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Consecrated Phrases

Consecrated Phrases A Theological Dictionary

Latin Expressions Commonly Found in Theological Writings

Third Edition

James T. Bretzke, SJ

A Michael Glazier Book

LITURGICAL PRESS Collegeville, Minnesota

www.litpress.org A Michael Glazier Book published by Liturgical Press

3rd edition

Cover design by Ann Blattner.

© 2013 by Order of Benedict, Collegeville, Minnesota. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, microfilm, microfiche, mechanical recording, photocopying, translation, or by any other means, known or yet unknown, for any purpose except brief quotations in reviews, without the previous written permission of Liturgical Press, Saint John’s Abbey, PO Box 7500, Collegeville, Minnesota 56321-7500. Printed in the of America.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Bretzke, James T., 1952– Consecrated phrases : a Latin theological dictionary : Latin expressions commonly found in theological writings / James T. Bretzke, sJ. — 3rd edition. pages cm “A Michael Glazier book.” isBN 978-0-8146-8214-2 — ISBN 978-0-8146-8239-5 (e-book) 1. —Terminology. 2. —Terminology. 3. Latin language—Church Latin—Terms and phrases. i. Title. BX841.B68 2013 230.03—dc23 2012047221 To My

Contents

Preface to the Third Edition ...... ix

Introductory Note and to the First Edition ...... xi

Dictionary of Consecrated Phrases ...... 1

Bibliography of Other Works ...... 267

Preface to the Third Edition

Quidquid latine dictum sit altum videtur (That which may be said in Latin seems deep) was one page in a “Latin Phrase-a-Day” I received some time ago as a gift. To the best of my knowledge, though, this is not a “consecrated phrase,” as I have never seen it used in any other context. Humorous to be sure, it also touches on an aspect of the rest of the Latin phrases contained in this third edition: all of them represent a good deal of wisdom in the Western classical tradition. This third edition contains 50 percent of new entries from the second edition, and many of the entries in the earlier editions likewise have been expanded and extensively cross-referenced so that the resulting volume not only functions better as a guide to translation of these phrases but also helps delve more deeply into the tradition out of which the consecrated phrases arose. The third edition contains a good deal of entries from and civil , as well as terms from and theology. While Latin has often been called a “dead language,” I believe this book shows convincingly that the tradition continues not only to live but to thrive and aid generations yet to come in understanding, appropriating, and developing the best of that tradition. I would like to thank in a special way Rev. Mark Massa, SJ, my academic at the Boston College of Theology and Ministry, who supported my sab- batical application, which allowed completion of this project, as well as the Jesuit Community of Marquette in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, who hosted me while I finished this volume. Finally, I would like to thank all of my students over the last two decades who have supported this ongoing project and to whom I gratefully rededicate this volume. 31 July 2012 of St. Ignatius Loyola Founder of the Society of Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts

ix

Introductory Note and Preface to the First Edition

A consecrated phrase refers to an expression that is used, often in a shorthand manner, to express a certain theological position or thought, such as ex opere op- erato, which expresses a significant position of the- ology as defined at the , or finis operantis, which refers to the importance of the intention of the person (the “agent”) in evaluating moral actions. Often these terms appear simply in a given theological text and no, or little, effort is made either to translate or explain such terms. The aim of this dictionary is to compile, translate, and briefly explain these Latin consecrated phrases, which are found with some frequency in theological writings and and which there- fore may puzzle readers unfamiliar with Latin and/or the theological meaning and nuances of these terms. For example, someone familiar with Latin may be able to translate each of the words (“by the work performed”) but still be in some doubt as to precisely what this term means in theological usage. Each entry in this dictionary gives first a rather literal translation of the Latin term or phrase and then in most cases a brief gloss on the theological meaning and/or significance of the term. However, this dictionary is designed primarily for quick consultation in order to give the reader a general idea of what might otherwise be a puzzling expression. Other dictionaries or encyclopedias of theology should be consulted if one wishes a fuller theological and/or historical discussion of the term in question. While most of the entries contain theological, liturgical, canonical, and/or philo- sophical terms primarily from the Roman Catholic tradition, important expressions in the various Protestant traditions are also included, as well as a number of common classical aphorisms, such as In vino veritas (“In wine there is truth”). Latin titles of many church documents are also included and are further indi- cated as being a title by being printed in bold type, such as Gaudium et spes. Since such document titles are derived from the opening words of the given document itself, the literal translation of a given document (“Joy and ,” in this case) does not always indicate clearly what the document concerns. In most cases an English

