• 1941

EVE_RY1H1NG ·fc;::>R VICTORY I (., - - \' NATIONAL COMMITTEE, COMMUNIST PARTY

• , Articles by ROBERT MINOR WILLIAM £ .=:osreR

CIYI~IAN DEFENSE AND MQRA~E \ ' H~RBERT BENJAMIN • / ' TH~ NEW YORK CITY ELECT,rONS . - BILL LAWRENCE AND ISIDORE BEG;UN _,

• 0 Y, ....-:I • •

./' l , ~ \ ...... CALifORNIA FARMERS AND, NATIONAL DEFENSE HARRISON GEORGE ' ( ( 'A magnifiFent guide nd background to the epqchal -evenh , • 1 • t . "' - .... " 1 , wliich are reshaping 1the world 'lbday~ I ' 1 . -r I I "}.. ~ \.l.,_ ,...

f"' 1 I _.... • J / - Jhe~e book.s'Jby Ea rl Browder, )~eneral i.Secretary of the "

'" \ I > Comm ~,~ nisr Par:ty,. tvere written between the years,- 19'99 'an'd the early parf of l%1 ' berore Hitler1s\crimin'al in- t 1 v~sion oHhe Soviet Union and befqre t11e Uljlite~ States was drawn into the, w.iar against the fascist Axis bloa:: .. .J ~ -

lh;y COnStitute a penetrating analySJS of the his ~0ric9l I ~ backg rounds oJ tbe presept war a nd o,f the forces whi_: h I ~ .i led to t.s outbreak. ,- What Is ~omiJl~nism? $2.00/"

The, People's Fro'nt /2.25 I ' Fighting' for Pl'!ace ,. 1.00 'I The S~cond Imperialist W;ar "2.00 ..> - The' Way Out • r 1.00 ' ' '

w 0 R K E R s L I B R A' R y -p u, B L I s '1-:f E R s I

P. 0. Box i48.- StlHion 1D, New York, N. Y.- VOL. XX, No. 12 DECEMBER, 1941

THE COMMUNIST

A MAGAZINE OF THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF MARXISM-LENINISM PUBUSHED MONTHLY BY THE COMMUNIST PARTY OF THE U.S.A. EDITOR: EARL BROWDER

CONTENTS Everything for Victory Over World-Wide Fascist Slavery! National Committee, C.P.U.S.A. 1043 As We Fight . Robert Minor . 1045 The Tasks of the Communist Party in the War William Z. Foster . 1051 The New York City Elections and the Struggle Against Hitlerism Bill Lawrence and Isidore Begun 1055 Civilian Defense and Mora!e--A Vital Factor in the Struggle Against Hitlerism Herbert Benjamin 1072 The California Farmer and National Defense Harrison George 1079 The Patriotic War of 1918 Against the German Invaders m the Ukraine E. Gorodetsky 1091 A Significant Depiction of French­ Canadian Life Stanley B. Ryerson 1108 Index-Volume XX, 1941 1119 Latest Books and Pamphlets Received 1135

·--~ ... --- .. --,--·-·...-·-··-·------.., ...... ___ .,..... __ .._.. _____ .i!IIE_., ..__ ,"'~·-----··~~- .. ··•ecks, money orders and correspondence to THE COMMUNIST, P. 0. Box 148, Sta. D (50 East 13th Street), New York. Subscription rate: $2.00 a year; $1.00 for six months; foreign and Canada $2.50 a year. Single copies 20 cents.

PltlNTI!D Dl THB u.s.A. HEW AND FORTHCOMING PAMPHLETS

The People's War Against Hitler: Questions and Answers, by William Z. Foster $.05 America Speaks for Earl Browder, by Vito Marcantonio, Warren K. Billings and Others ...... 05 Thaddeus Stevens, by Elizabeth Lawson . .I 0 The Soviet Union: Friend and Ally of the American People, by William Z. Foster ...... 02 One War to Defeat Hitler, by Robert Minor. .10 William Sylvis and the National Labor Union, by Charlotte Todes . .25 Earl Browder-The Man from Kansas, by Elizabeth Gurley Flynn .02 Work Under Capitalism and Socialism, by A. Leontyev .15 The Negro and Justice: A Plea for Earl Browder, by Dr. Max Yergan and Paul Robeson .02 Should America Go to War? by Vito Marcantonio and Others .01 Soviet Women to the Women of the World . .05 The Slavic Peoples Against Hitler .05 Defend America by Smashing Hitlerism, by William Z. Foster .0 I The Browder Case . .02 America Must Act Now, by Gil Green .01 •

WORKERS LIBRARY PUBLISHERS P. 0. Box 148, Station D, New York, N.Y. EVERYTHING FOR VICTORY OVER WORLD-WIDE FASCIST SLAVERY!

(Statement of the NationaL Committee, Communist Party, U.S.A., unanimousLy adopted at its pLenary meeting heLd in New York City, December 7, 1941.)

A:P ANESE guns have fired upon Through the mouths of Japanese J the United States fiag. cannon, the Axis and its vassal This is an unprovoked act of war, states, from Vichy to Helsinki, have not of Japan alone, but of the Ber­ declared war against the United lin-Rome-Tokyo Axis war alliance. States and all powers that stand It is directed against the United against enslavement. The reply of States in the first place, but also Emperor Hirohito to President against the whole Western Hemi­ Roosevelt is this unprovoked attack sphere, Great Britain, the Union of upon the American people and Soviet Socialist Republics, and territory. against the Japanese people them­ All actions of the United States selves. It is an act of war aimed at Government in quickly, boldly an­ consolidating the enslavement of all swering this act of war with the full the occupied countries and terri­ military and naval force of this tories of Europe, Africa and China mighty nation will receive the -and to extend that slavery of con­ united support of all classes and all quest to the East Indies, the Philip­ sections of the American people, pine Islands, Latin America and the north, south, east and west, of what­ whole of the Western Hemisphere. ever national origin, black, white, It is the culminating outrage of native or foreign-born-Americans Axis aggression aimed at the dom­ all. ination of the entire world. The fate Never in the history of our coun­ of every nation and people has been try has the need for unity of the thrown "into the arena for deter­ nation been so great as now. The mination by military means. Communist Party pledges its loy­ This is a single indivisible world alty, its devoted labor and last drop struggle to preserve human liberty of its blood in support of our from the most brutal form of slav­ country in this greatest of all the ery. It is a challenge to human civil­ crises that ever threatened its exist­ ization and all of the achievements ence. In the tradition of the Com­ of centuries of democratic develop­ munist leaders who in 1861 joined ment. the United States Army under com- 1043 1044 EVERYTHING FOR VICTORY m1sswns issued by President Lin­ the Berlin- Rome - Tokyo Axis. coln, 100,000 American Communists The people will demand that today step forward to support the profiteering be ended and that all bigger war against slavery, a war in vicious anti-labor legislation such defense of the whole world's free­ as the Smith Bill be rejected. dom. In order to attain the greatest pos­ In all factories and workshops of sible strength and effectiveness of America the voice of freedom must its armed forces the United States be heard in the quickened pace of requires a full military alliance with machines .producing implements of Great Britairi, the Soviet Union and war to save our nation and to in­ China, who are now at death grips crease our aid to the Soviet Union, with the bloody forces of the Dark Great Britain, China and all nations Ages. who are resisting the Hitler-Japa­ All honest Americans who have nese aggression. All disputes in in­ been misled by the Lindbergs, the dustry must now even more urgent­ Coughlins, the Norman Thomases, ly than before be solved without Wheelers and Nyes, by the America interruptions of production. First Committee, must now see the The mighty trade union move­ treachery, the threat to the national ment of America-11,000,000 strong, existence of our country that lies in together with all other organizations the intrigues of such organizations of the people, white and Negro, must and must break with their influence. be activized to win this war with All Americans must join in one the utmost concentration of force mighty stream of national unity to against the enemies of our nation. assure that "government of the The enormous farming population people, by the people, and for the and all organizations of farmers will people shall not perish from the respond with one mighty voice to earth." the call of the nation in its peril. Everything for national unity! The American Federation of La­ Everything for victory over bor, the C.I.O. and the Railroad world-wide fascist slavery! Brotherhoods face the imperative necessity to coordinate their activi­ NATIONAL COMMITTEE, ties so that labor can speak and act COMMUNIST PARTY, U.S.A. as one. The American trade unions WM. Z. FOSTER, will support with all their strength National Chairman the all-out struggle against the ROBERT MINOR insolent imperialist aggression of Acting Secretary AS WE FIGHT

BY ROBERT MINOR

(Summary speech made by the Acting SeCTetary of the Communist Party at the close of the Plenary Meeting of the National Committee, in New York City, December 7, 1941.)

S THIS memorable Plenum ously, for a length of time that no A comes to its end I am re- man can fix, but probably for a very minded of Marx' classic saying, long time, we are and will be en­ made use of by Lenin, to the effect gaged at political struggle which that the weapon of criticism is re- takes a form of military combat. placed by the criticism of weapons. The political struggle in which we By which they meant that the are engaged, in unity with the na­ political struggle of the time passed tion, is the business of applying or­ over from mere polemics of words ganized physical violence through into its higher stage, at which that our American army and nayy with struggle is conducted with the the objective of the destruction of weapons of war-military struggle. all opponent forces. The open and most violent stage Our political work in the sense of of war has begun for the United criticism, of the polemics of argu­ States. For the first time in 127 ments, explanations, for the mobi­ years armed forces of a foreign lization of the masses, the art of power have successfully touched the convincing the people, has not de­ territory of the United States. It is dined in importance. Rather it has war of the most extreme and un- become far more important; but it limited violence and on an unprece- is all, every word and every phase dented scale. of it, without exception or hesita- As a result of a conjuncture of tion, determined by the one great historic currents, the Communist all-decisive character of the strug­ Party has become a participant gle of today-the successful mobili­ along with other political groupings zation of the total strength of our and parties--and the working class nation organized for the produc­ of our country has become an ally tion, training with, and application of other classes--in this most vio- of, the instruments of war. lent form of struggle which is war. This big, powerful nation has now The full meaning of national unity become engaged, in the overt form to win the war, and all its conse- that can be understood by everyone, quences, must be faced in the full in a war in which we have long light of clarity. been engaged in a concealed form- * * • that is, a form of war in which our Today and from now on continu- country, enduring the brunt of a 1045 104:6 AS WE FIGHT certain amount of military violence, power and another power, since we maintained the fiction that we were have not yet heard?" Well, we rec­ not at war. That time has passed, in ognize the complexity of events, the main, and it is urgently neces­ and we do not guess about events; sary that all fictions to the effect our business is not "smart" guess­ that we are not entirely in the war, ing in competition with newspaper or that we are only in the war headlines; and we know there are against one part of the Axis and not sudden changes and reversals of the total of the Axis, be removed. currents of events. But we are not The decisive turn came while we in doubt as to the decisive forces were assembled in this National that are determining the main cur­ Committee meeting. There was not rent. That is because we work by the slightest element of surprise for the Marxian method. We made the us in what happened. When at 4 central note of our last full meeting o'clock this afternoon the Japanese of this committee five and a half Government declared war against months ago, in our analysis of the the United States and Great Britain, war situation, the note that is valid our words in complete anticipation today. That note is that the war, of this event had already been which had at that time suddenly written and spoken and published spread and taken the form of an before the event occurred. attack on the Soviet Union, was a The United States, Great Britain, single world war. The attack on the the Soviet Union and China are all Soviet Union by Germany trans­ at war. We know that the align­ formed the character of the great ment of forces is a world-wide war-vitally and fundamentally alignment on two sides of a single changed its character. But we saw world war. We know that on the that it was one world-wide war, side of the powers fighting against and we were completely correct in the Axis the character of the war is seeing it as one war. We were cor­ that of a war of national liberation rect because our method, our Com­ -a just war. munist method-the priceless in­ The question might arise, never­ strument which guides us in this theless, just how do we find our greatest of crises-teaches us to see orientation so quickly--even before the phenomenon of history, never in the newspapers have printed the isolated form, never separate and news of developments of events of apart from the other phenomena war, how is it possible that we so that are related to it, always seeing quickly orientated ourselves, unani­ each phenomenon in its relationship mously, resolutely, without the to the surrounding world of reality. slightest instant of hesitation? The Considering all of the phenomena of answer is to be found in our Marx­ war, and their interconnection, see­ ist-Leninist method. We might have ing the war in the Soviet Union in been thrown into doubt; we might connection with the surrounding have hesitated and asked: "Well, reality and the forces interplaying how do we know that such and such with it, we were ·enabled to reach a relationship will exist between one a correct judgment and a correct AS WE FIGHT 1047 course of action to be followed. will be too slow. . The danger is. Then when this newest change in that we have allowed our country the war came-when the Japanese relatively to lag behind into a rela­ attack came bursting upon us with tionship of forces that is even more the roar of guns and the falling of dangerous than it was five months bombs from the skies--we had al­ ago, when we only dared to dream ready been able to foresee the gen­ and hope for the collective defense eral trend of development that was of the world from Nazi conquest, leading in this direction. You will and dared to hope that it might recall that, on the day before the take the form of the defense of our Japanese attack, we had already country's national interest collec­ said, and our remarks were already tively with Great Britain and the in print this morning, as follows: Soviet Union in the form of a coali­ ". ; . the inevitable logic of this tion." (Sunday Worker, Dec. 7.) war-seen as one conflict--is bring­ We already knew, and could not ing about a rapid development in the but know, that the series of events. Far East, looking to the attempted that had unfolded in the Far East seizures that were predicted by could not be an isolated phe­ Secretary of War Stimson last nomenon of friction between Japan August of the tin and oil and other and the United States. We did not supplies of the Malay and Dutch fall into the illusion of chatterbox East Indies countries. We do not columnists and Social-Democratic describe the situation as some of the hairsplitters who hesitate, like newspapers do this morning, as Hamlet, and speculate: "Can the creating a 'risk of war.... If United States do this or that to a goon batters you. up and knocks avoid the 'risk of war'?" "Can some your head off, you don't say that arrangement be made by which you can't defend yourself for fear of Japanese imperialist aims can be getting into a fight. substituted by humanitarian and "The fight has begun, the fight pacific considerations?" "Cannot exists, the war is already in full Japan be induced in plain reason to effect in every real sense. And the do this, and somebody else to do danger is that the United States that?" Such speculations but serve will be too slow, that its self­ to segregate the Far Eastern con­ defense in coalition with all other flict from the conflict in the world nations that can contribute to our at large. We understood the rapidly collective strength will be too far developing Far Eastern situation as behind.... one of the phenomena of a world "And so we must admit that with full of developing war. We under­ all the successes that our country stood it in its relationship to the has undoubtedly attained in the phenomenon of England's relation­ way of national unity, nevertheless ship with Germany, and that of the tremendous danger exists that Germany with Japan in the famous the consolidation of national unity "anti-Comintern" pact, which we around the American Government, knew from the very beginning was around America's foreign policy, the war alliance between these na- 1048 AS WEFIGHT tions directed precisely against the would be an effort to introduce illu­ United States, Great Britain and the sions of peace among the suffering Soviet Union. When the guns of the peoples of the occupied countries of Japanese opened up upon the Europe; that it would be an effort Hawaiian Islands this afternoon, it to check the determination of all the was not an isolated event, but an free peoples of the world that there event necessarily related precisely could be no "negotiated" settlement, to ·the terrific events in Europe and no peace without the military anni­ the world over. hilation of Nazism. Particularly we know that the We are glad today that we German Nazi forces have run into a dropped the peace slogan as our serious predicament on their Eastern very first act at our last Plenum, Front with the great Red Army. We knowing that such a slogan would understood that Germany had called be a weapon in the hands of such a her ally, the Japanese armed forces, "peace" offensive as Germany has into play; that this attack of the now turned loose, prior to this fur­ Japanese was a response to Hitler's ther extension of the war, designed call for help; that it was an attack only to act as a paralyzing medium ordered by Hitler and timed at this for preventing the quick crystalliza­ moment in the effort to restore the tion of the opposition of the demo­ momentum of the Axis armies as a cratic powers to the Nazis' act of result of their setback suffered aggression against the world. through the brilliant victory of the Red Army at Rostov, followed by * * * further military victories in the In our Plenum which opened yes­ vicinity of Moscow. The military terday and which comes to its end events in Soviet Russia cannot be now, several monumental speeches dissociated from the events in the were made, and they were of such Far East. In our last Plenum we great importance that I think every correctly saw this interconnection one of us will go back carrying and its inevitable unfolding in a memories of these speeches as an violent military clash, even though inspiration to our work. the situation was relatively unripe The splendid remarks of Comrade at that time in the Far East. We saw Foster were part of the Political even as far back as five and a half Committee's report, of course. What· months ago, when Germany's attack I refer to is, for instance, the speech on the Soviet Union was only six of Comrade Roy Hudson, which I days old, that there would be shall keep in mind for these coming launched a great "peace" offensive months, remembering the values just such as Germany has since and the realization of values in turned loose. We could see even that field of our work which is de­ then that such a "peace" offensive cisive for our struggle-the field of would be no more than an effort to the organized workers' movement, demoralize and break up the fast­ which, now as never before to the forming united front of peoples to same degree, has become the center resm Nazi enslavement; that it of the development of the national AS WE FIGHT 1049 life of our country. I think all of us ica First Committee. The America will go from this Plenum with a First Committee is not less danger­ vivid memory of the speech of Com­ ous, but the nature of its activities, rade Gil Green, which was a part of I think, is somewhat different. I a comprehensive statement of that have been noticing an interesting phase of our work-municipal elec­ thing in the press: as the Red Army tions-which is going to be so close­ began to achieve victories in the ly related to the trade union move­ last few days, certain of the rotten­ ment. In regard to the manner of est appeaser newspapers have be­ conducting electoral united front gun to strike the note, "Well, now work in connection witli the na­ you see the Red Army is beginning tional unity in support of the war, to win, maybe the Red Army won't the memorable New York election stop until it gets to Berlin, and has given us great experiences. The think what a danger that would be remarks that were made by our for the United States." We are very New York Councilman, Pete Ca­ likely to witness a great deal of that cchione of Brooklyn, will prove of insidious type of development of the great help to all of us all over the work of this same appeasement country. group, the America First outfit, the Instructive indeed was his recital Lindbergites, etc. They will be of the incident of the Italian worker coming forth now in the guise of who raised one of the slogans patriots in the attempt to under­ pumped into him by the propaganda mine the relationship with all the machine of the Nazis and the ap­ most powerful military forces of the peasers, to the effect that if Ger­ anti-Hitler coalition. It has been many and Italy are defeated in this said here that now there may be a war, there will be another Versailles dangerous development of the Treaty. Pete Cacchione gave an an­ propaganda of these people, in the swer that has to be given to every wire-pulling in Congress and in the single one of the national groups bureaus and political circles of that are in any way affected by Axis government, to the effect that since propaganda-namely, that with the the United States must now con­ Sovet Union in this gigantic line-up centrate against Japan, it must there can be no Versailles Treaty as slacken up in its sending of supplies a result of the collaboration in to the Soviet Union and perhaps which the Soviet Power is a mem­ also to Great Britain. In that ber. The opportunity that we face connection, let me give a word of now and the responsibility that we warning against anything on our :fact now is that of uniting the na­ part that could give an excuse for tion. Never have we had an oppor­ any tendencies to yield to that ar­ tunity to play a dynamic part in gument. We must be dead sure that uniting, not thousands, not tens of we understand that the danger on thousands but millions. We have the the Soviet front is still a terrific opportunity to isolate the appeasers, danger. The victories that have to isolate effectively with mass ef­ been won are victories won at very, fect and in a mass sense the Amer- very severe sacrifice against odds 1050 AS WE FIGHT where a single Soviet tank has had concentrate upon achieving every to face three German tanks and ad­ possible trade union pressure within vance against them. Let us be very this coming week, the week that be­ sure that the very victories of the gins today. We must get trade Soviet Red Army do not give us union officials and trade union that disease which Comrade Stalin bodies that can be brought to act in described as "golovokruzh.eniye"­ that quick time, to act, to send by "swimming head," getting dizzy airmail or telegram to the President with success. Let us bear in mind the of the United States requests for necessity, greater now than ever be­ the freedom of Browder. fore, for American industry to over­ We are now entering a period of come along with Soviet indus­ action on a higher plane than ever try the disparity in which Germany before. We go better equipped has an overwhelming numerical su­ with experience than ever before. periority in tanks and a numerical Our Communist Party organiza­ superiority as well in airplanes. tions in the districts now are ex­ Now a few remarks on the pected, and we. confidently believe campaign for the release of Com­ they will live up io the expectation. rade Browder. It is imperative to become living, dynamic centers that we place the center of of working class activity to help gravity of the work for Comrade stimulate the whole population Browder. My opinion is that we in the war effort as patriots, sincere have made a political error in al­ patriots, without reservation, as lowing the center of gravity to slip supporters of the government of the over into winning a sort of shape­ United States, which is the struc­ less support of a general public. ture around which national unity Not that we do not wish such sup­ takes place; supporting the army, port, but it is incorrect to allow the fighting against the remnants and center of gravity to swing that way all particles of pacifist illusions, instead of keeping it among the or­ bearing in mind that there is much ganized workers, the trade unions. to do against these pacifist illusions,. It was once said by Lenin that in its remembering that there has been struggle for power the working class for decades a false identification in has no weapon but organization. In some minds between our struggle its release of its champions from for peace and the position of pac­ imprisonment the working class has ifism. never successfully applied any other We will go ahead into the biggest weapon than that-the weapon of moment that our Party has yet organization, the pressure of organ­ known, and it is the confident belief ized labor. In no sense do we dis­ of the entire Political Bureau and parage the general collection of sig­ the whole National Committee that natures: on the contrary, we should we will do our part successfully. have done much better. We should We will give a tremendous share of have gotten a million or two mil­ help, and an indispensable part of lion signatures. But let us realize the help needed ·to bring victory that time is fleeting. We must now and the extermination of fascism. THE TASKS OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY IN THE WAR

