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Wooded Heath Report Wooded Heaths in the High Weald A research project to further the understanding of the ecology and management of the woodland / heathland mosaic May 2004 by Theresa Greenaway Survey & Research Officer Record Centre Survey Unit Woods Mill Henfield West Sussex BN5 9SD [email protected] Patrick Roper South View Churchland Lane Sedlescombe East Sussex TN33 0PF [email protected] Kate Ryland Dolphin Ecological Surveys 6a Northfield Cottages Isfield East Sussex TN22 5XN [email protected] 2 CONTENTS Summary ……………………………………………………………. 5 SECTION I. Wooded heaths in the High Weald ……………….. 7 1. Introduction …………………………………………………….. 7 1.1. Background……………………………………………………... 7 1.2. Woodlands or heathlands – a perceived conflict…………… 8 1.3. Aims……………………………………………………………... 9 2. Understanding Wooded Heaths …………………………… 11 2.1. Historical Review………………………………………………. 11 2.1.1. The evolution of heathlands…………………………. 11 2.1.2. Past management of woodlands…………………… 13 2.1.3. Wooded heaths in historical context……………….. 13 2.2. Landscape and recreational value………………………….. 15 2.3. Historical Overview…………………………………………… 16 3. Description and ecological importance of wooded heaths 17 3.1.Woods and Heaths in the High Weald………………………… 17 3.1.1.Woodlands in the High Weald……………………….. 17 3.1.2.Heathlands in the High Weald……………………….. 18 3.2.Ecological description of wooded heaths……………………… 18 3.3.Identification and definition of types of wooded heath………. 19 3.4.Why wooded heaths are ecologically important……………… 20 3.4.1.Biodiversity of wooded heaths……………………….. 20 3.4.2.Indicator species………………………………………. 21 3.4.3.Importance of wooded heaths for invertebrates…… 21 3.4.4.Decline of wooded heath invertebrates…………….. 22 3.4.5.Importance for birds…………………………………… 24 3.5.Current Status and threat ……………………………………… 25 4. Management …………………………………………………… 27 4.1. Owners and managers………………………………………… 27 4.2. Forestry Commission policy…………………………………… 27 4.3. Management options………………………………………….. 30 4.3.1. Site or sub-site scores mostly High restoration potential in site assessment…………………………………… 30 4.3.2. Site or sub-site scores mostly Moderate restoration potential in site assessment………………………… 31 4.3.3. Site or sub-site scores mostly Low restoration potential in site assessment…………………………………… 31 4.4. Economic opportunities……………………………………….. 32 4.5. Management techniques for conservation………………….. 33 4.6. Case studies of two examples of heath/woodheath Management……………………………………………………. 35 4.6.1. Church Wood…………………………………………. 35 4.6.2. Tudeley Wood………………………………………… 36 3 5. Mapping the resources ………………………………………. 39 5.1. Wooded heath in the High Weald…………………………….. 39 6. Discussion ……………………………………………………… 41 6.1. Restoring wooded heaths to the High Weald……………….. 41 6.2. Management appraisal………………………………………… 42 6.2.1.Pros and cons of grazing…………………………….. 43 6.2.2.Pros and cons of coppicing………………………….. 44 6.3. Recommendations to further the understanding of the ecology, management and conservation of High Weald woodheaths.. 45 6.4. In conclusion……………………………………………………. 46 SECTION II. Wooded heath Survey and Assessment Protocol 49 Acknowledgments …………………………………………………. 63 References …………………………………………………………... 65 Appendices ………………………………………………………….. 69 4 SUMMARY This project is aimed at raising the profile of wooded heaths in the High Weald, although the information contained in it is relevant to all heathy areas in southern England. Many of the sites considered to be lost heathland are also mapped as semi-natural ancient woodland, and separating which sites are historically heath and which are historically woodland has caused problems. The existing programmes aimed at restoring either heathland or semi-natural woodland have not addressed adequately the fact that there is a spectrum of biotopes between ‘heathland’ and ‘woodland’. The Weald Heathland Initiative is seeking guidelines that will establish wooded heaths as an integral component of both heathland and woodland. This will assist management, contribute to targets for restoration and which will also be compatible with the economic targets of Forest Enterprise. In order to achieve the aims of this project, the Record Centre Survey Unit has commissioned and collated a desk study of the history, ecology and cultural importance of wooded heaths, a protocol for the survey and assessment of wooded heaths and the digitisation of historical maps of the area on ArcView Geographical Information System, linking these with aerial maps. The information thus gathered has been presented in a report consisting of three Sections: Section I. Wooded Heaths in the High Weald Section II. Wooded heath Survey and Assessment Protocol Section III. Mapping High Weald Wooded Heaths, Past and Present (Submitted separately ) It is hoped that this work will contribute to ensuring that wooded