xi xii Introductory Note and Preface to the First Edition subtitle is supplied, which is a better guide to the nature and content of the docu- ment in question. Entries are listed according to the form most likely to be used in the expressions themselves as found in theological writings or references. Thus, the nominative singular of nouns or the infinitive form of verbs normally would not necessarily be the usual entry form. For example, the Latin word for “” is Deus, and yet many other common expressions involving the use of “God” occur in the other gram- matical cases, such as Dei (genitive, used in the possessive sense), Deo (dative or ablative, used as indirect objects and/or with certain prepositions) and Deum (ac- cusative, used as a direct object). While efforts have been made to cross-referenc- ing the entries as much as possible, given the fluidity of Latin word order not every possible grammatical form has been entered. Thus, if one is looking for non licet (“not legal”) and cannot find this term listed under the letter “N,” one might try looking for licet under the letter “L” (which will yield a better result). Similarly, since word order can be easily varied in Latin one might try looking for the mean- ing of the phrase by taking the last word instead of the first or some other word in the phrase. Thus, if one cannot find Amor vincit omnia under the letter “A,” a second search under the letter “O” might produce Omnia vincit amor (“Love con- quers all”). Finally, some common scholarly abbreviations and terms, such as ibid. (ibidem), i.e. (id est), q.v. (quod vide [“which see”]), etc., are also included. Most of the entries contained in this dictionary have come from my own read- ing of various theological texts, and thus the dictionary makes no pretensions to be exhaustive and complete. I would be grateful if readers suggest other entries for this dictionary, especially for items which are used in theological writings and left untranslated in the given text. Finally, recognizing the basic truth of the adage er- rare humanum est (“to err is human”), I would also be grateful if one comes across typographical and/or grammatical errors as well as any other inaccuracies or unclear and/or misleading definitions in these listings. I would like to express my gratitude first and foremost to the late John Wright, SJ, who read, corrected, and made many helpful suggestions to virtually the entire 1st edition manuscript. I would also like to thank several others who have given helpful input to this dictionary, especially John Donahue, SJ, Mary Ann Donovan, SC, and Michael Hilbert, SJ. Their input has improved this dictionary greatly; its remaining errors, deficiencies, and infelicities of idiom remain my own responsibil- ity. A final note of thanks to Thomas Buckley, SJ, who suggested that the traditional expression “consecrated phrases” would serve well as the title for this dictionary. James T. Bretzke, SJ Berkeley, California Solemnity of Christ the King, 1996 A