BY WILLIAM Z. FOSTER

(Concluding remarks of WilHam Z. Foster, National Chairman, at the National Committee Meeting of the Communist Party, U.S.A., held in New York City on December 7, 1941.)

S WE, members of the National problems. But it does not change A Committee and guests, are the basic line of our Party. It mere­ about to depart to our respective ly swiftly matures our analysis and homes from this historic plenum, it makes necessary a tremendous in­ is necessary that a few words be tensification of our work in all said about the effects upon the line directions, acording to the main of our Party by Japan's unprovoked policy we have already developed. war attack upon the United States The National Committee state­ this afternoon. At the outset let ment which we have just adopted me say that we are not taken by is the authoritative document of this surprise by this brutal aggression. plenum. It applies the main policy Our long insistence that the United of our Party to this new phase of States was in urgent danger of fas- the world war. Although brief, this cist assault has been dramatically statement of policy is clear. It will verified. For months past we have be followed shortly by editorials been forecasting Japan's attack, and and articles further concretizing our in the report of Comrade Minor and work. After I finish speaking Com­ others to this plenum its imminence rade Hudson will outline some of was clearly foreseen. Our analysis the tasks immediately confronting of the war situation has been com- us. pletely borne out. Our policy was Now let me touch briefly upon correct and it remains so. the effects of the new situation upon What has happened is that the several aspects of our Party policy, American people, yesterday stand- as we have been developing it dur­ ing upon the brink of overt war with ing the past several months and as Japan, have today been plunged we were further concretizing it in fully into war by Japan's wanton this plenum when Japan attacked. attack upon American citizens and First, in respect to our attitude re­ territory. This tremendous event garding the Government's foreign throws before us a host of new policy. As you know, we had been 1051 1052 THE TASKS OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY IN THE WAR supporting the Government's resist­ Full steam ahead for national unity ance to the aggressor powers, Nazi and the winning of the war. Germany and Japan. Now our task And how does the question o:f the is to enormously increase this sup­ tlght against the appeasers, against port. This is a just war. Our Party the America First Committee, stand statement pledges our full support in this new situation? In no sense do to it. We have offered to give up we have to reorientate our policy in our lives if necessary to defeat the this matter. Instead, we have tore­ fascist enemy. Our Party must ·do double our battle against these fas­ all in its power to see that American cist-minded traitors. But, the condi­ arms, jointly with those of Great tions of our struggle against them Britain, the U.S.S.R. and China, will be greatly changed. This is be­ emerge victorious from the present cause, in the face of national indig­ conflict. nation of the American people at Now as to national unity--do we Japan's attack, the treacherous have to change our main line upon America First Committee will lose that? Not at all. Our job is to press much, if not most, of its mass :fol­ forward ten times more determined­ lowing, who have been misled by ly than before, along the path we its demagogy about peace. Many were already traveling. More than also of its opportunistic leaders will ever must we seek to develop the be compelled to endorse the war. strongest possible collaboration Already the radio has told us that among all classes and organizations the appeaser Senators Taft, Vanden­ in American life that are ready to berg and Wheeler, as well as that fight the Axis enemy. If it was American-brand fascist, Represen­ necessary yesterday, when the coun­ tative Fish, have spoken out for war try was not yet fully in the war, to against Japan. Doubtless more will participate in all the organizations follow. and activities that were developing But such development must not towards a solid front of the Ameri­ mislead us into believing that the can people against Hitler and his appeaser danger is over. Far from puppets, now the need for such ac­ it. While the followers of the Amer­ tivities on our part is incomparably ica First Committee will genuinely greater. Swiftly the country will be change their minds and support the covered with a whole network of war, the copperhead traitors will civilian war activities. Demands will only alter their tactics to fit the new be made for strengthening the situation. They will lose no oppor­ armed forces and to finance the war. tunity to stab the United States in As American citizens determined to the back. One of their many de­ help crush the enemies of our coun­ vices to help their friend Hitler will try, we must play our full part by be to try to get the United States supporting all these movements and to direct its entire for<;e against tasks. The Communists must show Japan and to abandon giving aid to that there are no better fighters for Great Britain and the U.S.S.R. This America and freedom than we are. insidious maneuver we must be par- THE TASKS OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY IN THE WAR 1053 ticularly alert to fight against. With terials. The establishment of the renewed vigor we must propagate Murray Plan, or a workable vari­ our established correct line that this ation of it, has now become a na­ is one war, a world war between the tional imperative. In all shops, in­ forces of fascist tyranny and those dustries and localities, as we have of democracy and civilization. It is discussed in our plenum, the work­ one indivisible war between·the fas­ ers must take the initiative in work­ cist Axis powers and the world ing out plans to help win the battle coalition of the United States, Brit­ fot' production. ain and the U.S.S.R. We must there­ And now how about labor unity, fore insist that instead of aid being which, in the form of united labor diminished, more munitions than action upon war issues, has been ever be sent to the U.S.S.R., Great playing such a large role in our Britain and China. We must also Party's life? Here, too, we have no advocate the opening of a second need for reorientation. Except that front in Europe. We must never let we must press all the more energet­ the American people forget that the ically for united labor action than center of the present world fascist ever before. The war situation aggression is in Berlin and that, makes it vitally necessary for the above all, Nazi Germany has to be C.I.O., A. F. of L. and Railroad smashed. A full-scale military alli­ Brotherhoods to work together har­ ance between the United States, moniously to help solve the life and Great Britain, the U.S.S.R. and death questions that are being China has now become a fundamen­ thrust upon our nation by the war. tal necessity for American national Strengthen the trade unions, orga­ defense. nize the unorganized, tighten labo~s Regarding the battle for produc­ ranks. In every city and state there tion, which has played such a cen­ should be get-together movements tral part in our Plenum discussions between the rival groups of unions, -what about that? Well, everything such as we have seen developing we have been saying all along, as lately in so many communities. well as in this plenum, is now more Nationally the time is now ripe for true than ever In this situation the organized cooperation between the trade unions, in closest cooperation A. F. of L. and the C.I.O. The two with employers, and the Govern­ big federations of labor have de­ ment must push for maximum pro­ manded, in somewhat different duction. We may be sure that the forms, that labor, capital and Gov­ American people, in their determin­ ernment should come together in a ation to defeat the insolent Japanese national conference to work out aggressors and their boss in Berlin, joint war policies. Such a confer­ will develop a munitions output that ence has now become indispensable, will amaze the world. The labor and the workers everywhere should movement, and not the least our speak out for it. Party, must play its full part in de­ In the matter of protecting the veloping this huge flood of war ma- living standards of the workers- 1054 THE TASKS OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY IN THE WAR against profiteering employers and Now let me conclude these re­ against reactionary forces who are marks on Party policy in this war trying to load all the economic bur­ by saying that we are going to wit­ dens of the war upon the social ness in the period now opening a classes and groups least able to unity of spirit and action by our stand them-our basic line of policy nation that will amaze us. The was already worked out before this American people, despite all at­ plenum. Healthy, well-fed and well­ tempts of appeasers and fascists to cared-for workers are vitally essen­ confuse them and to make it appear tial for national defense and our aim that we were a disunited nation, must be to see that these conditions have all along been strongly anti­ obtain. Arbitration and mediation of Hitler. The attack by Japan upon labor disputes are now indispensa­ will touch off a tremendous demon­ ble. To protect their interests the stration of the anti-Hitler spirit of workers must be fully represented the American people. Hitler, Musso­ in the Cabinet and in all Govern­ line and Hirohito will be astound­ ment boards. Organized labor should ed to observe the solidarity with unitedly demand this representa­ which our people will take up arms tion. United political action is the against them. key to all of labor's activities in this The great test of our Party from national crisis. now on will be to step up its work By the same token, the trade to fit in with the intensified war unions should insist upon the defeat struggle of the American people in of such reactionary measures as defense of their national existence. the Smith Bill. Labor must not We must realize the necessity for allow itself to be shackled by open­ vastly increased activity on our part shop elements in the war emer­ in all directions in support of the gency. Democracy must be pre­ war effort. Our policy is correct, our served at home while we are fight­ Party is united. Our line expresses ing abroad to defend it. Labor the patriotic interests of the whole should demand that such ultra-re­ American people. Let us resolve to actionary organizations as the apply it with a militant spirit as America First Committee and the never before. I am sure that our Dies Committee be dissolved, and Party will prove worthy of the that the Hoover F.B.I. be reorgan­ great task which history has now ized. placed upon it. THE NEW YORK CITY ELECTIONS AND THE STRUGGLE AGAINST HITLERISM

