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177 BITKA KOD SISKA 1593. GODINE Sisak Pred Osmanlijskom Opasnošću Hrvatsko-Dalmatinsko-Slavonsko Kraljevstvo U Stogodišnjem

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177 BITKA KOD SISKA 1593. GODINE Sisak Pred Osmanlijskom Opasnošću Hrvatsko-Dalmatinsko-Slavonsko Kraljevstvo U Stogodišnjem MARIN DRŽIĆ – the writer and conspirator BITKA D ISK 593. ODINE e paper deals with the biography of Marin Držić, one of the most important Croatian renaissance writers, especially with his political life. Marin Držić was a controversial person who tried to organise te conspirac against te government o te epublic o Ragusa. In order to acieve it, e rote letters to osimo Medici. The autor tries to eplain te motives o te conspirac Filozofski fakultet u Splitu, Odsjek za povijest as ell as te strategic position o te epublic during tat period. At te end o te paper, autor E-mail: [email protected] Božić lists is literary orks. Tema je rada povijesni i vojni aspekt Sisačke bitke 1593. godine u kontekstu Keywords: Marin Držić, Dubrovnik, count Rogendorf, Siena, Florence, Genoa, Venice, Cosimo najvećeg opsega osvajačkih pothvata Osmanlijskog Carstva na području Europe tijekom Medici, Francesco Medici, conspirac, letters, comedies 16. stoljeća. U okviru navedene problematike u prvom dijelu rada tematizirana je sudbina rvatsko-dalmatinsko-slavonskog kraljevstva tijekom stogodišnjeg rata protiv Osmanlija tj. položaj Siska koji se u tom sukobu našao pod izravnim osmanlijskim udarom. U tom je smislu osobito važna tad aktualna reorganizacija Vojne krajine koja je u konačnici doprinijela uspješnom protuosmanlijskom otporu. Sisak je u okviru tih obrambenih nastojanja u drugoj polovici 16. stoljeća stekao ulogu glavne strateške točke obrane, čemu je osobito doprinijela izgradnja sisačkog kaštela izvršena u skladu s tad suvremenim renesansnim fortifikacijskim principima prilagođenima razvoju i upotrebi vatrenog oružja. Drugi je dio rada posvećen osmanlijskim opsadama Siska u posljednjem desetljeću 16. stoljeća odnosno tijeku same Sisačke bitke uključujući i opsežne osmanlijske pripreme koje su prethodile bitki. Naposljetku su istaknute i posljedice tog odlučujućeg sraza, osobito u kontekstu europskih protuosmanlijskih obrambeni nastojanja. Ključne riječi: stogodišnji rat, reorganizacija Vojne krajine, Sisak, sisački kaštel, renesansna fortifikacija, vojna revolucija, posljedice Sisačke bitke 1593. godine Sisak pred osmanlijskom opasnošću rvatsko-damatinsko-savonsko krajevstvo u stogodišnjem ratu tsko-dalmatinsko-slavonsko Još od pada Bosne pod Osmanlije 1463. godine, hrva kraljevstvo bilo je izravno izloženo osmanlijskim prodorima. Već 1471. godine, nakon osmanlijskograzdoblju nakon osvajanja katastrofalne Počitelja, Krbavskeubrzo je izgubljenobitke 1493. područje godine od, obranaNeretve sedo hrvatskoCetine. U- 471 dalmatinsko-slavonskog kraljevstva ubrzano urušava, a osmanlijska sila steže hrvatske krajeve u obruč, da bi se točno stotinu godina– Siskom. poslije vršak sjevernog i južnog kraka osmanlijskihNa prodora našao pred istim ciljem 1499. godine zauzele Neretvansku krajinu tejužnom ubrzo prodrlesu osvajačkom do mora pravcukod Trogira Osmanlije (1501.), Zadra, Nina i Splita. Od 1511. do 1513. godine zauzele su kraj između Imotskog i Cetine te nametnuli danak Poljicima u 471 Macan, Povijest rvatskoga naroda, 120. 