A A fortiori From, away from, after, by, be- With stronger reason cause of Common expression, used in the sense Common Latin preposition. of “all the more.” Thus, for example, if someone should prepare the readings as- A capella signed for a given class, then a fortiori In the chapel (mode) (all the more) she or he should prepare for the exam at the end of the semester. Refers to music that is sung without ac- companiment, such as plain or A posteriori . From that which comes after (i.e., the effect) A cruce salus E.g., reasoning a posteriori is inductive comes from the Cross reasoning, working back from the ob- Salvation comes from Christ’s death on served experiential effects to the formu- the cross, and therefore for human in- lation of a generalization or principle dividuals this salvation comes from understood to express causality. Cf. a in . See also Extra priori for the opposite approach. ecclesia nulla salus, Ecclesia militans, Extra pauper nulla salus, and Limbus. A priori From that which comes before A divinis (i.e., the principle or cause) From the holy (divine) service For example, reasoning a priori is deduc- Refers to the ecclesiastical canonical tive reasoning, working from a general penalty of (“suspension a principle forward to judgment of conse- divinis”) in which a cleric is forbidden quences assumed from the given prin- by his competent ecclesiastical authority ciple. Cf. a posteriori for the opposite (such as his ) from exercising the approach. A priori can also refer to that powers of orders, such as presiding at which precedes, or is independent of, the , hearing , and sense experience, whereas a posteriori administering the other . See refers to that which is dependent upon, or also Cessatio a divinis. follows from, sense experience. 1 2 A quo A quo liest moment of the historical develop- From which/whom ment of whatever topic is being treated. See also Ab ovo and De novo. A tergo From behind Ab intra From the inside Usually refers to the position in sexual intercourse in which the male lies be- E.g., the insider’s role in an event or hind the female. process is ab intra. The opposite of ab extra. Ab Ab ovo From, away from, after, by, be- From the egg cause of From the very beginning (such as the egg Common Latin preposition. that produces the chicken), i.e., a thor- oughgoing analysis and/or construction Ab abusu ad usum non valet and, in this sense, quite similar to ab consequentia initio (q.v.). See also De novo. From abuses to use (of some- thing) (bad) consequences are not Ab urbe condita determinative (literally, “valid”) From the City () being See the fuller discussion under Abusus founded non tollit usum. See also Optimus inter- This expression was used to denote lin- pres rerum usus. ear time in and was ab- breviated a.u.c., much the way that we Ab extra might use BC or AD. See also Caput From outside mundi. E.g., something that comes from out- side of the entity under discussion. Absit invidia Thus, artificial insemination by a donor Let no ill will be present (AID) other than the husband is said to Expression similar to the wish that “no be fecundation ab extra and is therefore offense” be taken by one’s words or ac- condemned in the traditional Roman tions. Catholic view since it involves the in- troduction of a third party into the pro- Absolutus sententia judicis creative process. praseumitur innocens Innocence is presumed if so Ab initio found through a legal sentence/ From the beginning judgment This expression is often used in the con- Legal aphorism that is usually under- text of making a clean and starting stood as “innocent until proven guilty,” over from scratch, or to refer to the ear- though in this expression it means more Accelaratio partus 3 literally that upon a judicial judgment nonuse, or non-application. Thus, the of innocence the party should be in fact presence of medical equipment in an presumed innocent. See also Actori in- clinic (equipment which could cumbit onus probandi; Allegatio contra be used for a variety of legitimate pur- factum non est admittenda; Da mihi poses) would not of itself morally jus- factum, dabo tibi ius; Facta non prae- tify the destruction of such equipment sumuntur sed probantur; Onus pro- in that particular location. In the same bandi; Res iudicata pro veritate vein, the fact that a certain right might accipitur; Testis in uno falsus in nullo be abused by some would not justify its fidem meretur; and Ubi non est culpa, being withheld from others. Rights re- ibi non est delictum. main rights, even if and when they are abused. A related pair of axioms used Absolvitur ambulando in law are ab abusu ad usum non valet Wandering absolved (penitent) consequentia, which could be freely translated as “from abuses to use (of Refers to the early Christian practice of something) (bad) consequences are not undertaking a pilgrimage as part of determinative (literally, ‘valid’)” and ex one’s for the absolution of sins. abusu non est argumentum ad desuetu- This expression seems to be derived dinem, namely “abuse (of a law) does from the philosophical phrase solvitur not argue for (the law) falling into de- ambulando (“solved walking”), which suetude (disuse or nonobservance).” indicated the instance of walking as an See also Optimus interpres rerum usus. instance that would resolve Zeno’s paradox against the possibility of local motion. Accelaratio partus Acceleration of parturition (i.e., Abundans cautela non nocet birth) An abundance of caution does not In the moral tradition, this would refer injure to something done to hasten birth before the completion of the normal nine- Principle of prudential judgment which month gestation period. Generally this indicates that, as a general rule, exercis- term was understood to refer to those ing caution rather than the opposite gen- actions that had morally illicit abortion erally is to be preferred. The colloquial as the intended effect and thus should English expression “You can never be not be taken to refer to medical interven- too careful” would