BY BILL LAWRENCE AND ISIDORE BEGUN

HE local election in New York aid "to the limit" to the Soviet T City aroused keen interest na­ Union. National unity against Hit­ tionally and even internationally. lerism was the most vital need of The entire country eagerly awaited the nation. its outcome. As far west as the This situation was bound to color Pacific Coast, radio broadcasts were the elections in the largest Ameri­ interrupted for the announcement can city under all conditions. But of election returns. The La Guardia when sharp-tongued Fiorello La victory was received joyously in Guardia-two-term Mayor of New London and ·gloomily in Berlin and York, friend of the President and Rome. The enthusiastic message with a consistent record of active from the Common Council of Lon­ struggle against Hitlerism, and don, greeting La Guardia's victory, in the recent period United States was symbolic of the significance of Civil Defense Director-announced the New York election. As the his bid for an unprecedented third New York Sun admitted, the elec­ term, the issue of anti-Hitlerism in­ tion was a poll of opinion, in the evitably became the main issue. largest city of the country, on Roosevelt's foreign policy, on na- The Primary ELection tional and international questions. La Guardia accepted the Republi- The election came four months can nomination in face of the open after Hitler's attack on the Soviet opposition to him by the Republican Union, which brought about a sharp organization leaders of the Bronx change in both the character of the and Queens. He was opposed in the war and the relationship of forces. Republican primaries by an ap­ President Roosevelt, having recog- peaser, John R. Davies, banker and nized this attack as the Nazi bid for former president of the National world conquest, and a threat to Republican Club. Mr. Davies openly American security, strengthened declared his opposition to President American military collaboration Roosevelt's foreign policy and at­ with Great Britain and promised tacked both Roosevelt and La Guar- 1055 1056 THE NEW YORK CITY ELECTIONS dia as "warmongers." "My job is to In answer to Davies' attack on save the Eagle from being made the La Guardia as a supporter of Presi­ tail of the Hammer and Sickle," he dent Roosevelt, La Guardia's Re­ declared. publican backers declared that city The City Democratic Party chief­ rule and not the war was the issue tains (the county bosses led by in the campaign. The night before Tammany and correctly character­ the primary contest Dr. Nicholas ized by the progressives as the Murray Butler, William M. Chad­ Kelly-Flynn-Sullivan machine) dis­ burne, La Guardia's Republican played unusual astuteness in the campaign manager; George Z. Med­ selection of William O'Dwyer as alie, and Chades H. Tuttle went their candidate. O'Dwyer, an ex­ on the air and issued press state­ policeman, entered the law profes­ ments. The gist of their view was sion and later became judge and expressed by Dr. Butler: more recently District Attorney in Kings County (Brooklyn). His labor "We must not let Federal issues record on the bench was of the con­ or state issues or matters of inter­ ventional kind that is classified in national policy influence our judg­ ment in any way. For the moment election parlance as "good." His we are concerned and only con­ much-vaunted "crusade" as District cerned with the good government Attorney against Murder, Inc., was of the great City of New York." counted upon to neutralize the Tom Dewey lure and have a pull of its La Guardia won the Republican own among the "clean government" nomination, but under circum­ forces. Brooklyn was decisive; stances that alarmed the Mayor's technically not a part of Manhat­ camp. Only 106,672 out of the 758,- tan's Tammany Hall-and O'Dwyer 385 enrolled Republicans, or 14 per was a "Brooklyn boy." cent, participated in the primary­ O'Dwyer is a member of the a figure far below pre-election · party of Roosevelt, Lehman, U.S. estimates. Senator Robert F. Wagner-Tam­ The Mayor's majority in the many insisted. Yet his position on primaries was 19,820 out of the foreign policy as well as on the 106,672. He lost the Bronx and broad domestic issues was un­ . Queens, the two boroughs in which known; An almost ideal candidate the Republican leaders had opposed from the Tammany point of view. his nomination. His city-wide ma­ Up to Primary Day O'Dwyer and jority was almost entirely accounted Davies led the attack; Davies at­ for by Manhattan. tacking the Mayor on foreign policy La Guardia was also the candi­ and O'Dwyer sniping on municipal date of the American Labor Party, issues. Mayor La Guardia held with the united support of its Right aloof, refusing to campaign. Thus, and Left Wings. The City Fusion prior to the primaries, the campaign Party, a non-partisan, anti-Tam­ was apathetic and failed to arouse many grouping, collected signatures the electorate. to get itself on the ballot with La THE NEW YORK CITY ELECTIONS 1057 Guardia heading the ticket. A new racial and religious fanatics party, the United City Party, led by who have been permitted at their certain New Deal Democrats, did street meetings to insult and vilify the same. the Jew." He took good care, how­ ever, not to mention the Coughlin­ The MayoTalty Campaign ites and Christian Fronters by After the primaries the Mayor's name. supporters insisted upon an active The "extravagance" of the La campaign. The enrolled Democrats Guardia Administration was em­ greatly exceeded the enrolled Re­ phasized. A reduced city budget, publicans in the city. It was evident lower taxes and economy were that the Mayor would have to go to promised. (This was a disguised at­ the people to win. There would tack on the social welfare advances have to be a real campaign for and civic improvements of the La registration so that the independent Guardia Administration.) voters would have their say. La Guardia was viciously at­ The O'Dwyer managers learned tacked for his toleration of such the lesson from the Davies defeat "Communists" and "fellow travel­ in the Republican primaries. An ers" in municipal office as Borough open appeaser would have no President Isaacs and Civil Service chance at all in the g~neral Commissioner Paul Kern, who had election. In recognition of this les­ supported the Spanish Loyalists, son, the clever-too clever-accept­ but never have been either Commu­ ance speech of O'Dwyer followed a nists or near-Communists. Con­ few days after the primaries. gressman Marcantonio was called In this speech O'Dwyer indicated the "Communist Congressman." the framework of his strategy. He Finally, while declaring "that a declared himself to be a labor man municipal campaign is no place for of many years' standing, who would the discussion of national or inter­ follow the progressive labor tradi­ national questions," O'Dwyer paid tion set by ex-Governors Smith and formal homage to the Roosevelt Roosevelt and the present Governor Administration and gave the im­ Lehman. He appealed to the good pression of agreement with its pol­ government forces upon the basis icy. He declared: of his record as District Attorney and the "solving of eighty-seven "Yes, I am a Democrat. So is murders." He declared himself in­ President Roosevelt, so is former dependent of Tammany Hall or of Governor Smith, and so is Governor any "political machine ... or politi­ Lehman. . . . I believe with Presi­ cal boss." dent Roosevelt that the most effec­ As an ex-policeman he claimed to tive answer to Hitler's method of total attack is total defense. I en­ know and sympathize with the dorse the policy of the President in needs of the civil service employees. defending our sovereignty and de­ A shrewd appeal was made to the mocracy and the policy of the Presi­ Jews by a denunciation of "these dent and Congress in giving aid to 1058 THE NEW YORK CITY ELECTIONS those eountries which are resisting of their peoples . . . these are the Nazi aggression." (The New York issues now. These are the issues of Times, Sept. 19, 1941.) this election campaign. . . . Those who would destroy labor's rights Thus we see the attempt of the discriminate against Negroes Jew~ candidate of the appeaser camp to and the foreign-born, wreck health capitalize on the anti-fascist senti­ educational and recreational facili~ ments of the masses, to confuse the ties, are playing Hitler's game. . . . voters. Labor, therefore, must take the The wave of red-baiting started initiative in the fight against Nazism and bring about the broad­ by O'Dwyer in his acceptance est unity of the people on foreign speech helped to open the eyes of and domestic issues.... We Com­ many progressives who had been munists stand in this election for a somewhat fooled by O'Dwyer and municipal program that will solidi­ alienated by La Guardia's errors. fy the broadest unity of the people La Guardia, on the other hand, in a national front against Hit­ despite an emphatic public disasso­ lerism." ciation from Communist support, refused to yield or retreat before As the campaign progressed, the red-baiting provocations of after the primaries, the two camps Tammany. He refused to condemn in the election became more clearly Isaacs, Kern, or Congressman Marc­ differentiated along lines that had antonio, all of whom were singled been foreseen in the analysis by the out as principal targets by O'Dwyer. Communist Party earlier in the campaign. He increased his own activity on all fronts in the campaign, and helped Very important was the lining up to unite and mobilize the anti-Hit­ of organized labor in support of La ler and progressive forces. Guardia. Both the Central Trades However, La Guardia did not and Labor Council (A. F. of L.) and emphasize the fundamental issue of the Industrial Union Council the campaign-namely, the struggle (C.I.O.) took action endorsing the against Hitlerism, thus falling short anti-Hitler candidate. of the full strength he could have Thomas Lyons, President of the given to the anti-Hitler character of State Federation of Labor, Thomas the campaign. Murtha and James C. Quinn, The truth of the Communist leaders of the Central Trades Party analysis of issues and forces and Labor Council, led in the of the election made in the early fight for La Guardia's endorse­ part of the campaign was sustained. ment by that body. Some leaders What was our Party's analysis? of the Council who had close rela­ Already in August, the Commu­ tions with the Tammany machine nist Party Election Committee de­ brought forward O'Dwyer's "good" clared: labor record and his promises, in order to influence the decision of "The defeat of Hitler, the inde­ this important labor body. The anti­ pendence of nations and the welfare Hitler issue was not made the dom- THE NEW YORK CITY ELECTIONS 1059 inant issue. After a hot battle, the never again be allowed to corrupt Central Trades and Labor Council our city. The Tammany candidate, endorsed La Guardia. supported by the appeasers, must be The Industrial Union Council, in defeated.... The organized labor endorsing La Guardia, rose above movement shares in this opinion; so do the progressive and indepen­ the difficulties and acrimonious dis­ dent voters. The Communists wel­ putes that had for some time past come this unity of the labor and developed between it and the City progressive forces of our city. We Administration, difficulties due to wish to do all we can to help this the labor policy of the City Admin­ united city front against Hitler and istration regarding the city's recent­ Tammany." ly acquired transit lines and the rights of organization generally of This was our message on the air city employees. The main issue­ and in millions of leaflets. anti-Hitler unity-was seen and Only one Communist Council­ stressed by the C.I.O.-and they mimic candidate in each borough acted accordingly. At a meeting of was left in the race. Under Propor­ 60()- officers, section heads and tional Representation, one could stewards, the Transport Workers vote for the Communist candidate Union and its national president, as well as for the other labor, anti­ Michael J. Quill, called for support Hitler, and anti-Tammany candi­ of La Guardia. The American Labor dates. Party was unanimous in its support. The Communist Party had char­ The good government forces, acterized O'Dwyer as the Tammany hailing the social welfare achieve­ candidate supported by reaction­ ments of the La Guardia Adminis­ aries and appeasers. O'Dwyer was tration, stood solidly in the anti­ first sponsored by Hearst in his Tammany camp. Journal-American. He was the As the campaign entered the de­ carefully groomed candidate of the cisive stage the Communist Party Kelly, Sullivan and Flynn ma­ withdrew its city-wide ticket. In a chines. The Deutscher Weckruf und statement explaining this action, the Beobachter, official organ of the Communist Party declared that German-American Bund, had as unity in the war against Hitler was early as July J 7 announced: the all-important issue before the city and nation; greeting the unity "La Guardia is pulling all strings thus far achieved by the organized to have himself elected to a third labor movement and the anti­ term as Mayor of Greater New Hitler, anti-Tammany forces. The York. La Guardia never has been statement said: the Mayor of all the component elements that make up the popula­ "City and national defense de­ tion of the metropolis. His whole mands more public housing, more concern has been for factions, the schools and !!lOre health centers. internationalists and German-bait­ Tammany's O'Dwyer proposed to do ers, hostile to large sections of the away with it all. Tammany must electorate. A large number of new 1060 THE NEW YORK CITY ELECTIONS voters will be eligible to vote for The Communists were the ones Mayor this fall and all must regis­ who raised most clearly and sharp­ ter. Many of them are opposed to ly the real issue in the campaign- . La Guardia and a third term." unity in the struggle against Hitler and against the appeaser-supported Later in the campaign the local Tammany candidate; what the de­ Nazis became much more careful feat of La Guardia would mean to but just as zealous in their work the city and nation as well as to to defeat La Guardia. Quietly but the international struggle against effectively the Christian Fronters, Nazism. The Communists showed the Coughlinites and the America that foreign policy .is inseparable Firsters did all they could to rally from domestic policy in total de­ Slol.pport for O'Dwyer. After Davies, fense against Hitler. The with­ the open appeaser, had been de­ drawal statement and the anti­ feated in the primaries and decided O'Dwyer campaign of the Commu­ that it was wiser not to run as an nist Party had effect. The Tammany independent, he threw his support candidate was heckled with embar­ openly to O'Dwyer. The Daily News rassing questions at his public of October 8 :>:eported that Davies' meetings. Tammany speakers were Elecision not to run as an indepen­ forced into the position of meeting dent "was greeted with glee in the the issues as presented by the Com­ headquarters of the Kings County munist Party. D. A. O'Dwyer." Tammany drew heavily on party On the O'Dwyer ticket was Paul loyalty. Its big guns were called P. Rao, a fascist whose law firm had into action. Unable to submerge drawn up the original incorporation narrow partisan interest, Governor papers for the A.V. Publishing Com­ Lehman, Lieutenant Governor Po­ pany, the corporate title of the letti, and Senator Wagner joined Beobachter, as well as representing Farley and Flynn to defeat La arrested Bund hooligans. Congress­ Guardia. Attorney General Bennett man Martin J. Kennedy, a notorious and Solicitor General Epstein also appeaser, was a conspicuous worker gave their services. for O'Dwyer. The labor movement and other The Communists exposed anti-Nazi forces swung into action O'Dwyer's lip-service endorsement for La Guardia. George Meany, Sec­ of President Roosevelt as calculated retary-Treasurer of the A. F. of L., to create minimum damage for him and Thomas Lyons, State President among the appeasers and maximum of the A. F. of L., as well as Thomas confusion among the anti-Nazis and Murtha and James C. Quinn of progressives. In answer to the City Central Trades and Labor O'Dwyer's red-baiting, the Commu­ Council, went on the air. C.I.O. nists declared: "Communism is not unions rallied their membership the issue in the campaign, but unity through special union committees, against Nazism and Tammany is meetings and literature. Wendell the issue." Willkie, Judge Seabury, Manhattan THE NEW YORK CITY ELECTIONS 10151 District Attorney Dewey, and Rabbi deny the main issue had its effect in Stephen S. Wise actively partici­ reducing the registration 34,000 be­ pated in the campaign for La low 1937 (Mayoralty election year) Guardia. and 940,000 below the 1940 figure. Numerous committees represent­ It made possible the low level of ing all phases of civic life, profes­ political "discussion" in the last sionals (actors, doctors, lawyers), days before election. business men, representative groups La Guardia, in a hasty state­ of citizens of foreign descent all ment to the press regarding an elec­ pitched into this campaign which tion decision by the N. Y. Court of promised to end i~ a very close Appeals, used the term "goniffs." vote. La Guardia himself actively Governor Lehman unhesitatingly entered the campaign, but empha­ assumed that this was meant to ap­ sized good government, mainly lim­ ply to himself and to his brother, iting his reference to the struggle the Chief Judge of the Court of against Hitler as a "post-war prob­ Appeals-the highest court in the blem." state. The incident was seized upon by Farley, Lehman On October 24 came the endorse­ and O'Dwyer ment of La Guardia by President and became the notorious "Goniff" Roosevelt on the basis that: "Mayor issue-they tried to make it the La Guardia and his administration issue in the last lap of the cam­ have given to the city the most paign. It was cleverly utilized by honest and, I believe, the most effi­ Tammany in order to imply that cient municipal government." La Guardia had insulted, not only the Governor and his brother, but And the President was careful to the Jewish people as a whole. indicate that the city's election: The election campaign ended in a "Has no relationship to national swamp of name-calling and abuse. politics but is confined to civic The air waves were full of "liar," policies." "cabbage head,'' "stooge," "double­ By this time the following had crosser." But the people who went entered the New York City elec­ to the polls were not swept into the tions: President Roosevelt, Willkie, O'Dwyer camp by this final effort to Farley, Flynn, Lehman, Senator confuse and deceive. The majority Wagner, Secretary of War Stimson, voted in a discriminating and Assistant Secretary Berle, U.S. heartening manner for La Guardia, Housing Administrator Straus, for unity against Hitlerism abroad Federal Works Administrator Car­ and against the corrupt Tammany mody, not to mention the state machine in the city; they rejected officers. Yet all of these, including the ticket which was supported by La Guardia (with the possible ex­ the Christian Fronters, the Cough­ ception of Willkie), denied that Unites, and pro-Hitler forces gen­ anything but local city government erally. There is no doubt, however, was involved! that this false issue with which This almost disastrous attempt to Tammany "went to town," over the 106! THE NEW YORK CITY ELECTIONS air and in thousands of unsigned the City Council), and the Borough mimeographed leaflets, had its effect Presidents of Manhattan and Rich­ upon many Jewish voters. mond; give the Mayor a majonty on Mayor La Guardia was elected the Board of Estimate. with a plurality of 133,841. The The following New York Mayor­ vote was: La Gu&rdia, 1,186,394; alty voting chart shows the rela­ O'Dwyer, 1,052,553. tionship of political parties in 1937 The election of McGoldrick and 1941. (There was a 34,000 drop (Comptroller), Morris (President of in registration in 1941).

Tammany Vote

Party 1937 1941 Comparison Democratic 877,215 (Mahoney) 1,052,553 (O'Dwyer) + 175,338

La Guardia Vote

Republican ...... 674,611 668,763 5,848 AL.P...... 482,790 434,279 48,511 Fusion ...... 159,556 63,109 96,447 Progressive ...... 27,673 Not on ballot United City...... Not on ballot 20,225