176 177 Omiša.472 Potom su 1522. godine osvojile Blagaj, Unac, Rmanj, Skradin i Knin473 zaleđu 474 475 kojikraljevstva. je, prema opisima suvremenika, smatran ključnom obrambenom utvrdom a 476 od 1527. do 1528.Osmanlije go 1523. osvajaju Ostrovicu, glavno uporište južno Osmanlije od Velebita, su 1537. 477 478 zauzele Klis, dine Obrovac, Krbavu, Jajačku banovinu i Liku. potom 1556. godine Kostajnicu, čime je probijena linija obrane na Uni. Osvajanjem1558. osvojile Kostajnice Ot u veliku su opasnost došli krajevi između Kupe i Une. Potom su 479 Krupu. Osmanlijskimok i Bušević osvajanjem na Uni, Krupe zatim obrambeni 1560. Novigrad sustav na naUni Uni bio jete gotovo1565. sasvimgodine razorenprotuosmanlijska jer je Bihać obram ostao jedina, ali sasvim izolirana utvrda na toj rijeci. Tako se 480 bena linija premjestila s Une na Kupu, uslijed čega Sisak dobiva izuzetnuNa obrambenusjevernom geostratešku važnost. 481 banovinu, a 1521. godinesu osvajačkom dio Srijema. pravcu Potom suOsmanlije 1526. godine 1512. osvojile zauzele Ilok, Srebrničku Vukovar i Osijek.482 Ubrzo su 1529. zauzele čitav Srijem i dio istočne Slavonije, a 1535. godine Dobor 483 i Kobaš u Bosni, a od 1540. Brod dona 1545. Savi godinei Staru Jasenovac, Gradišku. Novsku,Zatim su Subotski 1536. osvojileGrad, Brit i Požešku županiju, vičevinu, Valpovo, Orahovicu, Voćin, Moslavinu, Brezovicu, Petrovinu (današnji Daruvar), s Dubravom Pakrac, i Čaklovac i Bijelu Stijenu. Osmanlijskim osvajanjem Virovitice i Čazme, o ishodu 484 Ustilonjom 1552. godine, u konačnici je i sjeverna obrambena linija ovisila obraneTako sisačkog je hrvatskoPokuplja.-dalmatinsko-slavonsko 485 protuosmanlijske fronte koja se protezala od Karpatakraljevstvo, do Jadrana, kao južni nakon dio stoljetnih široke i demografski žestokih osmanlijskih napada, potpuno iscrpljeno, osiromašeno prorijeđeno, u konačnici svedeno na „ostatke ostataka nekoć slavnog Kraljevstva 472 Macan, Povijest rvatskoga naroda, 122. 473 Isto, 123. 474 475 Macan, Povijest rvatskoga naroda, 123. 476 IstoValentić,, 123. „Hrvati u stogodišnjem ratu“, 20. 477 Isto, 126. 478 Hrvati i smansko arstvo, 127. 479 Macan, Povijest rvatskoga naroda, 194. 480 Budak,Mažuran, Hrvatska i Slavonija, 22. 481 Macan, Povijest rvatskoga naroda, 122. 482 Isto, 123. 483 Isto, 193. 484 Isto, 194. 485 Valentić, „Hrvati u stogodišnjem ratu“, 20. 178 Omiša.472 Potom su 1522. godine osvojile Blagaj, Unac, Rmanj, Skradin i Knin473 Hrvatske“.486 Upravo je Sisak na koncu tog razdoblja preuzeo ulogu najisturenije 487 zaleđu raljevstva. , ključne 474 475 kojikraljevstva. je, prema opisima suvremenika, smatran ključnom obrambenom utvrdom a točke obrane cijelog K 476 od 1527. do 1528.Osmanlije go 1523. osvajaju Ostrovicu, glavno uporište južno Osmanlije od Velebita, su 1537. Sisak o iravnim osmanijskim uarom 477 478 zauzele Klis, dine Obrovac, Krbavu, Jajačku banovinu i Liku. potom 1556. godine Kostajnicu, čime je probijena linija obrane na Uni. Smrt osmanlijskog sultana Sulejmana pod Sigetom 1566. godine tijekom pohoda na Osvajanjem1558. osvojile Kostajnice Ot u veliku su opasnost došli krajevi između Kupe i Une. Potom su 479 Krupu. Osmanlijskimok i Bušević osvajanjem na Uni, Krupe zatim obrambeni 1560. Novigrad sustav na naUni Uni bio jete