capture the same tions, such as inducing labor or caesar- idea. See also Ad cautelam. ean section, which have as their intended effect the well-being of the mother and Abusus non tollit usum child. The application of this moral term Abuse does not abolish use involves a careful discernment of the The fact that a thing may be abused or goal of the action in light of the concrete improperly used from a moral point of circumstances. See also in this regard view does not justify its destruction, Finis operis, Finis operantis, Licet cor- 4 Accidens rigere defectus naturae, Obiectum actus, and addresses of the , as well as and Voluntarium directum/indirectum. and decisions of the various congregations of the Roman . The Accidens first volume appeared in 1909, and is- Accident sues come out on a monthly basis. Not every document of the ap- Important concept in scholastic phi- pears in the AAS, so its inclusion in this losophy and theology which refers to a collection gives the document added nonessential property, attribute, or qual- extrinsic authority, and/or its date of ity of a given entity. An “accident” is publication may indicate when the leg- something which can only exist in an- islation takes effect. See also Vacatio other being and therefore cannot exist legis. by and of itself. That which can exist in and of itself is called a substance. In regards to the being, in which an “ac- Acta causae cident” belongs or pertains, the “acci- Acts of the case dent” is not necessary for the entity’s I.e., the records or proceedings and rele- as that particular entity. Thus, vant materials of a court case or ca- for example, hair color is an “accident” nonical action. of a human person and not part of a human being’s “” as a human Acta Romana (Societatis Iesu) being; even those who are totally bald Roman Acts of the Society of are still considered to be human beings Jesus totally and essentially. See also Ens, Collection of documents of the Ens ut ens, Ens ut sic, Essentia, In se, whose international Per accidens, Per se, and Suppositum. headquarters are located in Rome, is- sued on an annual basis. Letters of the Acta general to the whole Society, Acts as well as other important talks and Usually understood as the formal re- documents, are contained in this collec- cords or proceedings of something like tion. a convention, meeting, council, or court case. See below for some common ex- Acta Sanctorum amples. Acts (deeds) of the Usually refers to a collection of the lives Acta Apolostolicae Sedis of the and saints, especially the “Acts of the ” series of scholarly works undertaken by Commonly abbreviated in scholarly ref- the , the group of scholars erences as AAS. The Acta Apolostoli- who devote themselves to the histori- cae Sedis is the official publication of cally accurate treatment of the lives of the Vatican which contains important the saints. Originally, members of this documents, such as , letters, group were Jesuits, and the name comes Actus humanus 5 from Jean Bolland or Bollandus (1596– clusive language. The actus hominis 1665). refers to an action performed by a human person but which may in itself Actori incumbit onus probandi have no moral significance, because it The plaintiff (“actor”) has the does not involve the use of moral rea- burden of proof son, intention, and will. Digesting food or growing fingernails are examples of Legal aphorism that one who brings a an actus hominis. While they are clearly charge has the greater responsibility to activities related to a human person, prove the assertion, not the one named they have no clear moral dimension. in the charge. See also Absolutus sen- This distinction can also be helpful in tentia judicis praseumitur innocens, assessing moral responsibility (or lack Allegatio contra factum non est admit- thereof) in cases that at first glance may tenda, and Onus probandi. seem to involve more personal respon- sibility. Thus, if my brakes fail (through Actus essendi no fault of my own) and my car hits a Act of being pedestrian, I am not morally guilty of a Refers to the fact of being. See also crime, as this would be an actus homi- Esse, Essentia, and Suppositum. nis and not an actus humanus. See Actus humanus (below) and Voluntar- ium directum/indirectum. Actus existentis Act of existence Actus humanus That is, an act related to the existence Act of the human person (act with of an individual being. Eating would be a moral dimension) such an act. Compare and contrast this term with any of the several other terms Distinguished from actus hominis (q.v.), which begin with actus in order to see the actus humanus refers to the moral the differences in nuance. Not every dimension, responsibility, etc., for one’s actus existentis would be a truly “human actions. The use of deliberative reason act” (actus humanus, q.v.) in the sense that aims at a moral purpose to of a “moral” act. the human person provides the key to making an act a genuine actus humanus and thus a “moral” act. Cf. St. Thomas Actus hominis Aquinas, Summa Theologiae I–II, q. 1, Act of a human person (without a a. 3, for his discussion of this point. See moral dimension) Actus hominis above as well as Ea Classical scholastic expression, usually (eorum) quae sunt ad finem; Finis ope- translated as “act of man,” and which is ris; Finis operantis; In necessariis uni- used to make a distinction from Actus tas, in dubiis libertas, in omnibus humanus (q.v.), which in turn is usually caritas; Libertas est inaestimabilis; Obi- translated as “human act.” Therefore, it ectum actus; and Voluntarium directum/ is difficult to translate this term into in- indirectum. 6 Actus judicialis Actus judicialis solutus sententia judicis praseumitur Judicial act innocens; Actus reus; Onus probandi; Refers to a juridical act (e.g., a judg- Nulla poena sine culpa; Sententia facit ment on a disputed point) performed by ius; Sententia incerta non valet; Sine a judge in a trial or proceeding. See also culpa; and Ubi non est culpa, ibi non Actus juridicus. est delictum.