heaths acquire a status equal to that of open heath and ancient woodland, and that the conservation of the entire heath / wooded heath / woodland continuum will be seen to be the responsibility of heathland and woodland managers. An appropriate management strategy should help to achieve this, and will reconcile perceived conflicts of interests between heathland and woodland conservation, and facilitate the conservation of all these habitats in the High Weald area. 5 6 SECTION I WOODED HEATHS IN THE HIGH WEALD 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Background The High Weald Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) is an area of 1,450 square kilometres lying within the High Weald Natural Area (Patmore, 1997). It was designated as an AONB by the government in 1983 to conserve and enhance the natural beauty of this historic countryside of rolling hills and deeply cut valleys draped by small, irregular fields, abundant woods and hedges, scattered villages and farmsteads and sunken lanes. Broadleaved woodland is the predominant land cover in the High Weald, some areas of which are on the provisional Ancient Woodland Inventory which is administered by English Nature (EN). Heathlands occur along the wooded ridges of the High Weald and additionally, heathy habitats can be found within semi-natural ancient woodlands, where they may once have been managed under a pasture woodland management system. These ‘wooded heaths’ or ‘heathy woods’ are an important element of the High Weald biotope mosaic. In the 20 th Century, intensive agriculture, forestry plantations, house and road building have destroyed both semi-natural broadleaved woodland and heathland. Some 50% of the Weald’s open heathland is estimated to have been lost since the beginning of the 19 th Century (Sussex Biodiversity Partnership, 1998), a loss which elevates the national importance of the remaining areas. The 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro resulted in the endorsement of the Convention of Biological Diversity, which in the UK led to the production of the National Biodiversity Action Plan. Priority Habitats, including both broadleaved woodland and heathland, were the subject of both National and Local Habitat Action Plans (HAPs), one feature of which was the setting of measurable targets aimed at their conservation and restoration. In order to achieve these targets for the Lowland Heathland HAP, EN set up Tomorrow’s Heathland Heritage , a national umbrella project funded by the Heritage Lottery Fund. This project aims to restore 58,000 ha and to recreate 6000 ha of lowland heath in the UK by 2005. The Weald Heathland Initiative Project operates within Tomorrow’s Heathland Heritage , and is a five-year programme of work established by a partnership between the High Weald AONB Unit, English Nature, East Sussex County Council, West Sussex County Council, Kent High Weald Project, Ashdown Forest Conservators, the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds and the Department of Farming and Rural Affairs. Heathland restoration work is being carried out on a target 1500ha in the Weald and includes scrub clearance, bracken control, heather cutting and fencing, with the introduction of grazing in some areas to achieve sustainable, long-term management. The Sussex Lowland Heathland HAP has as one of its targets the recreation of at least 800 ha of heathland from forestry or other land by 2010, where possible linking together or enlarging existing sites (Sussex Biodiversity Partnership, 1998). The Sussex Woodland HAP has comparable targets, one 7 of which is the restoration of 10% of planted ancient woodland to semi-natural woodland (Sussex Biodiversity Partnership, 2000). Land ownership and existing land management are likely to be important factors in setting and achieving targets identified in both HAPs The strategy under which the Forestry Commission (FC) operates has changed from promoting policies aimed solely at commercial timber production to those aimed at promoting rural development, recreation, tourism, the environment and conservation (Forestry Commission, undated) alongside the more traditional economic objectives. Indeed, the UK Woodland Assurance Scheme (UKWAS) stipulates the full or partial restoration of Plantations on Ancient Woodland Sites (Spencer, 2002). 1.2. Woodlands or heathlands – a perceived conflict The sum result of these initiatives is a drive to conserve, restore and recreate areas of both broadleaved woodland and heathland in the High Weald. Forest Enterprise (FE), as one of the participants in these initiatives, has also to encompass an economic aspect, as some of the areas likely to have restoration potential to either semi-natural woodland or heathland is currently under forestry plantation. On some sites,
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