by noted performers and clini cians , Obviously all aspects and all opinions could not be included in this treatise. To a certain extent the authorities were chosen at random. To another extent they were chosen selectively to assure that each is respected in his field and that his opinions are weighty. The public school instrumental teacher should find this information particularly useful as a reference for recommended methods of helping the student overcome the obstacles to musical playing. It may in some cases prove useful in the hands of the student. Whatever the occasion for its use, it is the author's wish that this treatise will help in some ways to enhance the status of public school music. jdl - v i - CHAPTER I THE TRUMPET IN HISTORY The trumpet has enjoyed a fascinating history. Before I 8OO the only trumpet was the natural trumpet, that is, one without valves or keys. Music for this instrument was one of two kinds, (1) percussive effects limited to the natural overtone series or (2) playing in the very high part of the register where the overtones form a complete scale. The latter style gave rise to the name "Clarin Trompete," also known as the "Bach Trumpet" style because of its particular popularity at the beginning of the Baroque era through the greater part of the eighteenth century.^ In the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries trumpet playing was among the carefully guarded privileges of the nobility and only court officials were permitted to play. Obvious limitations of the natural trumpet led to experimentations with devices to fill in the gaps of the scale in all registers. This was done with crooks, slide ^Willi Apel, Harvard Dictionary of Music (Cambridge Harvard University Press, 1951 ), p. 771. - 1 - — 2— mechanisms, clappers and, as in the case of Zinken, with finger holes. The Zinken (cometto) date from the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries and were among the first chromatic wind instruments. Their shapes varied. The first Zinken were straight or slightly curved but as larger, lower Instruments were added to the family the tubing had to be doubled back over itself in order that the player might be able to reach all of the finger holes. In the six tee n th century a bass size was added and bent into a clumsy serpentine shape to facilitate fingering. Because of its peculiar shape this instrument was called the "serpent," The tone of the serpent blended well with voices and strings and the instrument was favored by many composers up to the middle of the nineteenth century.^ None of the early methods of bridging the gaps in the scale was entirely satisfactory, Glogget's rotary valve, invented in 1 7 8 8 , was m echanically sound and ade quate for the French horn but much too inarticulate for the type of playing required of the trumpet. When the single keyed trumpet was invented in St, Petersburg in 1770 a new field of thought was opened. The inventor