Actus juridicus Actus personae Juridic act Act of the person Refers to a formal legal act which has Consideration of the moral nature of an an effect, such as a formal of nul- act in terms of how it relates to the lity in a case. See also Actus whole of the human person. This devel- judicialis. opment is especially important in sexual , as it moves away from physical- Actus naturae ist conceptions of of conju- Natural act gal acts (cf. actus naturae and natura actus). Gaudium et spes, Vatican II’s Traditional moral norm, based on a Pastoral Constitution on the Church in physicalist paradigm, which held that the Modern World, uses this under- an act (e.g., sexual acts) be per- standing of actus personae in its teach- formed in a “natural” way in order to ing on marriage (cf. GS #51). be considered moral. Cf. Natura actus and Actus personae. Actus specificatur ab obiecto The act is specified by its object Actus non facit reum, (of choice) nisi mens sit rea The act itself does not constitute a The moral meaning of an act is deter- crime, unless the intent be criminal mined by the object which is involved in the choice that lays behind the act, In moral theology this maxim notes the i.e., in choosing to do good one chooses importance of bad intention for a mor- God and in choosing to do evil one re- ally bad action. Thus, an action that jects God. See also Ea (eorum) quae may appear “bad” or “evil” in itself, if sunt ad finem, Finis operis, Finis ope- it lacks a “bad” intention or was in fact rantis, Obiectum actus, and Voluntar- done from a good intention, would not ium directum/indirectum. be judged to be “criminal,” i.e., bad in its totality. In this moral context, see Ad also Fontes moralitatis and In se sed To, toward, at, near, for, as far as non propter se. This phrase also enunci- ates a basic principle of criminal law Common Latin preposition. which requires proof of an evil intent (mens rea, q.v.) to establish culpability Ad absurdum for a crime. In this context, see also Ab- To (the point of) absurdity Ad extra/intra 7 Taking an argument to its extreme point of some aspect of law (for example, a as a means of discrediting the argument dispensation) should be done cautiously itself. See also reductio ad absurdum. so as not to produce scandal or call re- spect for the law into question. For ex- Ad alterum/ad me ample, a teacher may grant permission To (or for) another / to (or for) for a to turn an assignment in myself late (for just cause) but would want to grant this dispensation ad cautelam so Expression often paired with ad me to that the other students would not take indicate something done for others as unjustified advantage of this dispensa- well as (or in distinction) with some- tion and fail to turn in their assignments. thing done for myself. Thus, the virtue In canon law, this principle is used to of is something that is done help guide those who can give dispensa- ad me, for myself, but also is done ad tions so that they exercise this adminis- alterum, for others. Other virtues, such trative power prudently. See also as , are understood as being pri- Abundans cautela non nocet. marily directed toward society and oth- ers and thus are considered chiefly ad alterum rather than ad me—though of Ad experimentum course when I practice the virtue of jus- For an experiment tice this also benefits myself. Usually refers to something given pro- visional approval on an “experimental” Ad arbitrium basis, such as a new liturgical rite, in By one’s will order to gauge how well the matter in Something done of one’s own question will function in actual practice. or by one’s own authority. Similar to ar- For example, the various Eucharistic bitrio suo. See also Liberum arbitrium. for Masses for Children were first introduced in the United States ad Ad astra per aspera experimentum and then after a period Through adversity to the stars of trial use were given final and defini- Aphorism that indicates that only tive approval to be used on a regular through trials and tribulations will one basis. succeed to a worthwhile goal. This say- ing or its most common variant, Per Ad extra/intra ardua ad astra, is often employed as a To the outside/inside motto by a number of institutions, Expression used primarily to indicate branches of the armed forces, and so on. one’s orientation, e.g., whether to the outside world or focused more inter- Ad cautelam nally. In this sense, it was remarked that With due caution Pope John Paul II was an ad extra pope Principle of prudential judgment that since he undertook so many visits to indicates that a decision or application foreign countries, etc. 8 Ad fontes Ad fontes indicate an exaggeration of detail. See (back) to the sources (fonts) also Ad nauseam. See Recursus ad fontes Ad libitum At one’s pleasure/choice Ad gentes To the peoples In theological usage this phrase is found in liturgical books, such as the Ordo Vatican II’s Decree on the Church’s and/or Tabula dierum liturgicorum Activity (1965). (q.v.), indicating that no particular text is prescribed for a certain day (such Ad hoc as a feast or non-optional ), For this (purpose, reason) and therefore the choice of the Mass For example, an ad hoc solution is one text celebrated is up to the presider, who devised for a particular, individual is to take into consideration the spiritual situation and need not be understood as needs of the faithful in making the ap- establishing a general norm or prece- propriate choice. The English expres- dent. In the same way, an ad hoc com- sion ad lib, which means to speak mittee is one established for a particular extemporaneously, comes from the ab- need or project that would go out of breviation of this Latin phrase. existence once that project has been completed (in distinction to a “stand- Ad limina (apostolorum) ing” committee). To the threshold (of the apostles) To the highest ecclesiastical authority, Ad hominem i.e., to the successor of Peter, the head Against the person of the apostles (namely, the pope). More commonly, this phrase is used in the A fallacious, though common, type of expression “ad limina visit,” which des- argumentation in which the opponent’s ignates the required visit a bishop must character, etc., are attacked rather than make once every five years to Rome, the merits of the opposing argument as during which he meets with the Holy such. An example would be labeling and Father one-on-one (for about fifteen summarily dismissing the arguments of minutes) and during which occasion moralists with whom one disagrees as other meetings are arranged with the “dissenters” or “traditionalists” rather various Vatican offices (such as the than considering and answering the argu- Congregation for the Doctrine of the ments themselves proposed by these in- ). Ad limina visits are normally dividuals. See also ad rem. organized geographically and linguisti- cally. Therefore, a number of Ad infinitum from the same country, ecclesiastical To infinity province, or geographical region within Refers to something done or held for- a country generally makes the ad limina ever, endlessly, and can also be used to visit to Rome at the same time. 9 