The Democrats increased their support for O'Dwyer by a clever vote by 175,338 over 1937, gaining appeal to the small home owners, in all boroughs except Manhattan, blaming the city administration for with the largest increase in Queens, "extravagance" and increased tax where O'Dwyer's exceeded Ma­ rates, and taking full advantage of honey's vote by 87,937, or 51 per certain misguided foreclosure pol­ cent. Half of the total city Demo­ icies of the Federal housing author­ cratic gain is accounted for by ities. Queens. The O'Dwyer forces con­ Queens, as the county of concen­ centrated on Queens. The appeasers trated new defense industry, has re­ and Coughlinites had been very ceived insufficient attention from active there and they intensified the labor-progressive-La Guardia their activity during the campaign. forces. Efforts to organize these new Queens has increased greatly in and in many instances young work­ population and has many large ers have only just begun. Queens is German-speaking sections. It has a the weakest county from the point large middle-class population of of view of Communist organization civil service employees and small and influence. home owners. Certain large real It is worth noting that La Guar­ estate and banking interests gained dia received almost as many votes THE NEW YORK CITY ELECTIONS 1063 in the Republican column as in the fascist Rao (Democrat), candi­ 1937, in spite of the fact that in the date for the State Supreme Court Bronx the regular Republican or­ on the O'Dwyer ticket. (The defeat ganization openly worked for of Harvey, on the Republican ticket, O'Dwyer, and in Queens the situ­ while welcome to all progressives, ation was almost the same as in the was partly due to the O'Dwyer Bronx with regard to the Republi­ sweep in Queens on the Democratic can machine. ticket.) Tammany lost its county The A.L.P. vote was decisive, and judicial candidates in Manhat­ reaching almost its peak strength of tan. Boss Kelly of Brooklyn and 1937, and contributing more than a Flynn, national chairman of the third (36 per cent) to La Guardia's Democratic Party and boss of the total vote. La Guardia's strength Bronx, were unable to hold these was greatest in the working class two largest boroughs of Greater sections of the city. The increased New York against the La Guardia activity of the labor movement, and ticket. even the beginning of political unity In passing, let us take due notice in the labor movement, made pos­ of the role of the Socialist Party, sible this victory of La Guardia in which was on the scene with its a confused and bitter struggle be­ appeaser, anti-La Guardia candi­ tween the La Guardia-Roosevelt date, Dr. Hartman. He did what he and the Tammany (appeaser-sup­ could to help O'Dwyer, while him­ ported) camps. The A.L.P. vote is a self making a bid for the votes of real gain for labor, a gain in spite muddled pacifists. He even openly of two years of bitter strife and fac­ expressed approval of the anti­ tionalism among the top leadership. Semitic content in Lindbergh's Des The A.L.P. vote in New York City Moines speech. In spite of consider­ from its inception is: able press and radio publicity, he received a total of 24,145 votes. 1936-238,765 (For President) To sum up: 1937-482,790 (For Mayor) With anti-Hitlerism the real issue 1938-340,749 (For Governor) 1940-315,777 (For President) of the election, and New Yorkers 1941-434,297 (For Mayor) overwhelmingly anti-Hitler, why then the small plurality for La The City Fusion lost 60 per cent Guardia? The answer is that the of its vote, demonstrating thereby lines were not clearly drawn, that that good government, though a the main issue was beclouded, with very important issue, was not the the result that the anti-Hitler vote decisive one in this campaign. was divided. In addition to electing a progres­ The Mayor did not help a great sive anti-Hitler city administration, deal to clear the issues. In a num­ the voters defeated the two worst ber of speeches he concentrated on red-baiters and open appeasers, the post-war period as though Hit­ "Rubber-hose" Harvey (Republican lerism was a closed chapter. Over­ Borough President) of Queens, and looking the urgent need of bending 1064 THE NEW YORK CITY ELECTIONS all efforts for national defense, he Hitler vote for the Democratic spoke as though the questions of Party ticket. war mobilization and national unity In the face of these facts, the were already achieved. Thus, in an Democratic Mayoralty candidate address before City College students was nevertheless defeated. The ma­ on September 30 he said: jority of the New York City elec­ torate proved able to see through "We are ready for any war emer­ gency. The war will end through the Tammany demagoguery and to our help to the Allies, or we might recognize La Guardia as the real be attacked-and we are ready for anti-Hitler candidate. that. Our real problem comes after Unfortunately, the La Guardia the war ends." forces did not bring forward boldly enough the main issue--the need And further: for anti-Hitler unity to defeat the "We have solved our problems of appeaser-supported Tammany can­ defense production, training, pro­ didate, O'Dwyer. This facilitated tection of our shore-line, and inter­ the shameless demagoguery of the national rights, and we have fi­ O'Dwyer campaign, and at times nanced this emergency, but we have the side-tracking of the main issue, not solved the social and economic with much discussion and acrimony post-war problems." over trivial or red-herring issues­ The New York City electorate La Guardia's "travels," "part-time has been and remains predominant­ Mayor"-and the vituperations over ly Democratic. President Roosevelt the "goniif" issue in the last days of is the leader of the anti-Hitler front the campaign. It was the labor and his leadership is associated in movement and the Communist the minds of the people with the Party that emphasized the main Democratic Party. Moreover, the issue and kept it before the voters Democratic Party in New York City throughout the campaign. placed over itself the protective It is to the credit of labor and cloak of professed support of Roose­ progressives generally that as the velt's policies. The contribution of campaign progressed the candidates Governor Lehman and U.S. Senator -including La Guardia-gave in­ Robert F. Wagner-prominent fig­ creased attention to the central ures in the anti-Hitler camp and, issue facing the American people. especially the latter, with a fine Thus in a number of meetings, par­ record in progressive social legisla­ ticularly under the auspices of la­ tion-who were prevailed upon to bor, in the last weeks of the cam­ act "regular" and to lend active paign, La Guardia came forward, support to the Democratic ticket, raising the issue of anti-Hitlerism. counted heavily-on the wrong side The anti-Hitler record of La of the fence. In short, everything Guardia, his close personal and po­ possible was done by the anti-La litical relationship with Roosevelt, Guardia strategists to confuse the as well as the electorate's increasing electorate and to corral the anti- awareness as to the nature of the THE NEW YORK CITY ELECTIONS 1065 two opposing camps in the elec­ duties and responsibilities in the tions, drew support, regardless of national front are heavy. It will be political alignment. Very effective decisive in the 1942 elections as it in deciding the election was the was this year. The analysis and growing stress laid by La Guardia study of the 1941 campaign holds in the latter stages of the campaign, many lessons for, and must be the on the real issue in the election as beginning of, the very important brought forward by labor and the election campaign of 1942. Communists. The vote cut across party lines. The Council Elections However, the demagoguery of While Tammany retains a major­ O'Dwyer and the political weak­ ity in the City Council, the results nesses of La Guardia's campaign in various ways indicate the anti­ made it possible for O'Dwyer to get Hitler, anti-Tammany sentiments of the large vote he obtained. It ac­ the electors, and their deep desire counts for La Guardia's small plu­ for national unity. Borough Presi­ rality in our overwhelmingly anti­ dent Isaacs, denied the Republican Hitler city. The O'Dwyer vote is not nomination for the same office, was an appeaser vote. The open ap­ elected to the City Council. Meyer peaser forces are relatively weak. Goldberg, leader of a Smash Hitler They dared not fly their own flag, Conference in his community (the to attempt to rally mass support for lower East Side of Manhattan), won an avowed appeaser candidate. a seat in the Council. The Reverend They rallied around O'Dwyer. They Adam Clayton Powell, the labor­ were out to defeat La Guardia, real­ progressive unity candidate of the izing fully that this would be a vic­ Negro people, is the first Negro tory for the pro-Hitler forces elected to the City Council since throughout the world. that body replaced the old Board This strategy of the appeasers of Aldermen. The A.L.P. doubled proved to be very dangerous. The its representation in the City Coun­ lesson for the 1942 Gubernatorial cil. Three women were elected, two and Congressional elections is clear. of whom are progressives. Harry Demagogy and deceit are an essen­ Laidler, a Norman Thomas Social­ tial part of the appeasers' strategy; ist, refused renomination by the their alignments will not bear labels A.L.P. and running as an indepen­ clearly differentiating who is who. dent, was defeated. For the first The anti-Hitler forces will have to time in the history of our city the be on the alert, smoking out the ap­ voters elected a Communist to a city peasers, getting things "on the rec­ office, and Peter V. Cacchione is the ord," bolstering up and stiffening Communist Councilman-elect from the backbone of many anti-Hitler Brooklyn. progressives who may be misled or may place party regularity above The Party Vote the historic needs of the day and The total Communist first choice the safety of the nation. Labor's vote (under P.R.) in 1941 was 1066 THE NEW YORK CITY ELECTIONS 71,399. In 1937 it was 74,148. The boroughs registered a decline rang­ figures by boroughs are: ing from 11 per cent in the Bronx to over 20 per cent in Manhattan. 1937 1941 This divergence, and the reasons Manhattan ...... 18,354 14,130 Bronx ...... 20,946 18,573 behind it, deserve the most careful Brooklyn ...... 30,237 34,748 study by the local comrades. Queens ...... 4,611 3,948 Cacchione picked up votes as the count progressed from candidates of TOTAL ...... 74,148 71,399 all political parties and of various national groups, reflecting the effec­ The final count after pick-up of tiveness of the Communist cam­ ether choices was: paign for unity in the struggle 1937 1941 against Hitlerism and the ap­ Manhattan ...... 19,783 14,380 peaser-supported Tammany ticket. Bronx ...... 24,108 19,030 Brooklyn ...... 41,564 48,536 Results of the Campaign Queens ...... 4,951 4,034 What do the results indicate? 1. The people of New York are TOTAL ...... 90,406 85,980 anti-fascist, anti-Hitler. The vote In 1937 there was a total of cast for La Guardia, predicated on 2,013,101 valid votes cast in the his own anti-fascist record and two Councilmanic election (in the four endorsements by President Roose­ boroughs above), in 1941 only velt, clearly is a vote for the for­ 1,869,883. The difference is ac­ eigil policies of the Roosevelt Ad­ counted for by the greater number ministration. At the same time, the of invalid votes. The valid votes bulk of the vote for O'Dwyer (a cast declined by slightly more than little over a million) was not a vote 4 per cent compared to 1937. The for appeasement but indicated to a party vote declined by 3 per cent consil:lerable extent a successful bid compared to the 1937 vote. In for the anti-Nazi vote. Brooklyn the party gained both That the O'Dwyer vote is not an absolutely and relatively as com­ appeasement vote is indicated, pared to 1937. among other things, by the defeat Thus, the party vote-the total of of"Rubber-hose" Harvey in Queens, first choice votes in the whole city­ the same borough where O'Dwyer shows an absolute decline of over had a plurality of 92,000 over 3 f!er cent. Considered relatively, La Guardia. Harvey has never taking the total valid votes as a base missed an opportunity to attack the of reference, it would seem to be President and his policies, and was very slightly better than stationary clearly identified with the open as against 1937. But if we study the fascists. vote by boroughs we find a very Thus the La Guardia plurality significant discrepancy: while in vote is only a partial reflection of Brooklyn our vote shows an in­ the overwhelming anti-fascist senti­ crease of 15 per cent, the other three ment of the people of New York. THE NEW YORK CITY ELECTIONS 1067 Yet it would be erroneous and hind the candidacy of La Guardia. dangerous to minimize the strength It is a fact that a considerable sec­ of the appeasers. tion of the organized workers, This opens the perspective and members of the C.I.O. as well as o! poses the task of the people, name­ the A. F. of L., voted for the ly: (a) to proceed in the direction O'Dwyer ticket. of a speedy crystallization of a na­ This can be ascribed to the fact tional anti-Hitler front movement; that vital problems of the foreign and (b) to intenslfy activity, rais­ policy were not sufficiently and ing sharply the issue of the danger clearly presented to the labor to America, the menace of Hitlerism movement, which was reflected in to the security and independence of an underestimation of the danger our nation. to America and its stake in the war. 2. The vote in New York City re­ This is partly responsible for the flects a shifting and cutting across slow initiative of labor to the party lines on the part of the voters. "Battle for Production." It is fur­ This phenomenon is predicated on ther due to the failure of organized two political trends: (a) the trend labor to lead the fight for the Neu­ in the direction of war against Hit­ trality Repeal Bill in Congress. It lerism, and (b) that of the forces was shown in this election by the who are for surrender to Hitlerism. slovnJ.ess of the C.I.O. in overcom­ These furrdamental trends are par­ ing differences with the City Admin­ ticularly important in the light of istration and rallying its maximum tlie coming 1942 Congressional­ strength for the election of La Gubernatorial elections. In this Guardia. light it becomes imperative to ex­ The lessons are clear. Had there pose appeaser elements--no matter been complete progressive unity around whom they center and crys­ throughout the city, the composition tallize their forces-as well as to of the City Council would have been unite all anti-Hitler forces regard­ different. In Bronx County, where less of party affiliation. unity existed around the labor can­ 3. One of the most positive fea­ didates, two labor Councilmen were tures of the campaign was the de­ elected, with a total A.L.P. vote of cisive role of labor. The endorse­ 135,000. In Brooklyn, however, be­ ment of the Mayor by both central cause of the lack of unity, despite bodies of organized labor, A. F. of L. 174,000 votes received by the A.L.P., and C.I.O., the solid backing of the only one A.L.P. Councilman came A.L.P. was significant. This support through. indicated labor's growing appreci­ 4. Despite the absence of com­ ation of the main issues involved plete unity, La Guardia received and a correct evaluation of the 434,000 votes on the A.L.P. line-a forces at play. substantial gain over that party's However, while labor was united 1940 vote. What does this show? en top, it did not succeed in rally­ The A.L.P. is an important factor ing solidly the rank and file be- in the politics of New York and may 1068 THE NEW YORK CITY ELECTIONS well prove to be the decisive factor representation to the Negro people in the Gubernatorial and Congres­ in this legislative body, which in it­ sional elections of 1942. This fact self is of tremendous political sig­ places a great responsibility upon nificance, it also is a warning to the the leaders of that party, both bor­ politicians of both old parties that ough and state-upon the leaders of the Negro people will not remain the organized labor movement. satisfied with election promises that I:f labor is to play its part, as it are forgotten after election day. must, in these crucial times, if labor In the election of Dr. Powell, the is to guarantee in Hi42 the election Negro people rejected the practice of an anti-Hitler Governor, if New of the old parties-nominating York is to elect representatives to Negroes but making no serious ef­ Congress next year who will sup­ fort to elect them for the purpose port the foreign policies aimed at of simply attracting the Negro vote. the destruction of Hitlerism, if New The election of Powell is a re­ York labor is to play its part in pudiation of the ugly and unscien­ achieving the military annihilation tific "theory" of race superiority, as of Nazism, then, among other things, it is a refutation of the argument unity within the A.L.P. must pre­ that Negroes vote and think only vail, unity at all costs. The question along nationalist lines, ignoring the of control or leadership pales into main problem facing the people as a insignificance compared to the main whole. issue. All other issues and differ­ On the contrary, it indicates ences must be submerged. Any that Negroes can unite both within other policy, placing factional poli­ their own ranks for the election of a tics abQve unity, will play into the Negro and at the same time join hands of the appea~ers. with other sections of the popula­ 5. The correct application of the tion in the struggle against the main policy of unity resulted in a his­ e>nemy. Powell, the Negro candidate toric victory, the election of the of the A.L.P., endorsed by· labor, first Negro Councilman, A. Clayton progressive, and good government Powell, Jr. It is a fitting election forces, as well as by the Mayor, was climax to the long struggle for elected, while the Negro Tammany Negro rights, for proper representa­ candidate, Stout, was defeated. The tion in government of Negro con­ election of Powell was a victory for stituencies. This victory was pos­ the whole anti-fascist camp. sible only because of the unity of 6. The importance of national the anti-Hitler forces, Negro and groups in New York City is more white, behind the · Roosevelt-La evident than ever before. The over­ Guardia camp, which Powell repre­ whelming anti-Hitler sentiment of sented. It shows that the struggle the Jewish people which was not for Negro rights and gains can be fully reflected in the vote must now waged only by fighting against and be given full expression. The en­ defeating the pro-Hitler forces. The tire Jewish people can be united election of Dr. Powell not only gives and made an integral part of the THE NEW YORK CITY ELECTIONS 1069 national front against Hitler. The was licked. O'Dwyer used the same large La Guardia vote in the Italian method with the same result. The Assembly Districts shows that a people and the working class are proper approach to the national as­ too mature to believe that La pirations of the Italian people, a Gu~rdia is a Communist, or that correct and patient explanation of Communism was the issue in the the effects in Italy of Nazi domina­ New York election. The workers tion, and the danger to all Ameri­ have iearned much about the Com­ cans of a Nazi victory, will bring munist Party, its workings, its prin­ the vast majority of Americans of ciples, its sincerity. They have seen Italian descent into the national the Communists unselfishly and front. tirelessly working for the destruc­ Among the Irish-American masses tion of Hitlerism. The workers re­ there is no love for Hitler. It is the member the call of the Communist old hatred for Great Britain which Party and its leader, Earl Browder, is the obstacle to tileir full partici­ to defend Loyalist Spain when that pation in the anti-Hitler camp. A country and its people were in a free and independent Ireland is pos­ life-and-death struggle with the sible only in a world free of the same forces which today threaten Nazi menace. To bring this message American security and indepen­ to the Irish-Americans is the task dence. of the anti-Hitler forces. The vote 8. The election of Peter V. Ca­ in the German sections shows that cchione to the City Council is not increased activity there can crys­ solely a victory of the Communist tallize and unify the existing anti­ Party. This victory belongs to the Nazi sentiment in the German sec­ people, to the anti-fascist camp as tion of our city's population. well as to the Communist Party. It The Negro people registered the confirms the correctness of the largest plurality for La Guardia. Communists' main plank in the Increased struggle against discrim­ election campaign-the unity of all ination and for equal rights for the the people to defeat Hitlerism. At Negro people is an essential part of the same time, it is a tribute to the the struggle for national unity in effectiveness of the party's local our city and nation. The Powell election campaign in Brooklyn and victory is only the beginning of of the mass appeal of the candidate. complete unity of the Negro people Peter V. Cacchione is a Communist and for their full inclusion as equal community leader. He represented partners in the national all-out the aspirations and desires of the effort to defeat Hitlerism. common people. His long record of 7. The New York municipal elec­ struggle for the unemployed, for tions confirm once more that red­ local CIVIC improvements and baiting has grown too stale for pub­ against discrimination, not only of lic consumption-and from a prac­ Italians but of Jews and Negroes as tical point of view it doesn't pay. well, had earned for him the love of Mahoney red-baited in 1937 and progressives regardless of political 1070 THE _NEW YORK CITY ELECTIONS opinion. Many veterans remem­ must be corrected. The Communist bered his role in the bonus march, Party must make. Queens a concen­ his struggle against Hoover "pros­ tration point with emphasis on perity." His neighbors knew him, strengthening the anti-Hitler move­ his wife and his son. The women of ment, building the party and in­ Brooklyn remembered his leader­ creasing the circulation of the DaiLy ship in the struggle for schools, Worker and Sunday Worker. nurseries and health centers. Thou­ sands of homes were canvassed, the The Role of the Party radio and millions of leaflets told the story of the anti-Hitler Brook­ 'J;'he Communist Party made its lyn candidate of the Communist . chief contribution to the people's Party-the railroad worker, Peter victory through its correct political V. Cacchione. analysis of the main issue and the Councilman-elect Cacchione is forces in the campaign. While full living proof of the voters' repudi­ clarity on the nature of the main ation of red-b"ititing, of the maturity election issue was not achieved, of the electorate. O'Dwyer was forced to meet this The election of Peter V. Ca­ issue, and La Guardia's emphasis cchione to the Council reflects the on the need for anti-Hitler unity great desire of the people for na­ increased as the campaign pro­ tional unity, since the Communists gressed. placed as the central issue in the The withdrawal of the Commu­ campaign the defense of our coun­ nist city-wide ticket was an exam­ try, the great need for national ple Jf how ev~rything can and must unity and the urgent necessity to be subordinated to the main issue. war on Hitler now. The people re­ All obstacles must be overcome to sponded and elected Cacchione as carry into life the policy of our par­ part of that great people's effort to ty-national unity in the struggle win the war against Hitler, to pre­ against Hitlerism. The historic na­ serve our country's national exist­ tional task of the period demands ence and independence. unity of all Americans-we did all 9. While the O'Dwyer vote in in our power to meet this demand. Queens, as in the city generally, is The inseparable bond between not an appeaser vote, the appeasers domestic and foreign policy-the are, however, strongest in that bor­ full significance of appeaser support ough. The task of the anti-Hitler for the reactionary and corrupt forces is to offset and eliminate the Tammany machine--was brought to activity and influence of the Cough­ the electorate primarily by the linite and America First forces. Our Communists. The Communist influ­ Party must take careful note of the ence and strength was used to help weakness of our campaign in unify the ranks of labor and the Queens, our failure to understand progressive movement generally. fully the recent changes that have Much remains to be done. The po­ taken place there. These weaknesses litical unity of labor, both in the THE NEW YORK CITY ELECTIONS 1071 trade union movement and in the duct of the party campaign, the A.L.P., must be extended and deep­ tempo, the standards of achieve­ ened to include the entire rank­ ment and objectives set were too and-file membership. Closer bonds much in line with previous years can be established between the la­ and former campaigns. The full bor movement and the other anti­ significance of the new situation in Hitler forces. The Powell victory the country and the needs and pos­ opens up the possibility of further sibilities thereof were not fully developing the unity of the Negro seen. people in collaboration with the The incoming City Council can whole anti-Hitler camp. Our work play its part in forging the unity of among the national groups must be the people of New York as part of intensified to correspond more that great American National Front. closely to the need~ and the possi­ The new Council, opening in Janu­ bilities. ary, 1942, must witness a group The entire nation is benefited by of men and women conscious of the the strengthening of any section of grave danger to their country, alert it which sincerely and honestly par­ to the responsibilities placed upon ticipates in the struggle for full war them by the electorate. mol!Jilization, military and civil, for Over our people still hang clouds the destruction of Hitlerism. The of insecurity and danger as long as entire effort of the Communists is the march of the fascist hordes in bent upon building the anti-Hitler Europe continues. The fight on the front. With this consideration, clear­ Eastern Front continues in all its ly the release of Earl Browder, the ferocity. The people of Europe, sub­ building of the Communist Party, jugated or menaced by Hitlerism, and the circulation of the Daily call to us for aid. Hence the job of Worker and Sunday Worker are not America, to help destroy fascism, only of the utmost importance to has just begun. The process of uni­ the Communists, but are important fication of labor must be completed. io the advance of the common na­ Election campaign wounds must be tional effort. healed and differences forgotten The elections are over. The peo­ among the patriots of America. All ple have scored a victory in the sincere anti-fascists, all liberty-lov­ election of La Guardia, the increase ing people must unite in one great of progressive representation in the force to assure the safety of our City Council (Isaacs, Powell, etc.), homes, the security of our people. the increased strength of the A.L.P., Labor and all true anti-fascists the election of Cacchione. The must take the initiative in rallying party worked harder than ever be­ the people, regardless of party affili­ fore-campaigning with more can­ ation, of religion, race or color, in a vassing, more radio broadcasts, true national front for the annihila­ more literature. Yet, the entire con- tion of Hitlerism. CIVILIAN DEFENSE AND MORALE-A VITAL FACTOR IN THE STRUGGLE AGAINST HITLERISM

BY HERBERT BENJAMIN

IVILIAN morale has always farmers are the objects of far more Cplayed an important role in de­ furious and destructive assaults termining the outcome of wars than those directed against the throughout the ages in every part strongest fortresses in earlier wars. of the world. Such was the case also Shanghai, Chunking, Addis Ab­ in the Revolutionary and Civil aba, Madrid, Guernica, Barcelona, Wars in our own land. History re­ Warsaw, Oslo, Amsterdam, Brussels, cords numerous instances when London, Coventry, and the many military victories failed to be de­ other cities subjected to cruel bom­ cisive because the people, the ci­ bardment, in some cases reduced to vilian population, cculd not b;: :'ub­ ruins by aircraft and tanks, are dued. grim and tragic reminders that Today the role of civilians and modern warfare does not differenti­ civilian morale is more decisive ate between uniformed men en- than ever. Modern warfare, involv- gaged in active military service and ing far larger armed forces and civilian non-combatants of what­ vast, costly equipment, not only ever age or sex. The feats of cour­ places more onerous burdens on the age and fortitude performed by the civilian population but makes much people of Britain and, most recently, heavier demands upon civilian ef- by the defenders of Kiev, Odessa, fort and civilian morale. Moreover, Leningrad and Moscow, are indica­ modern warfare is to a large extent tive of the kind of trials for which carried directly to the civilian pop- liberty-loving people must be pre­ ulation in their homes, fields and pared in these, our times. They are workshops. So:rp.e of the most ex- at the same time an admonition to tensive and violent military opera- responsible leadership as to the kind tions of present-day wars are and degree of preparation that must directed against the people rather be made to assure the best results than against their armies. The from the courage and fortitude of homes of industrial workers and the people. 1072 CIVILIAN DEFENSE AND MORALE 1073 It has been well said: "The man miration at the orderliness and ef­ when at his best is worth many ficiency of the civilian as well as times the ramparts behind which he military defense organization. Some fights." But this well-deserved trib­ of these observers mistakenly assert ute to the bravery and resourceful­ that this effectiveness is, in part at ness of the people does not justify least, peculiar to "dictatorship" and failure by their responsible leaders is impossible of emulation where to assure maximum preparation, the people are unaccustomed to organization and fortification. obeying "orders" from a "dictator." In Madrid and later in the vari­ The real reason for these and other ous British .::ities, civilian defense "amazing" feats of the Soviet peo­ was organized only after the war ple and their army is far more in­ had begun and in the midst of at­ structive. Soviet citizens, who love tack. In the Soviet Union, prepara­ their country as people everywhere tions for civilian defense were be­ love their native land, are united, gun many years ago, in 1926, when know why they are fighting, and in the leaders of the Soviet people, addition have been trained by a with their characteristic foresight, clearheaded leadership which fore­ transformed the V.N.O. (Military saw long ago that millions of civil­ Scientific Society), which had been ians would have to know how to de­ formed in 1920, into the O.S.O. (So­ fend themselves. Millions of women, ciety for Assistance to Defense). as well as men of all ages, were en­ One year later, Voroshilov proposed couraged to learn how to shoulder the unification of O.S.O. with a gun, don a gas mask, extinguish Aviakhim, wnich represented a fires, clear away wreckage, serve as previous merger of the Society of air-raid wardens and watchers, use Friends of Chemical Defense with air-raid shelters, give first aid to the Society of Friends of the Air victims of poison gas or bombs, and Force. Thus, as early as 1927, the perform the many other emergency Soviet people, realizing the nature duties required of civilians under of modern warfare, began, through conditions of modern total warfare. the Osoaviakhim, to prepare civilian The reason is not dictatorial com­ defense and civilian participation in mand but appreciatiOn by the So­ the development of the armed might viet citizens of what needs to be of the U.S.S.R. When Hitler done to defend themselves, their launched his dastardly attack upon neighbors, their cities and their so­ the Soviet Union this civilian de­ cialist fatherland. They know how fense organization had an active, to defend themselves and their trained membership of 15,000,000 country, and they possess the or­ men and women. ganization that makes performance Members of the British and Am­ of their duties possible. erican missions who visited Moscow and were present during Nazi bomb­ Civilian Defense in the U.S. ing raids over the city have ex­ As part of the national defense pressed their amazement and ad- program, our own government has 1074 CIVILIAN DEFENSE AND MORALE