gotovo1565. sasvimgodine Beč, simbolički je označila kraj osmanske osvajačke ofenzive. Niti iduće desetljeće nijelnu rezultiraloopasnost za novim novi prodorpomicanjem Osmanlija granice. u hrvatsko Iako je Seljačka-dalmatinsko buna -1573.slavonsko godine kraljevstvo, stvorila rea to se razorenprotuosmanlijska jer je Bihać obram ostao jedina, ali sasvim izolirana utvrda na toj rijeci. Tako se atske krajine 480 bena linija premjestila s Une na Kupu, uslijed čega Sisak dobiva nijeHerbart dogodilo. Auersperg Međutim, borbe su se nastavile. Tako je zapovjednik Hrv kod 488 489 izuzetnuNa obrambenusjevernom geostratešku važnost. Taj jeu Auerspergovpokušaju da prodre poraz doOsmanlije Bihaća 1575. potaknuo godine na doživio silovitu težak ofenzivu poraz u 481 banovinu, a 1521. godinesu osvajačkom dio Srijema. pravcu Potom suOsmanlije 1526. godine 1512. osvojile zauzele Ilok, Srebrničku Vukovar i Budačkog. - 482 Osijek. okviru koje je bosanski sandžakbeg Ferhad paša Sokolović do 1578. godine zauzeo 490 Ubrzo su 1529. zauzele čitav Srijem i dio istočne Slavonije, a 1535. godine Dobor strateškiGvozdansko, važne gradove: Gornju i Donju Kladušu, Podzvizd, Ostrožac,su osvajanja Zrin tako i 483 i Kobaš u Bosni, a od 1540. Brod dona 1545. Savi godinei Staru Jasenovac, Gradišku. Novsku,Zatim su Subotski 1536. osvojileGrad, Brit i Požešku dovela do potpunogdakle, raspada sve utvrde protuosmanli između Une,jske Glineobrane i Korane.na rijeci Pašina Uni. Sad se osmanlijska županiju, vičevinu, 491 Valpovo, Orahovicu, Voćin, Moslavinu, Brezovicu, Petrovinu (današnji Daruvar), s Dubravom Pakrac, i granicaosmanlijskom definitivno udaru .pomaknula na donju Kupu, čime je Sisak bio izložen izravnom Čaklovac i Bijelu Stijenu. Osmanlijskim osvajanjem Virovitice i Čazme, o ishodu 484 Ustilonjom 1552. godine, u konačnici je i sjeverna obrambena linija ovisila ova oraniacija Vojne krajine obraneTako sisačkog je hrvatskoPokuplja.-dalmatinsko-slavonsko 485 protuosmanlijske fronte koja se protezala od Karpatakraljevstvo, do Jadrana, kao južni nakon dio stoljetnih široke i demografski Pljačkaški pohodi usmjereni preko hrvatskih krajeva na austrijske zemlje primorali žestokih osmanlijskih napada, potpuno iscrpljeno, osiromašeno su Habsburgovce i hrvatsko plemstvo na zajedničko organiziranje obrane, unatoč prorijeđeno, u konačnici svedeno na „ostatke ostataka nekoć slavnog Kraljevstva kroničnom nedostatku novca. U plemićkim i kraljevskim utvrdama pojačavana je stalna 492 s tim da se s 472 Macan, Povijest rvatskoga naroda, 122. posada, a troškove održavanja snosili su, uz središnje vlasti u austrijskim zemljama, i 473 Isto, 123. vremenom sudjelovanje financijski iscrpljenih hrvat 474 vlasnici utvrda. Bio je to nastavak politike započete za Ferdinanda I., 475 Macan, Povijest rvatskoga naroda, 123. skih plemića u obrani smanjivalo. 476 IstoValentić,, 123. „Hrvati u stogodišnjem ratu“, 20. 477 Isto, 126. Naime, oni su svoje utvrde prepuštali kraljevskim trupama. Na taj su način sve veću ulogu, 478 Hrvati i smansko arstvo, 127. 479 Macan, Povijest rvatskoga naroda, 194. 486 Macan, Povijest rvatskoga naroda, 195.-196. 480 Budak,Mažuran, Hrvatska i Slavonija, 22. 487 481 Macan, Povijest rvatskoga naroda, 122. 488 Budak, Hrvatska i Slavonija, 22. 482 Isto, 123. 489 Lukinović,
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