Ad literam Ad multos annos Literally, to the letter (of the law For many years or text) Common form of congratulatory greet- Expression usually applied in a negative ing, e.g., for birthdays, used in circles sense, such as “we are following the in which Latin might be known (such spirit of the law (or policy), but we are as communities of religious), similar to not following each provision ad literam “many happy returns.” in precise detail.” Thus, this adage also points to the tradition of the process of Ad nauseam hermeneutics and the necessity of inter- To (the point of) nausea pretation even of otherwise quite clear Something done or repeated endlessly statutes, provisions, , etc. In Scrip- to the point in which it causes or pro- ture, this expression is also used to refer vokes extreme boredom or revulsion. to the “literal” or supposedly “plain” See also Ad infinitum. sense of Scripture that holds that the biblical texts need not be exegeted and Ad orientem interpreted, but rather simply applied To the east and followed, i.e., Sola scriptura (q.v.). Expression used primarily in a recent See also Cessante fine cessat lex; Con- liturgical dispute surrounding the suetudo optima legum interpres; Lex “proper” direction that the eucharistic valet ut in pluribus; Odia restringi, et presider and people should face during favores convenit ampliari; Sensum, non the Eucharist. Certain “traditionalists,” verba spectamus; and Statuta sunt such as those allied with Mother An- stricte interpretanda. gelica’s Eternal Word Television (EWTN) network, based in the Ad maiorem Dei gloriam of Birmingham, Alabama, claimed that (A.M.D.G.) the only “true” tradition in the church For the greater glory of God was for both the presider and the people alike to face toward the east in cele- Motto of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) brating the Eucharist, rather than toward and a principle of apostolic discernment the people (, q.v.), as is in which one is to choose that which the current practice under the post– would give God the greater glory. This Vatican II liturgy, the so-called Novus principle is often referred to as the Ordo (q.v.). This would have the effect (q.v., “the greater”). See also Caritas of returning to the pre–Vatican II litur- Christi urget nos, Curet primo Deum, gical practice in which the presider kept and Soli Deo gloria. his back to the people. The bishop of Birmingham, David E. Foley, petitioned Ad me for a judgment from the Congregation To (or for) myself for Divine and the Sacraments, See the fuller discussion under Ad al- and in February 2000 this congregation terum/ad me. rejected the traditionalists’ claims, 10 Ad quem along with their further claims that only plains certain technical aspects of the the First Eucharistic was truly Professio Fidei, q.v., the 1989 Profes- traditional and should therefore be sion of Faith established by the CDF given preference in eucharistic celebra- which is to be taken by teachers of the- tions. The Congregation’s Prefect, Car- ology, and also incorporates certain dinal Jorge Medina Estévez, wrote that changes into the Code of Canon Law of it is “incorrect and indeed quite unac- both the Latin Rite and the Eastern Rite ceptable” that anyone should claim that of the in order to spec- to celebrate toward the apse is a more ify in proper legal form, e.g., penalties orthodox choice for the presider. See for non-adherence to those things cov- also Coetus fidelium, Forma extraordi- ered by the Professio fidei. The docu- naria, Missale Romanum, Novus ordo, ment itself does not , Universae specify exactly which articles of the Ecclesiae, and Versus populum. faith, , and doctrines are in- cluded, while Cardinal Ratzinger’s Ad quem Commentary does give both fuller de- For/to which/whom scriptions of what is meant by sorts of things governed by the Professio as well Ad rem as some concrete examples (such as To the thing (at hand) , priestly being reserved to men alone, and the A relevant observation, application, ar- moral illicitness of fornication). How- gument, etc. An ad rem argument would ever, it should be noted that Cardinal contrast with one that was ad hominem Ratzinger’s Commentary does not carry (q.v.) or that simply would be extrane- the same legal or magisterial authority ous or irrelevant to the issue at hand. of the pope’s . The Com- mentary was not adopted by the pope Ad tuendam fidem in forma specifica (q.v.) and so is not of To defend the faith itself a papal act but retains the author- Motu Proprio (q.v.) of Pope John Paul ity of the Roman Congregation. II, dated 18 May 1998 and released on 30 June 1998. The English text can be found in Origins 28 (16 July 1998): Ad validitatem 113, 115–16. The Cardinal Prefect of [Required] for validity (e.g., the the Congregation for the Doctrine of the valid administration of a sacra- Faith (CDF), Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger ment) (later Pope Benedict XVI), also re- Concept tied to scholastic sacramental leased at the same time a Commentary theology which required that there must on of Faith’s Concluding be a certain necessary order, matter, or Paragraphs, which is found in the same form for the internal validity or efficacy issue of Origins, pp. 116–19. As a Motu of a . Thus, for the valid cele- proprio, Ad tudendam fidem both ex- bration (confection) of the Eucharist the Adventus medius 11 presider must be ordained. Another ex- Adonai ample, in sacramental the Lord (in Hebrew) priest had to use the formula “Ego te This is the vocalization devout Jews will absolvo . . .” (“I absolve you [from your use when “reading” the Tetragramma- sins in the name of the Father, Son, and ton, the four Hebrew consonants YHWH ”]). Manuals of moral the- (Yawheh) used first by God speaking to ology would debate just how much of in Exodus 3:13-15 to designate this formula had to be said for “validity” God’s own name. Since Yahweh is the and a minimalist opinion held that “Te holy name of God, the Jewish tradition absolvo” (“I absolve you”) would suf- respects this holiness by never vocaliz- fice. The concept of validity was foun- ing the name, using Adonai instead. In dational since it established the grounds Latin usage the term Adonai occurs as for the efficacious celebration of the the second of the seven “O ” sacrament itself. Validity is therefore in the octave of anticipation for Christ- distinguished from liceity, which latter mas. On this usage, see the fuller discus- term refers to the “legal” provisions sion under O Adonai. which should be followed. However, one could have a defect in liceity and still Adsum have a valid reception of the sacrament. I am here See also Ecclesia supplet, Ego te ab- Formal reply to a roll-call type sum- solvo, and Res et sacramentum. mons, similar to responding “present” in English. In the ordination rite in the Ad vitam (aut culpam) , when the candidate’s For life (or until fault) name is called the reply in Latin would be adsum, though in contemporary En- Used generally to refer to the election glish this is usually rendered as “I am or appointment of someone to a post for ready and willing.” life (such as pope or