launched and is gradually develop­ and clearance crews, etc., there is a ing organization and training for list of hundreds of services and civilian defense. By an Executive functions with which active mem­ Order of President Roosevelt, on bers of all organizations concemed May 27, 1941, the United States Of­ with the social welfare of the peo­ fice of Civilian Defense (O.C.D.) ple are already familiar. In fact, was established with Mayor La many hundreds of thousands, even Guardia as Director. This agency is millions of members of trade unions, charged with the important task of fraternal and other civic and com­ coordinating and directing the ef­ munity organizations have been forts of the many voluntary organ­ conducting and promoting such ac­ izations and agencies, and of initi­ tivities for years, often in the face ating and directing the great variety of official hostility and opposition. of activities essential to civilian de­ Now they are officially urged to in­ fense under conditions of modern crease and improve such activities warfare. in the interest of national defense. The program offered by the Office For example, Section Two of the of Civilian Defense shows a real Civilian Defense program deals with grasp of what must be done to de­ "Volunteer Opportunities in Pro­ velop and maintain civilian morale, grams for Unity." This section sug­ as well as the technical forms of gests the development of "forums or civilian defense. Contrary to pop­ town hall meetings, discussing local, ular misconception, civilian defense national and international topics, is not limited to the considerable etc.," and nine other activities, in­ number of special technical func­ cluding such as "will bring people tions required when a civilian pop­ of different nationalities together," ulation is under attack. As outlined "work on committees concerned in a manual of the Office of Civilian with promoting and safeguarding Defense,* these specialized functions civil liberties," and "work for im­ for which volunteers are urged to proved intergroup relations." train represent only a very small Others of the thirteen sections in­ fraction of the long list of essential to which the program is divided civilian defense services. They are deal with volunteer opportunities in enumerated in the first section, en­ relation to "special service for men titled "Volunteer Opportunities in in uniform and defense industry Civilian Protection Programs." workers," consumer problems, hous­ As against this list of fifteen serv­ ing, health, education, nutrition, ices to be performed by those who child care, war relief organizations, volunteer and are trained as air­ etc. raid wardens, messengers, nurses' Even a brief glance at this long aides, fire-watchers, rescue squads, list of social and community serv­ decontamination corps, demolition ices cannot but create a favorable impression for any one concerned • A Civilian Defense Volunteer Office; What with the social welfare of the peo­ lt ls, How lt ls Set Up, What lt Does, How to Organite It, O.C.D., Washington, D. C. ple as well as with the defense of CIVILIAN DEFENSE AND MORALE 1075 our nation. It is highly significant The serious shortcomings in our that the Federal Government con­ civilian defense preparations are not siders it necessary to sponsor such in the program but in its execution. a program as an essential part of And here, as in all phases of our na­ the national def\:nse effort. For tional defense effort, the chief through this program the Govern­ weaknesses are due to inadequate ment frankly declares, not only that appreciation in official as well as civilian defense is an important part unofficial quarters of the imminence of national defense, but also that the of the dangers that face our country. social and economic conditions of While the Federal Directors ap­ the people are decisive in determin­ pear to understand the urgency as ing our ability to meet and defeat well as the general importance of the attack by the forces of the fas­ the civilian defense program, many cist Axis. This program, in principle of the officials designated to head and in its major details, is deserv­ the program in the states and local ing of general approval and support. communities are still suffering from A vital part of the civilian defense political myopia and chronic in­ program involves the promotion of ertia. All too many state and city the closest relations between the officials still consider Hitlerism to men in the armed forces and the be a remote threat. (Some are not civilian population. The work of even disposed to look upon Hitler­ such groups as the United Service ism as a threat to be repelled, but Organizations (U.S.O.), Citizens' consider it rather a solution to be Army and Navy Welfare Commit­ welcomed.) Many of the officials tees, and others, while subject to who have been entrusted with the improvement, is extremely valuable preparation of our civilian defense in this connection, and worthy of are still much more concerned with the support of the trade unions, fra­ their own personal political inter­ ternal organizations, youth groups ests than with the interests of the and other people's organizations. country, the community and the The ways of giving comfort and people. Yet such state and local of­ support to the men in the armed ficials have been placed in charge forces, of strengthening morale and of this vital program simply be­ of preparing them to deal with the cause they hold a given political job. traitorous, pro-fascist counsels ema­ Not all of these are entirely lacking nating from "America First," are patriotism. Few of them are Quis­ limitless. Without undertaking any lings. But they simply fail to under­ detailed analysis here, it is possible stand the grave peril to America in to note such commonplace but basic Hitler's drive for world conquest. activities as arranging leaves for They are too preoccupied with national or religious holidays, rais­ "business as usual" to give serious ing funds thro:.1gh block parties and consideration to the lessons of the other means to pay for transporta­ numerous cities and countries that tion, and regular letter-writing to have experienced the ruthlessness of fellow-trade union members. fascist warfare. 1076 CIVILIAN DEFENSE AND MORALE The apathy, lethargy, thoughtless­ Local Initiative Is Essential ness and lack of vision in official circles, as well as the deliberate Fortunately, those directing the treachery of "America Firsters" and Federal Civilian Defense program other pro-fascists who occupy key understand that defense of the com­ positions in state and municipal munity must be organized on the governments, are largely responsible basis of the initiative of the men for the alarming lag in our civilian and women of the community. defense preparations and activities. While too much reliance is still Here, as in all cases where the na­ placed on officials who have been tional defense effort is retarded by designated to head and start the or­ official incompetence and neglect, ganization of civilian defense, the the only remedy is to encourage and program once launched is commit­ stimulate the initiative of the peo­ ted to the supervision of a commu­ ple. Just as ·.vorkers in defense in­ nity body, the "Local Civilian De­ dustries must overcome obstructions fense Volunteer Office." This office to ,all-out production due to negli­ is in fact a bureau which is com­ gence, incompetence and sabotage posed of representatives of all pos­ by employers and management, so sible organizations and agencies in too must the people of every com­ the community. Or, as it is described munity and state assume respon­ in the manual issued by the U.S. sibility for organizing and develop­ Office of Civilian Defense, ing the civilian defense program " ... the Volunteer Office is a co­ even where responsible officials fail ordinating service belonging to the in their duty. whole community, it is administered The Battle of Production is vital­ by a board composed of men and ly affected by the degree of progress women, representative, as far as practical, of all interested commu­ in developing civihan defense. The nity groups--women's organizations, civilian defense program recognizes labor organizations, men's civic or­ the importan::e of creating and ganizations, patriotic organizations, maintaining conditions that will church groups, social agency boards, help workers in defense industries fraternal orders, etc. The board should be strictly non-political in to reach maximum productivity. character.... " This involves, first of all, the eco­ nomic and social conditions of the This broad and representative workers and their families. It in­ council is the basic' unit of the na­ volves also the development of tionwide civilian defense move­ civilian morale within each commu­ ment. It is the organizational form nity which will inspire all who live whic.1. has always proved most effec­ in it, especially those working in tive as a means of uniting many or­ defense industries, with the deter­ ganizations and people of a diverse mination to outproduce Hitler in or­ character for a common purpose. der to secure the military defeat of Members of labor and progressive Hitlerism. organizations have had considerable CIVILIAN DEFENSE AND MORALE 1077 experience in :forming and working Labor Must Become Active through such councils. Workers who in Civilian Defense have had suc!l experience should not find it difficult to be active in Enlistment for civilian defense establishing these councils in their duties has been more extensive than own communities. Thus, the basic is generally known. Considerable organization required can be pro­ numbers of men and women are be­ vided wherever there are even a ing trained for wartime duties in few individuals who are sufficiently many local communities. But most mindful of the urgent need for mass organizations of the labor unity in defense of our country to movement have thus far neglected take the initiative. to interest themselves in this pro­ gram. As a result the civilian de­ Considerable stimulus has been fense movement is not yet suf­ given to the development of this ficiently representative of all sec­ unity for civilian and national de­ tions of the population. This, how­ fense by President Roosevelt's proc­ ever, is not altogether the fault of lamation which designated the pe­ the civilian defense directors. As riod from November 11 (Armistice soon as any considerable number of Day) to November 16, mass organizations begin to display the interest which they, should take ". . . as a time for all persons in this vital program, its character throughout the nation to give and leadership can be made as rep­ thought to their duties and respon­ resentative of the most decisive ele­ sibilities in the defense of this coun­ ments in the community as it is try and to become better informed of the many vital phases of the intended to be. civilian defense program and of op­ The trend is already in that direc­ portunities which it offers for the tion. Recently a number of national participation of every individual unions have issued appeals to their American in the defense of our membership to join and support the priceless heritage. . .." civilian defense program. Women's auxiliaries have been among the This proclamation preceded by a first to respond. Such fraternal or­ few days the President's Navy Day ganizations as the B'nai Brith speech, in which he announced that Women's Auxiliary and the Inter­ the "shooting has begun." Each day national Workers Order have been fresh events add to the evidence quick to endorse the call of Presi­ that the American people dare not dent Roosevelt. In fact, the latter continue to live and act as though organization began early last sum­ the war were a remote threat. Every mer to involve its entire member­ delay in assuming wartime duties ship in one or another phase of and responsibilities aids Hitler and civilian defense work. Such organ­ weakens our own country and all izations are in a position to be es­ nations engaged in the struggle to pecially effec'.;ive, since they are destroy Nazism. organized on a community basis and 1078 CIVILIAN DEFENSE AND MORALE have always concerned themselves tection be forgotten as a result of directly with problems of social and preoccupation with the more norm­ community welfare. al and familiar problems. 0n the It is not difficult for an organiza­ contrary, just because the American tion that has been engaged in cam­ people are not yet as keenly aware paigns to promote improved hous­ as they should be that defense of ing, health protection, unity regard­ our country against the menace of less of race or national origin, etc., fascist attack means toil, hardship, to find a place of usefulness in the sacrifice, and not merely sympathy civilian defense program. Nor is this for those who have been and are ex­ difficult for organizations concerned periencing the direct effects of Nazi with efforts to prevent profiteering warfare, it is acutely necessary to in consumer goods, gouging by lay main stress on wartime duties landlords, and with other activities and responsibilities. protecting the standards and rights American soil has long been free of the people. Suc...l-1 activities are all from the ravages of warfare. Few an essential part of the civilian de­ living Americans have experienced fense program. They now take on the stress and trials to which civil­ added significance and can be con­ ians are subjected when armies ducted more effectively with the march and fight on their farmlands support of the entire community as and their cities. None but a small represented in the Volunteer Com­ number of individuals who recently munity Council or Office. visited Europe have experienced the Organizations and individuals that horrors of aerial bombardment over have especially concerned them­ thickly populated areas and upon selves with one or another of these masses of people fleeing their homes problems must, however, be mindful before the oncoming invaders. That of the relation between each of is why isolationists and traitorous , these problems and the total prob­ America Firsters find it possible to lem of civilian defense and civilian hamper preparations for national morale of which each of these is a and civilian defense. part. The basis for unity in the de­ The sooner we overcome the com­ fense councils is the common inter­ placency which proceeds from this est in defense of the local commun­ false belief that "it can't happen ity and the nation. Care must be here," the more rapidly will the­ exercised to prevent the introduc­ American people move to take their tion of division which might result proper place in the fight to smash if each group having a special inter­ Hitlerism. The civilian defense pro­ est were to attempt to exploit this gram offers an effective means of unity for some p&rticular pet proj­ stimulating the awareness of the ect, however laudable, without re­ American people as well as of gard to the interests of other par­ uniting and preparing them to stand ticipating groups. Nor must the up under whatever conditions they specific, emergency or wartime ac­ may be forced to face in the peri­ tivities connected with civilian pro- lous times immediately ahead. THE CALIFORNIA FARMER AND NATIONAL DEFENSE