superior general of the Society of Jesus) to indicate a Adventus or assignment that has no set time or Coming [of the Savior Emmanuel] term limit. Federal judges serve ad vitam aut culpam once their nomination Latin term to express the period of wait- has been confirmed by the Senate and ing for the coming of the Messiah, the until they either die, voluntarily retire, Christ, which the church celebrates li- or are impeached due to serious mis- turgically each year in the four conduct. Bishops and cardinals remain to . See also Adventus such ad vitam, but bishops must resign medius and Gaudete. their pastoral office on their seventy- fifth birthday and cardinals over the age Adventus medius of eighty may no longer participate in Intermediate coming a (though they could Expression attributed to St. Bernard still be elected pope). of Clairvaux which speaks of Christ’s 12 Adversus solem ne loquitor periodic renewal of the church in the Affinitas non parit affinitatem intermediate period between His Affinity does not beget affinity original coming as man in Bethlehem Affinity is an important concept in the and His second and final coming at the canon law of marriage since it can con- end of the world. See also Adventus. stitute an impediment of marriage be- tween certain parties if they themselves Adversus solem ne loquitor are blood relatives of one or another Don’t speak against the sun spouse in a marriage already ratified. In other words, do not cling to a posi- Affinity is held between the husband tion that is obviously in error or counter and blood relatives of his wife and vice to plain facts. See also Allegatio contra versa. However, this relationship of af- factum non est admittenda. finity between the blood relatives of the husband and the blood relatives of the Aeterni Patris wife (affinitas non parit affinitatem). (Of the) Eternal Father Thus, while a widow could not marry her deceased husband’s , the of Pope Leo XIII (1879) brother of the same husband (whether mandating the study of the philosophy or not he were still alive) could marry of St. , which led to a the sister of the wife, and so on. Further (forced) revival of scholastic philosophy aspects connected with affinity and con- and theology in seminaries. sanguinity are covered in some detail in canon law. See also Codex Iuris Can- Affectio commodi onici, , and Ratum et consum- Affection for the helpful matum. Refers to the capacity of the human will to love or desire those things which are helpful to the human person, in other Africae munus words, for their “instrumentality” or as ’s commitment (to the Lord an aid as a means to some good end, i.e., Jesus Christ) a natural desire for a useful good. This Opening words and title of the post- desire is distinguished from Affectio synodal of Pope iustitiae and bonum honestum (q.v.). See Benedict XVI, promulgated in Benin on also Bonum utile. the occasion of his apostolic visit to Africa on 19 November 2011. Affectio iustitiae Affection for justice Refers to the capacity of the human will Age quod agis to love goods in such a way that re- Do what you are doing spects their inherent goodness (rather Usually understood as an exhortation to than only as a means to some other do well whatever one has undertaken to end). See also Affectio commodi and do and thus is often used as a motto for Bonum honestum. educational enterprises. Aliquo modo/Aliqua cognitio 13 Agere contra Agnus Dei To act against Lamb of God Principle in , especially Ig- First words of the prayer recited by the natian spirituality, of overcoming some whole congregation in the Eucharist fol- aversion or reluctance by acting directly lowing the recitation of the Pater Noster against said difficulty. Thus, if one has (q.v.) and before reception of Holy Com- an aversion to serving by way of manual munion. The entire prayer is Agnus Dei labor, following the principle of agere qui tollis peccata mundi, miserere nobis contra one would directly involve one- (“Lamb of God who takes away the sins self in just such labor in order to over- of the world, have mercy on us” [said come the aversion and gain greater twice]) and concludes with Agnus Dei qui freedom. tollis peccata mundi, dona nobis pacem (“Lamb of God who takes away the sins Agere sequitur (esse) of the world, grant us peace”). Action follows being Aliqualiter Important metaphysical and moral prin- In some manner (or other) ciple in which one’s moral duties, pos- sibilities, etc., are grounded in one’s Refers to something unspecified or not being. Thus, the moral “ought” is in an entirely precisely stated fashion. founded on the “is,” the given reality of the individual. This principle indicates Aliquid the inseparable connection among on- Something, to some extent tology, obligation, and ethics. See also Refers to something somewhat indeter- Deus impossibilia non iubet; Humano minate and therefore can be used as a modo; Lex sequitur esse; Lex spectat pronoun. As an adverb it can be trans- naturae ordinem; Modus operandi se- lated as “to some extent” or “at all.” quitur modum essendi; Operari sequi- tur esse; Qualis modus essendi, talis Aliquo modo/Aliqua cognitio modus operandi; Quidquid percipitur In some manner or other ad modum percipientis percipitur; and Quidquid recipitur ad modum recipien- Indefinite adverbial expression that al- tis recipitur. lows for a wide latitude of application. Often this expression is teamed with a general principle which is followed, Agere sequitur credere leaving it up to the individual in the Action follows belief concrete situation to determine the best We act according to what we believe precise means of applying the principle. (ourselves to be). This expression should To some extent, the English expression not be understood as a form of biological “by hook or crook” gets at the same determinism but rather as a conscious idea, though the Latin would not in- moral choice to live according to our self- clude the nuance of anything illegal or understanding of our moral being. immoral. See also Quaecumque ea sit 14 Allegatio contra factum non est admittenda (whatever they may be). Versions of Altum dominium aliquo (some) can be used to modify Supreme (highest) dominion other words to give similar “indefinite” In civil law, this is what gives the State expressions, such as aliqua cognitio the right to acquire property for the (some knowledge) to indicate a certain common good even if held privately by minimum threshold required for some- others (i.e., the right of eminent do- thing else. For example, it is sufficient main). In the ecclesiastical arena, this that children, in order to make their same concept gives the pope the ulti- First , have a basic knowl- mate power of administration over ec- edge that the eucharistic host is “differ- clesiastical property. See also Prima ent” or “more special” than ordinary sedes a nemine iudicatur; Quod in ne- bread, but it is not required of them that cessitate sunt omnia communia; Rex they have a fuller knowledge of eucha- non potest peccare; Summa iustitia in ristic theology or be able to explain the se; and Summum ius, summa iniuria. doctrine of the Real Presence and so on.

Allegatio contra factum non est A.M.D.G. admittenda See Ad majorem Dei gloriam An allegation against the facts of a matter cannot be admitted Ama et quod vis fac Legal aphorism that indicates that the Love and do what you will simple making of an allegation is insuf- ficient (i.e., inadmissible) in law to indi- This should not be understood as a prin- cate the “proof” of the allegation. See ciple license but rather as direction. In also Actori incumbit onus probandi; Ad- other words, if one truly loves, then versus solem ne loquitor; Da mihi fac- one’s will will be properly oriented to tum, dabo tibi ius; and Onus probandi. do or choose the right and loving thing. See also Dilige et quod vis fac. Alter Christus Another Christ Amicus curiae Theological expression that the priest Friend of the court acts for the Christian community, espe- Refers to one who is not party to a cer- cially in the celebration of the Eucha- tain litigation and yet who is invited to rist, as alter Christus, “another Christ.” give advice or render a legal opinion on This expression also figures in some of the matter before the court, e.g., in the the theological reasoning behind the form of an amicus curiae brief. An ex- restriction of ordination to men alone, ample might be a legal brief outlining since—the argument runs—it would be some expert testimony in an area or more difficult, if not impossible, for aspect involved in the case, e.g., a sci- women to “image” Christ in this way. entific report on the effects of second- See also , Inter in- hand smoke in a lawsuit against signiores, and . smoking in public places.