BY HARRISON GEORGE

ESPITE the efforts of the ap­ dominant isolationism to one of D peasement forces to maintain support for the policy of all-out aid their influence over the farmers, to the world front against Hitler the shift in outlook in regard to in­ and the Axis. ternational affairs which has taken place in American opinion since Federal Policy in AgricuLture Today June 22 has very directly affected The production of farm com­ our rural population. The Hoovers, modities is a vital sector in the Lindberghs, Nyes and Norman Battle for Production. It is impera­ Thomases, speculating on the exist- tive that the farmers and their or­ ence of isolationist and pacifist illu- ganizations, in unison with the sions, have counted on the farmers forces of labor, devote the utmost of the Midwest as a reservoir of re- energy to ensuring the adoption and actionary provincialism. But rural carrying out in practice of a genu­ America is giving numerous indica- ine policy of all-out production. tions that it is stirring under the Already in the Administration's impact of the Hitler menace, that it farm policies a beginning is being is moving away from the America made in the direction of a change First appeasers and toward agree- from the old policy of crop-restric­ ment with President Roosevelt's tion to a policy of increased pro­ foreign policy-that our own na- duction. tional safety requires "the final de- The beginning of this trend was struction of Nazi tyranny." marked by the exchange of letters One small but significant symp- between the President and Secre­ tom of the change in rural Cali- tary of Agriculture Wickard, made fornia is to be seen in the fact that public on August 12, wherein the in the past three months the "Let- President, correctly declaring that ters from the People" published by "food is a weapon against Hitler­ the McClatchey papers throughout ism," called for "abundant produc­ the San Joaquin and Sacramento tion," promised that "abundance valleys have shown a remarkable would be rewarded," and declared change-over from a position of that "we need not only abundant 1079 1080 THE CALIFORNIA FARMER production for ourselves and for the Administration itself has initi­ other nations resisting aggression, ated. This becomes all the more but we need reserves to meet emer­ necessary when we see what Secre­ gencies that can as yet be only dim­ tary Wickard has proposed con­ ly foreseen." cretely, and observe that both in the Department of Agriculture and Under the slogan of "abundant in the field, despite the national production" four regional confer­ emergency, there is official obstruc­ ences were held under the sponsor­ tion in some quarters of genuinely ship of the Department of Agricul­ democratic agricultural policies and ture, at which 1942 quotas were set, strong forces working for a continu­ the conference for the West Coast ation of the old pro-monopoly pol­ taking place at Salt Lake City on icy of production. September 15. By Administrative decree, under But, notwithstanding this promis­ the Steagall Amendment to the act ing beginning, especially the Roose­ of July 1, 1941, extending the life velt letter, with its implied basis for of the Commodity Credit Corpora­ the development of a democratic tion, Secretary Wickard, on Sep­ national farm program, the fact tember 8, declared the Department must be emphasized that it is up to would "support" (by commodity the farmers themselves to deter­ loans as in the case of the five mine how fast and how fully the "basic" products) hogs, eggs, evapo­ country will be geared to an all-out rated milk, dry skim milk, cheese agricultural program. The farmers, and chickens. Such support by loans who have always opposed the plow­ at 85 per cent of parity has the under and pro-monopoly features­ effect of "putting a floor" under of the A.A.A., and were disap­ market prices, and the immediate pointed in finding out that its slo­ effect was a rise of prices above the gan of "balanced abundance" in­ floor. Whether it is the actual farm­ cluded many features of the Hoover ers or the speculators in farm prod­ policy of crop restriction, have ucts who benefit more is a question. shown new enthusiasm in welcom­ Nevertheless, this support to ,these ing the President's call for "in­ commodities, limited in number creased production" and for "re­ though they may be, does encourage warding abundance"-and gener­ production and is a step in the right ally have gladly accepted the idea direction, marking a break-away that they could aid the world front from the favoritism hitherto shown against Hitlerism by furnishing the to the five so-called "basic" crops weapon of food. (corn, cotton, wheat, tobacco, rice). Yet ii; has become evident that to It seems clear that this particu­ obtain a complete, and not a merely lar step was taken to meet the Brit­ partial fulfillment of such a pro­ ish requirements, which under the gram 'as the President indicated, the Lend-Lease Act called for provid­ farmers must abandon passivity and ing $1,000,000,000 worth of foods. actively develop the program which Definite commitments to Britain in THE CALIFORNIA FARMER 1081 1942 include some 5,000,000,000 "abundant" crop in view of the pounds of milk (dried), 500,000,000 great world needs which arise from dozen eggs, 18,000,000 pounds of the war. chicken, 1,500,000,000 pounds of d. T{)bacco, production for 1942 pork and lard, 1,250,000,000 tons of about the same as for 1941, but be­ iruit, and 2,500,000 cases of canned low the 1936-40 average. vegetables. Vast as these quantities e. Rice production, only slightly may seem, they do not represent increased. much of an increase in production, Thus, within the Administration and surely do not strain America's set-up, there are evidently forces productive capacity, if, indeed, they at work which, despite the Presi­ reach it. dent's call for "abundant production The same Department press re­ and reserves to beat down these lease of September 8 carried the forces of Hitlerism," continue to 1942 production goals, which indi­ pursue the old policy that leads in -cate that the Department is propos­ the opposite direction. ing something quite different from Regarding farm production as a the "abundant production" called whole, it is clear that the Depart­ for by the President, in so far as the ment program of increased produc­ five so-called "basic crops" are tion falls far short of what is concerned: needed. In his statement of Septem­ a. Corn, about the same acreage ber 8 Secretary Wickard himself as in 1942, which is 6,000,000 acres notes that, using the 1924-29 total below the average from 1936 to farm production as the index figure 1940. In other words, continued re­ of 100, the present 1941 farm pro­ striction of production, despite the duction is estimated at 113, and the increased need for corn as feed. magnificent "goal" he is striving to b. Cotton, about the same acre­ gain for 1942 is-just 115, or only age as in 1942; but this, also, is 2 per cent more than the level of 4,000,000 acres below the 1936-40 the present year. average. Here, too,· continued re­ Where is the "abundant produc­ struction. tion," let alone the "reserves"? c. Wheat, the most marked re­ Where, indeed, is any possibility for duction of all, is set at 50,000,000 more food for the peoples fighting acres for 1942, compared with 63,- Hitlerism as well as for the 45,000,- 000,000 in 1941, and 72,000,000 as 000 "shrunken bellies" among the the 1936-40 average. Aside from this American people? Yet Secretary extreme reduction in 1942 wheat, Wickard said, in a radio address the Department unexpectedly raised from San Francisco on September the penalty for over-quota produc­ 8, that: "Enough of the right food tion of the 1942 crop from 15 cents is the rock-bottom essential to war­ to 45 cents per bushel. And it might time production and morale and be added that the continuation of fighting ability" and that Americans restrictions on: wheat will lead to a "need more food, they want it, and crisis in even the supply of this they can pay for it." 1082 THE CALIFORNIA FARMER One must note that Secretary consumers against such anti-social Wickard does not regard his pres­ trends as restrictions on production ent production program as any re­ and on marketing. Above all, it is vP.rsal of previous farm policy. In needed to make possible an all-out his radio address he remarked that program of farm production as a the Steagall Amendment "also pro­ weapon for the world front against vides that notice must be given Hitlerism. when it is found necessary to de­ The need for such democratic par­ crease the production of any such ticipation becomes evident when we commodities, in order that farmers see that the Department of Agricul­ may adjust their production down­ ture still countenances efforts to re­ ward. I think this is a splendid strict marketing through crop de­ law." And in the Department press struction at the very moment when release of September 8 Secretary Secretary Wickard was calling for Wickard stated with all clarity: "The increased production. For how can fact that we are asking for greatly the Department contend that it is increased production of some com­ carrying out the President's request modities does not mean that the lid for "abundant production," when is off on production of all commodi­ it is responsible for such measures ties." Continuing, he said: as the recent destruction of train­ loads of lemons? A photograph of "For the first time in the history such destruction is published in the of agriculture in this country, pro­ California Grange News of October duction goals for all essential farm 5,' 1941, showing lemon-dumping at commodities have been established. La Habra, California. This destruc­ ... Every farmer in the United tion of perfectly good fruit, an ac­ States will be contacted by local companying article explains, is be­ farmer committeemen under the ing committed under Federal superVIsion of the Department of Agriculture Defense Boards and Lemon Pro-rate Order No. 53. And will assist with individual farm the article adds that attempts are plans to determine the extent to being made to do the same with which each farm can contribute to oranges by placing them, too, under agriculture's task in national de­ Federal pro-rate. defense." This whole situation demands a complete reorientation of the farm Taken as a whole, this gives us a movement, as well as the develop­ picture of an initial effort to organ­ ment of new programs, new slo­ ize farm production, an aim which gans and new tactics. So far as requires the democratic participa­ legislation is concerned, and the tion of the people, in this case of the Administration program, the farm­ masses of small and middle farm­ ers must, while supporting all posi­ ers. This is necessary in order to tive and progressive aspects of Ad­ offset the pressure of reactionary ministration policy, move vigorous­ influences, and to protect the inter­ ly and speedily to see that a pro­ ests of the small producers and the gressive and democratic farm pro- THE CALIFORNIA FARMER 1083 gram is adopted and put into products being written into the effect. Price Control Bill, a maneuver en­ Such a really democratic farm gineered by speculator and mo­ program, on a national scale, will nopolist elements. have to include measures to meet 4. Any agricultural program to the following mnin problems: meet the needs can be put fully 1. A genuine all-out national pro­ into effect only if the principles of gram, of agricultural abundance, democracy are maintained in prac­ which will, in fact, make the most tice. The requirements of the crisis effective use of every acre, as well demand that the Administration as the most effective use of the really democratize its program and labor and machinery of every invite the closest participation of farmer in a planned national effort. the farmers' mass organizations in 2. National appropriations are determining policy, making plans needed which will make such a and administering all programs in comprehensive national farm pro­ detail. It is quite evident that what gram effective. It is apparent that is necessary is that the farmers the success of such a program will themselves, and their state and depend upon the rendering of sub­ county organizations, demand and stantial financial aid by the Federal insist upon representation, with full Government to the majority of voice and vote, upon the State and farmers, the small and middle County Defense Boards. farmers, those who receive the It is the urgent responsibility of least from the A.A.A. It is more every farmer to unite with his fel­ necessary than ever that the Farm lows, with organized labor and the Debt Adjustment Bill be enacted whole people, to win the enactment into law, as one of the means to and implementation of such a na­ make it possible for the small and tional defense program for agricul­ middle farmers to maintain, and ture, nationally and locally. Only on eventually increase, production. such a basis can the farmers really 3. As one way of curbing the do their part in the defense of anti-social and unpatriotic practices America against Hitlerism. of the processing, farm machinery, and transportation monopolies, to California in the Battle for combat inflation and win the neces­ Farm Production sary support of the mass of farmers, it is imperative to deal with the The part which California farm­ price question as a whole, while ers can play in production for na­ rewarding increased farm produc­ tional defense must be examined in tion with adequate prices actually the light of their resources and of paid to the farmers, prices that will the special needs o:li their present cover cost of production. This aim situation. Let us consider the Ad­ has nothing in common with the ministration program in relation to maneuver in Congress to prevent each of these factors. any limit on the prices of farm We have already seen what the 1084 THE CALIFORNIA FARMER Department plans for the so-called increase of cows, with the increase "five basic" crops--corn, wheat, cot­ of milk to be obtained principally ton, tobacco and rice. In the main by improved feeding of the existing it is a continuance of the "ever­ stock. normal" policy of reduction. But Also, we see that the goal appears none of these crops is of dominant very modest, indeed. For in milk importance to the majority of Cali­ production there has been no diffi­ fornia farmers. California's entire culty in meeting increased demand wheat crop in 1940 was valued at for market milk and dairy products. only $8,500,000, compared with a Betwen 1938 and 1940 production value of $159,241,000 for fruit and of sweetened condensed milk in­ nuts. Cotton planting accounted for creased 209 per cent, that of evapo­ only 342,000 acres and a value of rated whole milk rose 15 per cent, $25,462,000, while vegetables were that of dried llkim milk increased grown on 500,000 acres and were 19 per cent, and that of skim milk valued at $100,000,000 in 1940. Corn for human consumption rose 3? 1h is no problem, neither is tobacco; per cent. and rice is important only to a few The one problem of California large growers, using only 118,000 dairy production is fermented acres in 1940. cheese, since, though the state pro­ 13ut what of the new program an­ duces 16,000,000 pounds, it imports nounced by the Secretary of Agri­ 27,000,000 pounds of other varieties culture, and the production goals which may be cut off. But aside arrived at as announced by the from the technical problem of pro­ Western Conference at Salt Lake ducing these other varieties, it does City on September 15 and publi­ not seem to be much· of a problem cized by Secretary Wickard's radio to find the necessary milk to do so address from San Francisco on Sep­ out of a 1942 estimate of 5,100,000 tember 8? What do these call for pounds. from California farmers? Obviously, the 1942 goal set in Secretary Wickard announced California milk production, though "substantial increases in livestock, an increase, does not represent pos­ dairy and poultry production" as sible capacity of production, but well as in production of vegetables. rather conforms to the interests of By "livestock," however, we find the milk monopoly in limiting the that Mr. Wickard means only pork, possible increase. Evidence of this of which California produces prac­ v:ere two events taking place on tically none. November 12. One, in Los Angeles, Dealing with the more definite where consumers demonstrated figures of the Salt Lake Conference, their protest at a state-sponsored we find that its production goal for milk hearing against the seventh milk for California in 1942 calls for increase in milk prices in seventeen an increase of 14 per cent over 1941, months, making a total of 62.5 per with a 6 per cent increase in cows. cent rise in price since July, 1940; This is evidently a limitation in the while on the same day in San Fran- THE CALIFORNIA FARMER 1085 cisco the strictly monopolist "Dairy increased production; but it appears Institute of California" gathered to that the actual working out of the discuss steps against "the danger of Department plan may lead more to over-expansion." There is clearly no a restriction of possible production difference between the dairy trust's increases than to an encouragement objection to "plant expansion" in of increases. bringing in more cows, and that of In his radio speech of September the steel and aluminum trusts to 8 Secretary Wickard said: plant expansion in metals. The production goal of 19 per "The State and County Agricul­ cent more eggs from California in tural Defense Boards will be the 1942 seems attainable, since egg spearhead of the campaign . . . a production rose 9 per cent in 1940 great force is organizing the drive over 1939 without any special en­ for increased production. Triple-A couragement. Increased feeding committeemen will visit every farm costs and hence financial difficulties and work out a complete farm plan with the operator. Can you keep appear to be the only possible ob­ more chickens? Do you have a stacles to meeting, production goals, couple more heifers that will while we may safely say that a po­ freshen next spring? That's the sort tential production of poultry prod­ of questions the farmer and the ucts remains almost untapped in committeemen will answer together spite of the increase asked. during this Food and Freedom mo­ Vegetable truck crop goals, both bilization." for fresh use and for processing, are only slightly more in acreage than But what will be the answer if in 1941. And in fruit no goals were farm-to-farm visits show an unused set, it being explained that "pro­ capacity for keeping more chickens duction cannot be quickly increased" and bringing in more fresh cows and that "emphasis will be on better than are needed to attain the goal? distri'qution and prevention of Will the influence of the marketing waste"-an outlook that seems to and processing monopolists then de­ call for temporary suspension of the termine the issue? Will the Triple-A state Pro-rate Law with its whole­ committeemen, then, make the de­ sale destruction of vast quantities cision and say: "More chickens of fruit. But there is no proposal of from your ranch are not necessary, increased planting, or even of re­ and your cows are not needed"? At peal of the Pro-rate Law; though the very least, there will arise its suspension gives farmers the among the small producers of the opportunity to press for such a re­ desired products the demand for peal. financial assistance to increase pro­ It would seem that, to those Cali­ duction, for otherwise the rewards fornia farmers to whom the de­ for such increase will go entirely mands of the Federal Department to the big grower with available of Agriculture Farm Program ap­ credit. There is, also, the moot ply, the problem is one of financing question of market outlet for small 1086 THE CALIFORNIA FARMER quantities, the marketing monopo­ marked decrease in the number of lies generally refusing to handle farms and of the farm population. such products except from large It is still more significant of the commercial producers. disastrous financial situation of small California farms that a break­ Farm Impoverishment and down of these changes shows that Indebtedness "full owners" formed the majority both in the growth in numbers of The ability of the mass of small farmers from 1930 to 1935, and the farmers to participate fully in any drop in numbers of farmers from program of all-out production is 1935 to 1940. The percentage of sharply limited by problems of debt semi-proletarian farmers had in­ and financial insecurity. These creased in California to 32.4 per problems must be faced and met. cent in 1940. And it is notable that Officialdom has "overlooked" the "full owners" of farms worked off significance of the fact, and even the farm more than they worked on the fact itself, of the increase, be­ it, spending an average of 203 days tween 1930 and 1935, of the num­ of the year working for somebody ber of farms in California from else for wages. 135,000 to 150,000; and an even more If the percentage of the state's precipitate falling off, from 150,000 mortgaged farms has been reduced in 1935 to 132,000 in 1940. from 52 per cent in 1930 to 50 per The high percentage of these cent in 1940, this is far from indi­ rapid changes,, and their directions, cating an improved situation; for it not only show the flight of indus­ is apparent that the number of trial workers (usually those with mortgaged farn1s has been reduced farm ties) from the city to the farm by foreclosures rather than by pay­ during the early part of the depres­ ment of the mortgage. Indeed, the sion from 1930-1935; they show also whole tragic situation of the small how not only an equal, but a and middle farmers of California is greater number, were driven off the summarized in the fact that, while farms of this state between 1935 the value of farms has dropped off and 1940. 35 per cent during the last ten On a state scale this represents years, the total of mortgage debts what the 1940 census established as against that value has decreased on a national scale, the "years and but very little--and the interest decades" of growing impoverish­ rates on all farm debts remain at a ment of the rural population as level ruinous to the small growers. foretold by Lenin, a relative ruina­ It all works around to the fact tion of the small farmer accom­ that debt is the great burden and panied by a temporary growth in crop financing the big problem of the number of farms and the farm California's small and middle farm­ population due to industrial unem­ ers. The bulk of them, 74 per cent, ployment, finally leading to an ab­ are not served by government solute ruination accompanied by a credit agencies. Only 26 per cent THE CALIFORNIA FARMER 1087 are members of Farm Loan Asso­ Section 75 of the Bankruptcy Act. dations and eligible for 3% per cent The Farm Credit Bill would also long-term loans from this agency. provide a means for reorganizing There were only 5,521 Production and liberalizing Farm Loan Asso­ Credit Loans and only 1,880 Emer­ ciations as true cooperatives. There gency Crop and Feed Loans in the are several hundreds of these in entire state in 1940. Private banker, California, with an average mem­ finance company, canner and bership of some 200 or 300. packer production loans unduly and Cheap credit, long term, low in­ injuriously influence commodity terest loans are urgent in California prices downward for the farmer if the small farmers are to resist during the short, perishable crop­ foreclosures and the loss of the selling season. farm family home, and share the Farm Security Administration re­ "rewards of abundance" in produc­ habilitation and cooperative loans ing for national defense. are also restricted to diversified Here it is that the development of crops. There are only 5,421 active a national farm program to meet rehabilitation borrowers in Cali­ the needs of national defense, and fornia, though the Farm Security the setting up of state and county Administration's 1940 report says defense boards to deal with farm that an additional 5,165 families production, open the way for a con­ were eligible, if funds had been structive discussion of all farm available. problems, price guarantees, credit Only ten California counties are facilities, protection against fore­ eligible for Tenant Purchase Loans, closure, the imperative need for and only 136 such loans have been passage of the Farm Debt Adjust­ made in the four years of the life ment Bill and the demand for of the Bankhead-Jones Act. Co­ democratic control of all farm operative loans to purchase tractors, plans. pure-bred sires and other such There is need in agricultural de­ items number only 208 throughout fense production for something ap­ the state. proximating what the "Murray The most promising possibility of Plan" proposes for industry. But financial relief and assistance is that the small farmers are in a relative­ contained in the Farm Credit Act ly more difficult position than labor, of 1941 (H.R. 5336-S. 1797), which, because their organizations are so if passed, will offer to two impor­ largely influenced by big growers, tant groups of California farmers processors and marketing monopo­ a chance to refinance farm mort­ lies, and tend to be non-militant gage debt on the basis of deflated both for that reason and because of land values. First, it would help confused viewpoints regarding the some 25,000 members of National problems and their solution. Hence Farm Loan Associations. Secondly, the importance of energetic work of it would provide funds for refinanc­ clarification among the members of ing farmers who have filed under the main farmers' organizations. 1088 THE CALIFORNIA FARMER Combat the Appeasers in the urgent issues can easily be used to Farm Organizations unite and activize these old organ­ izations. It is well known that fascist Every militant and progressive elements are particularly strong in farmer must be prepared to work California agriculture. Through the with anyone and any organizations "boring from within" tactic of the whose deeds show that they support leadership of the Associated Farm­ the struggle to destroy the menace ers, reaction has pervaded the Farm of Hitlerism to the world and to our Bureau, has strangled the Farmers' national independence. No matter Union, and is now trying to capture if we disagree with them on every control of the State Grange. Reac­ other question. No matter if they tion also pervades the cooperative are Associated Farmer elements, in marketing organizations affiliated other respects reactionary in out­ to the National Cooperative Coun­ look-if they support, in deeds, na­ cil. They are dominated by bureau­ tional unity behind the anti-Nazi cracies which, though pretending to foreign policy of the Administration operate them as "businesses," are, and actively combat the dangerou!l because they permit no membership fifth columnists of all stripes, we democracy and are imbued with re­ must work with them in such ac­ actionary ideas, not even good busi­ tivities. ness managers for their members. We must support any proposals Democratic control of all these made by the old-line farm organ­ organizations by the rank and file izations which are of a progressive of dirt farmer members is the need nature and in line with th~ require­ of the hour, to bring them into line ments of national defense. And al­ with the national defense program. ways we must oppose, through There is also the possibility of friendly clarification among the uniting considerable members of rank and file, all proposals of a con­ farmers in such organizations as the trary character. Apricot Growers Union, around Let us take, for example, the crop marketing agreements. But the State Grange, the most progressive most promising chance for imme­ of farm organizations in California. diate farmer organization is that How are Grange members to judge offered by the campaign for the and help correct its policy toward Farm Credit Act and to organize the the central issue of the day, the debt-ridden farmers around the de­ struggle against Hitlerism and all mand for financial relief. that this entails? But attention to the possibility of In the Grange News of October 5 building such new organization does the story of the Salt Lake City Con­ not imply by any means the slight­ ference of September 15 reflects the est neglect by the militant and pro­ Grange attitude toward the call for gressive elements of the older and, increased production for national as yet, more conservative organiza­ defense. The story, and, indeed, the tions. On the contrary, the present whole issue of defense production, THE CALIFORNIA FARMER 1089 is "played down," not only below it, in socially broad terms, includ­ routine Grange affairs, but below ing the building of the people's an insidious, anti-Soviet flavored health as well as supplying food for "analysis" of Administration finan­ the armed forces and all the peoples cial policy. There is no enthusiasm resisting Hitler aggression, Cali­ for the national agricultural de­ fornia agriculture can and must fense program, but, on the contrary, play an important role. a sort of sullen and mechanical Expert opinion claims that all the acquiescence in words, with a fruit produced in the nation, of strong undercurrent of opposition to which California produces such a any increased production, through large share, is still far from suf­ emphasizing that the Grange de­ ficient to furnish all the people of mands "crop control by volume this country with enough for good rather than by acreage." · health. Indeed, this point in the Grange Our farmers must fight to keep proposal to the conference shows and protect their orchards, in­ that the State Grange, far from crease their yields, maintain them seeking to stimulate increased pro­ through low interest production duction, only asks that restriction credit; feed the people by providing be made more effective. Certainly, government funds to purchase and this is no policy of "abundant pro­ distribute foods not consumed by duction for national defense." In­ the purchasing power of the people deed, the Grange program as given .. in normal marketing; demand the to the conference, and the story as establishment of central coopera­ carried by the Grange News, make tively owned and operated packing no mention of the Hitler menace and marketing plants and quick and use the term "national defense" freezing units. without the slightest hint as to what To accomplish these tasks, farm­ the nation has to defend itself ers must work together with labor against. Indeed, the Grange pro­ and consumer groups; and above all gram suggests a hostile political make their own farm organizations attitude toward the fight against responsive to the needs of the Hitlerism and the Administration masses of small and middle farmers foreign policy. E.nd to the broadest national interest Progressive farmers who are in fighting Hitlerism and its fifth members of the Grange certainly column in America. have the task of enlightening the Let the militant and progressive Grange membership as to the mean­ farmer, working together with all ing of these dangerous policies, and anti-Hitler farmers, rally his fel­ winning it for active support of the lows to the struggle for a national all-out production program. front against Hitlerism; for the "abundant production" called for by Conclusion the President as a necessity for na­ If national defense is to be in­ tional defense-and which includes terpreted, as the President stated food for all the nations and all the 1090 THE CALIFORNIA FARMER peoples fighting Nazi conquest; for needs of the small and middle toil­ democratic control of farm pro­ ing farmers, such as the Farm grams and farm organizations as a Credit Bill; for combating the idea guarantee against reduction policies of isolationism and destroying the which are injurious to the national influence of its fifth-column propa­ interest and to the defense of the gandists; for bringing the full force country against Hitlerism. of the rural masses into the all-out Let the progressive farmer rally struggle for the military destruction his fellow farmers to demand the of Hitler and all that Hitler repre­ "assurance of protection" promised sents as a menace of barbarism and by the President: for the burning slavery to all mankind. THE PATRIOTIC WAR OF 1918 AGAINST THE GERMAN INVADERS IN THE UKRAINE

BY E. GORODETSKY

The Plans of the Fascist Invaders In his book Mein Kampf Hitler openly proclaims territorial con­ AINGLORIOUS to the point of quest in the East to be the founda­ V delirium and their hands drip­ tion stone of fascist Germany's for­ ping with blood, the fascist barba­ eign policy. rians have invaded the sacred soil The Ukraine in particular has of the Soviet Union. They are out long been in the eye of the Fuehrer. to restore the power of the land­ Degenerates of the type of Rosen­ lords and the tsar. berg, Rohrbach and Schmidt have The wild vandal hordes, the de­ long, orally and in print, harped on troyers of civilization, are rampant the tremendous importance of the over the field of Europe. Well sup­ Ukraine, from the standpoint of plied with tanks and airplanes, that military strategy, for the plans of archfiend Hitler is endeavoring to German fascism. These fascist high­ wipe out the culture and civilization waymen looked upon the Ukraine it has taken centuries to build up, as a springboard from which to so that he may organize his "New make further conquests in the Le­ Order" in Europe. vant. His scheme to conquer the As a result of the treason com­ Ukraine-a rich granary and coal­ mitted by the men directing their and-metal-producing region - has governments, the peoples of France, been brewing for many years now Belgium, Holland, Denmark, Greece in the fantastic mind of Hitler. Hit­ and other countries have learnt from ler dreamed of seizing the Ukraine bitter experience what the splen­ and making his way to the Caucasus dors of this "New Order" are: the with its Baku oil and to other rich triumph of the lash and the bayonet, domains of the U.S.S.R. and the a regime of bloody terror. countries of the Near East. From Now the Hitler fascists are trying these positions fascist Germany to bring to fruition their long-nur­ would constitute a serious threat to tured plan of enslaving the free British rule in India. Such were the peoples of the Soviet Union. plans of Hitlerite Germany. It is for 1091 1092 THE GERMAN DEFEAT IN THE UKRAINE, 1918 these purposes tbat the seizure of the land of the Soviets, are trying to the Ukraine has been carefully pre­ realize their frenzied plan of de­ pared for ever since Hitler's acces­ stroying the liberty of the Soviet sion to power. people and seizing their land, their Fascist Germany has established metal and their oil. special institutions for the study of the "Soviet border districts" and a The Invasion of Soviet Soil by the network of schools for the study of German Imperialists in 1918 the Ukrainian language. The "spe­ cialists" turned out by these insti­ This is not the first time that the tutions already saw themselves as ravenous wolves of German impe­ colonial officials in the Ukraine. rialism have made an incursion into The fascist Rosenberg, for instance, Soviet territory. In 1918 they like­ had even picked a puppet to head wise attempted to subjugate the So­ the future government of the "inde­ viet Ukraine and Byelorussia. pendent" Ukraine. The place of The "New Order" propagated by Hetman Skoropadski, who had been Hitler is by no means new. Already such a dismal failure in 1918, was in 1918 the robber barons of Ger­ scheduled to be taken by a Mr. man imperialism tried to establish Ostranitsa of Poltava. The latter, this "order" in the Soviet Ukraine. however, soon thereafter was caught The brutalized fascist rulers have in the toils of the police as a com­ already forgotten how a quarter of mon criminal, and so they had to a century ago this bloody adventure fall back again on Skoropadski. ended for Germany. The Soviet peo­ The garrulous German journal­ ple well remember the February ists were shouting without let-up of days of 1918, when the cohorts of the advantages to be derived from German imperialism moved on Pet­ seizing the Ukraine. They sought to rograd, the Ukraine and Byelorussia, demonstrate that the Ukraine and leaving behind a purple trail of in­ Germany suppleme~t each other cendiarism-whole villages reduced economically. They dug up from the to ashes and entire cities laid waste. dusty archives the mad schemes The German imperialists tried to concocted by the Kaiser's Eastern take advantage of the fact that the "specialists." As early as April, young Soviet republic had not yet 1918, Axel Schmidt, a venal ink had time to create its own army. slinger and a boon companion of But the forces of occupation could General Hoffmann, wrote: advance only with great difficulty. At Pskov and Narva they were re­ "The agrarian Ukraine makes a pulsed with heavy losses by the Red splendid economic complement to Guard detachments and had to the developed industry of the Cen­ abandon the idea of a further ad­ tral Powers." vance on Petrograd. It was in these More than two decades have since battles that the Red Army was born. gone by, and now the fascists, by The Red Guard detachments fought means of their perfidious atta.ck on for every inch of their native soil. THE GERMAN DEFEAT IN THE UKRAINE, 1918 1093 The struggle of the small heroic able property to safety, they des­ Red Guard forces against the Ger­ patched to the rear locomotives and man regulars who were armed to cars and destroyed whatever could the teeth lasted two months. not be taken along. Fighting contin­ Kherson was bombarded by the ual engagements with the Germans, Germans with incendiary shells. Voroshilov's detachments grew like German planes bombed the city a snowball. Parallel with Voroshi­ and dropped proclamations which lov's forces, these battles witnessed warned that: "All persons found in the formation of the best units of possession of arms will be shot and the nascent Red Army: the de­ all houses in which arms are found tachments of Shors, Kikvidze, Bo­ will be burnt." These threats did not zhenko and Cherniak. These valor­ frighten the Kherson Red Guards. ous troops inscribed an illustrious Poorly armed and outfitted, they put page in the annals of the country. up a stubborn resistance during But they fought an unequal fight those cold spring days of 1918 in in the spring of 1918. Retreating defense of their city. Singing and step by step and nearly bled white shouting "Long live the Soviet Gov­ by the Germans, the Red Guards ernment!" sailors and workers, sol­ concentrated their forces along the diers and exservicemen charged the eastern boundaries of the Ukraine. Germans, who were fifteen to twen­ After this rally the attack on the ty times their number. The heroic forces of occupation was renewed. defense of Kherson lasted two The Ukrainian people did not give weeks. up the fight when the territory of No less heroic was the defense of the Ukraine was occupied by the Nikolayev by the workers and German imperialists. sailors. When the Germans occupied the town, mass shootings began. "The Soviet Ukraine has risen in After a few days, an uprising broke a patriotic war of liberation against out in Nikolayev. The insurgent the foreign yoke imposed on it from forces consisted of workers, sol­ the west," wrote Stalin in March, diers, women, children and old folk. 1918, "such is the significance of the events taking place in the Each house became a fortress. the Ukraine. Red Guards fought to the last "This mearis that every pood of breath; they refused to surrender. grain and every piece of metal must Even the wounded continued to fight be fought for by the Germans, must and only the dead gave up their be won in desperate battle with the weapons. These were the first waves Ukrainian people. of the national-patriotic war "The 'brief campaign' in which against the foreign invaders. the Germans figured to kill two The brigades of the Donetz min­ birds with one stone (to get the grain and smash the Soviet Ukraine) ers, led by Voroshilov, fought the has every chance of developing into Germans from Konotop to Kharkov, a protracted war between the for­ from Kharkov to Lugansk. Voroshi­ eign enslavers and the Ukraine with lov's detachments brought all valu- its twenty-five million people whom 1094 THE GERMAN DEFEAT IN THE UKRAINE, 1918 they want to deprive of bread and tranquillity and normal conditions freedom." * and will be ready to submit to ener­ getic government," General Eich­ German imperialism in 1918 horn, who was in command of the brought to the Ukraine colonial German troops, wrote to Berlin in slavery, famine, general distress, the beginning of May. It took but a iron heel rule and the supremacy of few days to convince the invaders the gallows and the execution squad. of the kind of "submission" they Thousands of workers and peasants would get from the Ukrainian were put in chains and shipped like people. slaves to Germany. The Germans Beginning with the March up­ conducted themselves in the Ukraine rising in Nikolayev, the popular lib­ like conquerors and colonizers. They eration movement knew no let-up turned the Ukraine into a German for even a single day. domain. The "order" of an African colony was introduced in the The Enemies of the People in the Ukraine. The following edict was Service of the Invaders posted in the streets of Kremenetz: "For every German soldier killed or The invaders brought in their wounded, the first ten Russian sol­ wake the bitterest enemies of the diers or civil inhabitants encoun­ Ukrainian people: the Vinnichenkos, tered will immediately be shot." Petluras, Goluboviches, and other The German Command demand­ nationalist traitors. They restored to ed that the population immediately power the Central Rada, which the surrender its arms. But in vain were people referred to as the govern­ the executions, arrests, tortures and ment of srada, i.e., treason. immense fines imposed by the exas­ The invaders thought ·that with perated invaders: the Ukrainian the aid of the venal Ukrainian na­ workers and peasants did not sur­ tionalists they would succeed in render their arms. They hid them, organizing the rapid and systematic stored them away carefully as one spoliation of the Ukrainian coun­ would one's dearest treasure. The tryside. people were well aware of the fact But the calculations of the Ger­ that they would still need their arms man militarists we!lt quite awry. to drive the invaders from the sa­ The people hated the Ukrainian cred soil of the Soviet Ukraine. nationalists as fiercely as they did The Germans reckoned that it the invaders. would be an easy task to keep the The Ukrainian people rose in a Ukrainian people in hand. "No fu­ mighty patriotic war against their rious outbreaks of the masses are foreign taskmasters. Not an ear of to be feared, for after the sufferings grain, not a bit of metal could the they have endured the major por­ invaders scrape together without tion of the population will welcome fighting. The Vinnichenkos and Go­ luboviches, whose authority rested * Stalin, Articles ttnd Speeches on the U k.raine, •· '10. In Russian. solely on German bayonets, were THE GERMAN DEFEAT IN THE UKRAINE, 1918 1095 unable to assist the forces of occu­ commander of the corps of "Free pation. Cossacks." In this new post he filled When the Germans saw that the the role of bloody executioner of the Ukrainian nationalists in the Rada Ukrainian peasantry, mercilessly were unable to cope with the popu­ suppressing every attempt of the lar uprisings, they began searching peasants to square accounts with for a suitable person to serve as a the landlords. respectable front behind which their The Ukrainian and Polish land­ bloody deeds could be concealed. lords placed great hopes in Skoro­ They found the type they looked padski. As early as November, 1917, for in Pavel Skoropadski, who pro­ Skoropadski was honored by the claimed himself a scion of the Polish landlords at a sumptuous Ukrainian hetman Petro Skoropad­ banquet held in the Branicka man­ ski, whom the great poet Shevchen­ sion near Byelaya Tserkov. The ko dubbed "an arrant knave" for landlords appeared in court dress his robbery of the Ukrainian people. and welcomed Skoropadski as a Who was this Skoropadski upon tsarist general and a Germanophile. whom the occupation regime looked All this drew the attention of the with so much favor? Who was this occupation authorities to Skoropad­ shady character, this obedient pup­ ski. The following paragraph is pet of the foreign invader? taken from an account written by Skoropadski was a big landlord the German General Groner: who owned an estate of 60,000 des­ siatins* of land in the Poltava "One evening they brought Sko­ Gubernia. ** This landlord had ropadski to me. We were left alone, zealously played his part of tsarist without interpreters. The same eve­ ning we signed an agreement. This lackey in the old army and was agreement has never been pub­ made an aide-de-camp to Nicholas lished." II. In 1914 Skoropadski, together with another Ukrainian landlord, In this fashion this titled prosti­ Rodzianko, submit:ed an official tute and adventurer sold himself to memorandum to the tsar in which the German Command. these servile henchmen asserted The forerunners of the German that there was no such thing as a fascists, their godfathers, Generals Ukrainian nation. During the Impe­ Groner and Ludendorff, were not rialist War of 1914-18, Skoropadski particularly fastidious. Skoropadski acted as a German spy at the tsar's was a knave and an adventurer; but court and in the army. He was con­ since he claimed to be the scion of nected with the nest of spies oper­ a hetman and had the military bear­ ating under the direction of Prato­ ing of an officer of the Guards, that popov and Stuermer, both ministers was good enough for them. of the tsar. In 1917 the Ukrainian Having found their man, the Ger­ nationalists appointed Skoropadski man Command began to speed up matters. * Deuiatin-2.70 acres.-EJ. ** Guberni~Province.-Ed. At the end of April, 1918, the 1096 THE GERMAN DEFEAT IN THE UKRAINE, 1918 German military authorities organ­ outraged the womenfolk of the par­ ized a meeting in Kiev of several tisans. In the village of Novaya liundred specially coached Ukrain­ Sburevka a German officer com­ ian kulaks, styling them a "Con­ manded his orderly to rape the gress of Peasants." It was this as­ mother of a partisan named Leonen­ semblage, which held its sessions ko, which order was carried out in guarded by German bayonets, that the presence of the assembled ku­ staged the crude farce of proclaim­ laks. The old folks and children of ing Skoropadski "Hetman of All the the partisans who had taken to the Ukraine." forests were buried up to their Skoropadski was to be hetman of necks, and their eyes then made tar­ an "independent" Ukraine; but the gets for shooting practice. invaders took no great pains to ob­ In August, 1918, the soldiers of the serve the decencies in the question army of occupation set fire to the of an independent Ukraine. The small town of Yalatushkovo in Po­ hetman "government" was formed dolia and the surrounding villages. by second-rate German officials. All the male inhabitants were herd­ Thiel, the German consul-general in ed into the market place. A German Kiev, appointed and removed its officer ordered every tenth man to members at will. take one step forward. Before the Raised to the throne of Hetman, eyes of the multitude these "tenth Skoropadski made every effort to men" were hanged on lamp posts earn the praise of his masters. With and trees. The "civilized" barba­ the permission of the Germans he rians then forced the local photog­ established his own Okhrana, * the rapher to take a picture of the Warta, which vied with the Ger­ wholesale hanging. man authorities in torturing the But the freedom-loving Ukrain­ toiling people of the Ukraine. He set ian people did not lay down their up local administrators of his own­ arms. In answer to the German in­ district and gubemia elders. The vasion the cities and villages of the minions of the Warta and the elders young Soviet Ukraine rose up in seized countless workers, peasants, arms, in a just, patriotic war. teachers and students, subjected them to medieval tortures and sent Partisan Warfare and Popular Up­ thousands of them to serve in labor risings in th.e Ukraine Against gangs in Germany. the Forces of Occupation The regime established by the in­ vaders in the guise of Hetman rule The uprisings in the Poltava and was the blackest page in the history Chernigov region, in Podolia and in of the Ukrainian people. Zvenigorodka, Tarashcha and Eliz­ Like wild animals the soldiery avetgrad, as ;.vell as the strikes and broke into the peasants' huts. The uprisings in the proletarian centers dandified German officers brutally of the Ukraine, such as Kharkov and Ekaterinoslav, tied up entire * Secret Police Department in tsarist Russia. -Ed. German divisions. The regime of THE GERMAN DEFEAT IN THE UKRAINE, 1918 1097 occupation was unabie to cope with reconnoitering expeditions and have the constantly growing resistance of been excellently trained to keep the popular masses, was unable to under cover. The partisan form of stamp out the patriotic war of the civil war is the most dangerous Ukrainian working people. The form for any government," conclud­ German troops found themselves ed the elder. engulfed by a sea of nation-wide The information bulletins of the hatred. Conditions became unbear-' German military kept on declaring able for the invaders. They were that "order" and "tranquillity" pre­ tracked and killed at every step. vailed in the Ukraine. They got neither grain nor raw ma­ But the May uprisings in 1918 al­ terials. The peasants and workers ready evidenced the utter falsity of joined the partisans in the woods by these statements, and it did not take the thousands. long for the Germans to convince The first major uprisings against themselves of the futility of their the forces of occupation broke out hopes of receiving grain from the in May, 1918. 'rhe uprisings involved Ukraine to assuage the famine rag­ the northern districts of the Poltava ing in Germany. Gubernia, the Kupiansk District of The invaders had counted on re­ the Kharkov Gubernia, the Dubni ceiving an enormous quantity of and Chigirin Districts of the Kiev produce from the Ukraine. At the Gubernia. They were headed by freight stations special facilities workers or soldiers from the front. were installed for expediting ship­ Filled with hatred for their op­ ments from the Ukraine to Ger­ pressors, the peasants, well organ­ many. But the people had risen in ized, displayed great stamina and arms to beat off the attempts of the power of resistance. In the Poltava invaders to take any grain out of region the peasants of the Lubni the country. As early as March, 1918, and Zolotonosha Districts held out articles began to appear in the for several days against the forces of German press warning against be­ occupation. "In the cpinion of Ger­ lieving "the obviously exaggerated man officers," wrote the Lubni het­ rumors about inexhaustible food man elder about this time, "the civil stores in the Ukraine." The news­ war hereabouts is taking on the papers appealed to the people to forms of well organized partisan have patience and urged a relent­ warfare. This is shown by the ra­ less war on the peasants who were pidity with which the partisan units refusing to give up their grain. act, by their intelligence service and "German arms will do their job," its excellent organization, the insur­ wrote one of the German journalists. gents' well trained cavalry and the But the blood-dripping German secret communication system be­ arms were unable to cope with the tween the villages of Denisovskoye job assigned to them. On May 17 and Zolotukha. The insurgents have the bread ration in Germany was a remarkable way of spreading out cut from 200 to 160 grams a day. to form a chain fo"!' attacks and Somewhat later it was halved in 1098 THE GERMAN DEFEAT IN THE UKRAINE, 1918 Vienna. Up to the first of May, the made good their escape on the small deficiency in grain deliveries to the water craft on which they had come. Central Powers, as compared with Wherever the people resisted the the quantity stipulated in the agree­ invaders, the latter took to their ment with the Central Rada, was heels and appealed to the German about six million poods. These were Command for reinforcements. The the first signs of the collapse of the Germans fought only when they invaders' plans and the first results were sure of their numerical pre­ of the patriotic war of the Ukrain­ ponderance. According to the ad­ ian people. missions of the same Austrian In June, 1918, the armed struggle ambassador, the forces of occupa­ of the Ukrainian people against the tion proved inadequate in the forces of occupation became more insurgent regions and additional intense. "Disturbances accompanied troops had to be despatched there. by fighting are a constant occur­ The German patrols in Kiev report­ rence," telegraphed Count Forgach, ed in alarm that signal rockets of the Austro-Hungarian ambassador various colors were l!eing fired over at Kiev, on June 9. the city at night, which Headquar­ Near Taganrog and in the Kher­ ters knew served as a means of son Gubernia big engagements took intercommunication between the place between the insurgents and various detachments of insurgents. the invaders in the beginning of The railroad workers made every that month. Detachments of work­ possible effort to interfere with the ers and Kuban partisans approached transportation of German troops. Taganrog on small boats and with All these events produced a state the aid of the local peasantry ef­ of panic in the bourgeois circles of fected a landing. The frightened in­ Kiev, but the invaders had not yet vaders could not muster enough lost hope of breaking the resistance courage to give battle to the land­ of the Ukrainian people. During ing party. Only two days later, when this same month of June the Zveni­ a whole German army corps had gorodka uprising began. On June 3 been concentrated in Taganrog, the the peasants of the village of Lis­ invaders attempted to drive that yanka offered armed resistance to handful of brave insurgents into the a punitive expedition. On June 6 sea. armed peasant detachments from But the insurgents repulsed all five adjacent villages seized the attacks. For five days these intrepid Rossokhovatka station. The railroad sons of the Ukrainian people fought, tracks were torn up and the rail­ encircled by enemy troops, and only road employees were forbidden to when their ammunitwn gave out communicate with other stations. did the partisans slowly retreat. The report of the Warta admitted More than half of them, no longer that the uprising was led by Bol­ able to offer armed resistance, were shevik peasants. mowed down by machine-guns. The insurgents were joined by a Two thousand of the brave band detachment of Free Cossacks. Some THE GERMAN DEFEAT IN THE UKRAINE, 1918 1099 former commissars of the Central lutionization had made among the Rada who wanted to gain the con­ forces of occupation. Field Marshal fidence of the insurgents declared Eichhorn, greatly disquieted, was themselves in solidarity with the compelled to postpone a contemplat­ peasants. ed trip to Odessa and the Crimea. On June 7 the insurgent force was Mumm, the German ambassador in four versts from Zvenigorodka and Kiev, thought of flight. The former­ on June 9 it took the town. ly complacent German officers could Zvenigorodka was held at that hardly conceal their fear. When the time by a German infantry battalion partisans unexpectedly raided the four hundred strong. The German small town of Steblev, the German soldiers refused to play the hang­ officers fled in their underwear, in man's role. They held a meeting for their panic leaving behind their se­ themselves and decided to offer no cret plans of operation. resistance to the insurgent peasants After bringing up new forces, the and to hand their arms over to German Command decided to anni­ them, which they did on the same hilate the insurgent peasants and day and the next. their own soldiers who had gone A group of peasants caught a Het­ over to their side in Zvenigorodka. man punitive detachment in Zveni­ The German troops closed in simul­ gorodka and annihilated it with the taneously from the north and the aid of the German arms they had south in the region of the uprising. received. All armed inhabitants encountered The refusal of the German bat­ on the way were killed "to prevent talion to fight the peasants was kept the wholesale flight of the peasants a strict secret by the German Com­ to the woods to join the partisans," mand, even from their allies, the as Forgach explained in a secret Austrians. "I learnt confidentially," report. the Austrian ambassador tele­ In Zvenigorodka the tocsin was graphed to Vienna, "that the older sounded without let-up. The insur­ German troops here did not always gent peasantry declared a general live up to their reputation during mobilization of the population from the heavy fighting going on at that the age of seventeen to fifty-five. time and were claimed to have ex­ l\1eanwhile the German troops ad­ pressed dissatisfaction with being vanced on Zvenigorodka, burning made to fight 1or the Hetman against villages and murdering the popula­ the people." tion. In the night of June 12 the The incident of the German bat­ cannonades could already be heard talion in Zvenigorodka augured ill in the town. The sky was red with for the invaders. This was the first fires. The insurgents withdrew from time that an entire German army the town and dispersed to their vil­ unit had gone over to the side of the lages, burying their arms in the insurgents. The voluntary surrender woods. Some of them retreated to of its arms testified to the serious the northern part of the Elizavet­ inroads which the process of revo- grad District.

the the Alarmed, Alarmed, time. time. no no same same had had the the .E,bout .E,bout Germans Germans The The coal. coal. of of vaders vaders

place place took took Podolia Podolia in­ in in the the and and deprived deprived region region miners miners Donbas Donbas the the

Ekaterinoslav Ekaterinoslav the the of of in in that that with with Uprisings Uprisings conjunction conjunction in in workers workers

pation. pation. railroad railroad the the of of struggle struggle The The

occu­ of of in. in. forces forces give give the the not not would would against against fighting fighting

the the in in glory glory much much so so won won workers workers the the Bozhenko, Bozhenko, But But shooting. shooting. mediate mediate

Vasili Vasili of of command command the the im­ of of under under pain pain on on which, which, work work to to compelled compelled

formed, formed, was was and and regiment regiment guard guard rashcha rashcha military military under under engines engines

their their to to led led Ta­ the the were were that that engineers engineers largely largely motive motive fighters fighters these these

Loco­ strike. strike. from from the the was was break break to to frontier. frontier. unable unable Soviet Soviet the the to to It It

way way their their made made thence thence were were and and they they bernia bernia But But food. food. of of them them prived prived

Gu­ Poltava Poltava the the to to de­ and and withdrew withdrew per, per, quarters, quarters, living living their their from from

children children and and Dnie­ the the wives wives crossed crossed their their forces forces evicted evicted Tarashcha Tarashcha

the the railroadmen, railroadmen, the the troops, troops, on on raids raids German German the the stant stant by by pressed pressed

con­ made made Hard Hard invaders invaders the the temporarily. temporarily. fury fury least least their their at at uprising uprising

In In work. work. the the quell quell resume resume to to to to months months two two railroadmen railroadmen required required

the the to to compel compel to to force force use use tried tried and and occupation occupation of of regime regime The The order." order."

stations stations railroad railroad all all occupied occupied troops troops public public to to threat threat serious serious a a tutes tutes

German German country. country. the the robbed robbed had had consti­ which which base base a a possess possess they they

they they which which of of grain grain the the transport transport brief, brief, in in forces; forces; their their of of plenishment plenishment

they they could could nor nor uprisings, uprisings, the the combat combat re­ and and arming arming the the of of ganization ganization

to to troops troops move move to to unable unable were were ties ties or.,. or.,. the the for for action action of of freedom freedom tire tire

authori­ occupation occupation The The still. still. stood stood en­ have have "they "they 18: 18: June June on on reported reported

Ukraine Ukraine the the in in railroads railroads all all mittee, mittee, Kiev Kiev in in elder elder Hetman Hetman the the territory," territory,"

com­ to to strike strike the the of of call call the the answer answer considerable considerable occupied occupied have have gents gents

In In fight. fight. the the up up took took workers workers road road insur­ "The "The Districts. Districts. Lipovetsk Lipovetsk and and

rail­ Ukrainian Ukrainian the the 1918, 1918, July, July, In In Zvenigorodka Zvenigorodka Usmansk, Usmansk, the the with with

troops. troops. occupation occupation the the among among tion tion communication communication free free had had and and district district

disintegra­ the the to to impetus impetus lent lent and and entire entire the the almost almost captured captured surgents surgents

occupation occupation of of regime regime the the of of security security in­ The The Gubernia. Gubernia. Kiev Kiev the the of of trict trict

in­ and and weakness weakness the the demonstrated demonstrated Dis­ Tarashcha Tarashcha the the in in raging raging was was

furthermore furthermore They They Power. Power. Soviet Soviet the the uprising uprising another another July July and and June June In In

and and freedom freedom its its soil, soil, native native its its of of dug. dug. were were trenches trenches Gamalovka Gamalovka

defense defense in in fight fight to to resolved resolved people people and and Lisyanka Lisyanka At At uprising. uprising. gorodka gorodka

a a of of might might invincible invincible the the of of proof proof Zveni­ the the aid aid to to Kaligorka Kaligorka left left nia nia

gave gave They They 1918. 1918. of of war war patriotic patriotic Guber­ Kherson Kherson the the from from Peasants Peasants

the the in in stage stage new new a a marked marked uprisings uprisings villages. villages. other other and and Rizhanovka Rizhanovka ka, ka,

Tarashcha Tarashcha and and Zvenigorodka Zvenigorodka The The Popov­ Ozirna, Ozirna, Olkhovets, Olkhovets, occupied occupied

authorities." authorities." proper proper the the to to delivery delivery insurgents insurgents The The Lisyanka. Lisyanka. of of village village

its its and and crop crop new new the the of of threshing threshing the the in in centered centered was was which which district, district,

the the "regarding "regarding fears fears their their pressed pressed the the in in out out broke broke uprising uprising new new a a

ex­ and and villages," villages," the the in in paired paired 25 25 June June on on But But rebels. rebels. the the persed persed

considerably considerably become become im­ had had safety safety dis­ and and Zvenigorodka Zvenigorodka taken taken had had

"public "public that that Vienna Vienna and and Berlin Berlin They They victory. victory. their their celebrating celebrating ready ready

to to reported reported occupation occupation of of regime regime al­ were were occupation occupation of of forces forces The The

1918 1918 UKRAINE, UKRAINE, THE THE IN IN DEFEAT DEFEAT GERMAN GERMAN THE THE 1100 1100 THE GERMAN DEFEAT IN THE UKRAINE, 1918 1101 means of transportation to haul killing German officers and land­ away their loot. Coal had to be lords and that a hundred thousand brought to the Ukraine from Ger­ of the insurgents had crossed the many and Poland. During the six Dnieper near the village of Nilovo. months from March to August 13, As a matter of fact, the detachment 830 carloads of coal were thus referred to was not more than a imported. thousand strong, but in the eyes of The expanding war of liberation the terrified invaders it had as­ made it necessary for the Germans sumed proportions magnified a hun­ to send increasing forces to the dredfold. Ukraine, which weakened their In response to the uprisings, the military position on the Western Germans intensified their reign of front. On August 8, known as a terror. The German commandant of black letter day for the Germans, Smela ordered that a list be made the Anglo-French troops inflicted a of all male inhabitants above the heavy defeat on the latter on that age of sixteen, and he declared that front. all those unaccounted for would be The invaders had not yet had considered insurgents and their time to recover from the effects of property confiscated. the railroad strike when a revolt But signs of the impotence of the began in the Chernigov and Poltava invaders had begun to manifest Gubernias. Despite its limited ex­ themselves. The Hetman officiall'l tent it was a heavy blow to the complained that "the Germans are army of occupation. not acting with the requisite energy "The situation in the district is and the uprising is spreading." tragic," telegraphed a Chernigov On August 11 a conference of the District Elder on August 1, "the city Revolutionary Committee and in­ is on the eve of a general insurrec­ surrectionary staffs of the Kiev Gu­ tion." The elder added that it was bernia appealed to the workers and useless to apply for German troops, peasants of the Ukraine to support since these were powerless to cope the Chernigov and Poltava insur­ with the uprisings. The officials gents. "The insurgents must imme­ complained of the "anarchy" which diately cut the wires of the enemy, was becoming more widespread destroy the enemy detachments, every day. What this anarchy im­ seize the cattle, arms, food and plied appears from a report on the fodder, form a united powerful mobilization carried out for the army and move on Kiev," declared purpose of forming insurgents' de­ the Kiev Conference of Insurrec­ tachments. In this report the invad­ tionary Revolutionary Committees. ers themselves admitted that the In token of their support of the mobilization was meeting with insurgent peasantry, the Donbas "complete success." On August 8 the and Krivoi Rog miners downed Poltava Gubernia Elder reported tools on August 11, and on the 14th that the number of armed peasants the Podolia uprising commenced. was now very great, that they were In the middle of August the Ger- 1102 THE GERMAN DEFEAT IN THE UKRAINE, 1918 man press denied the report that England and France, as has already two hundred thousand peasants had been stated, inflicted serious defeat taken to arms, but was constrained on the German army. As if by a to admit that jt was no easy matter lightning flash, there stood revealed to cope with the peasantry, since not only the military weakness of they fled to the woods when tracked German imperialism on the Western down or posed as peaceful in­ Front, but also the source of this habitants. weakness. The occupation authorities in On August 10, the German High Kiev became apprehensive. The Command inquired of Eastern Front Austrian and German ambassadors Headquarters what troops could be complained that there was no "per­ transferred from the Eastern to the sonal security" in the Ukraine. Western Front. The Command of "Baron Von Mumm is unusually the armies of occupation at Kiev re­ perturbed," Forgach reported to plied that they could spare nothing Vienna on August 13, "as he was for the Western Front, lest the dis­ compelled against his will to move orders spread to a still larger terri­ to a district surrounded by a cordon tory. Only one division could be of troops where the High Command released, and that only on condition is stationed. The entire civil popula­ that the Don Region be evacuated. tion has been ordered to leave this This was the first instance of an district. For reasons of personal official discussion of evacuation of safety Baron Von Mumm has had to occupation troops from the Ukraine. limit greatly his personal move­ But matters did not stop here. On ments and to increase his guard." August 17, Count Forgach received Thus the boastful conquerors were an alarming telegram from Vienna. like animals kept at bay and sensing The Minister of Foreign Affairs their impending doom. warned the Count that the German and Austrian High Commands were The Forces of Occupation Prepare considering the expediency of evac­ to Flee uating their entire forces from the Ukraine. The Minister solicited the The May and June uprising in the ambassador's opinion of the conse­ Ukraine inflicted heavy losses on quences of such a contingency and the forces of occupation, but did not of the probable further course of bring about their defeat. The rail­ events in the Ukraine. road strike in July went further and The Austro-German authorities in seriously undermined the strength Kiev replied to their respective gov­ of the invaders. The transfer of ernments with soldierly frankness. troops from the Ukraine to the They realized that the period of oc­ Western front intensified the proc­ cupation was coming to an end, and ess of disintegration in the German that therefore, during the remain­ armies and increased the likelihood ing time, the looting of the land of a military catastrophe. On Au­ should be intensified. "During the gust 8, 1918, the united forces of next few weeks," wrote Forgach, THE GERMAN DEFEAT IN THE UKRAINE, 1918 1103 "exports must be forced in every measure increased the demoraliza­ way possible, particularly the ex­ tion of the German forces on the port of grain, so that at least some Western front. substantial quantity of it may be Whereas in August the evacua­ brought across the frontier in time." tion of the German troops from the As to the conditions that would pre­ Ukraine was discussed in connec­ vail in the Ukraine during the evac­ tion with the failure of the regime uation, Forgach was not particular­ of occupation and the defeats on ly optimistic. "The powder keg on the Western front, two months later which we are sitting here will ex­ the position of the occupation forces plode very likely with great force was worse still. It was now no long­ and much bloodshed, inasmuch as er a question of simply saving the the victors will be those elements armies of occupation, but of the em­ which our troops have kept in check pire itself. The invaders lost their with great difficulty." In the same heads. In their minds evacuation reply Forgach blasted the illusions spelled certain doom. of the German military command On October 9, Ludendorff de­ that the troops stationed in the clared at a session of the German Ukraine could be transferred to the cabinet: "The possibility of evac­ Western front. The higher officers uating the Ukraine in order to of the forces of occupation no longer shorten the front depends on our trusted their own soldiers because estimation of the Bolshevik danger. of their long stay in this rebellious ... If we transfer even a few divi­ territory, and feared that the flame sions from the Ukraine, we shall of rebellion would spread from the very likely be unable to repel the east to the west. Bolsheviks." On September 9, Hintze, the Ger­ On October 17, the German Gov­ man Minister of Foreign Affairs, ernment ·· once more discussed the again inquired of the High Com­ necessity of evacuating the troops mand whether it was possible to from the Ukraine. Hoffmann, Lu­ transfer troops from the Eastern dendorff and Groner spoke openly front. But this time too the reply of the dangers that would attend an was a categorical "No." The mili­ evacuation. Groner warned that the tary explained that it was out of fighting capacity of the German the question to weaken the army of troops in the Ukraine had deterior­ occupation in the Ukraine. ated, their morale shaken by Bol­ However, as defeat followed de­ shevik influence, and that a shift of feat in the West, the Army Com­ the troops would lead to . the final mand had to yield. Eleven divisions disintegration of the German army. were moved from the Eastern to All these facts were incontro­ the Western front. But this opera­ vertible proof that the German oc­ tion could no longer save the dete­ cupation had collapsed as a result riorated military situation of Ger­ of the patriotic war waged by the man imperialism. Besides, this Soviet people, who had risen in de-

German German officer officer named named Fest Fest wrote wrote in in In In his his reply reply to to this this telegram telegram Lenin Lenin

"On "On our our trip trip to to Znamenka," Znamenka," a a patched patched to to Lenin. Lenin.

officers. officers. joint joint telegram telegram of of greeting greeting was was dis­

home home and and began began to to disobey disobey their their German German soldiers soldiers took took place, place, and and a a

diers diers were were absolutely absolutely set set on on going going joint joint meeting meeting of of Red Red Army Army and and

arose arose in in the the German German army. army. The The sol­ In In the the village village of of Lyshchichi Lyshchichi a a

to to the the Reich Reich

Chancellor. Chancellor. A A panic panic

men. men.

re~orted re~orted German German Consul Consul at at Odessa Odessa

at at the the headquarters headquarters

of of

the the

Bogun Bogun

men men are are becoming becoming very very severe severe " " the the

tion tion from from these these regiments regiments

arrived arrived

them. them. "Clashes "Clashes between between officers officers and and

army. army. On On November November

13, 13,

a a delega­

the the train train and and killed killed about about twenty twenty of of

wehr wehr Regiments Regiments of of

the the German German

soldiers soldiers threw threw 'their 'their officers officers out out of of

with with the the 106th 106th and and

the the 19th 19th

Land­

sion sion mutinied mutinied at at Zhmerinka. Zhmerinka. The The

the the

Bogun Bogun

Regiment, Regiment,

made made contact contact

Seventh Seventh German German Cuirassier Cuirassier Divi­

directions, directions, Shors, Shors,

Commander Commander

of of

were were flown. flown. In In October, October, part part of of the the

German German soldiers. soldiers. Carrying Carrying

out out his his

a a demonstration demonstration at at which which red red flags flags

municate municate these these glad glad tidings tidings to to the the

ber, ber, the the German German garrison garrison organized organized

the the Ukraine Ukraine immediately immediately to to com­

In In Volhynia, Volhynia, at at the the end end of of Septem­

structed structed the the party party organizations organizations of of

train train joined joined the the mutinous mutinous soldiers. soldiers.

Wilhelm's Wilhelm's government. government. Lenin Lenin in­

Rozhishche Rozhishche station station another another troop troop

ing ing the the news news of of

the the overthrow overthrow of of

several several of of their their officers. officers. At At the the

to to a a telegram telegram the the Ukraine Ukraine contain­

with with Wilhelm!" Wilhelm!" the the soldiers soldiers killed killed

On On November November 9, 9, 1918, 1918, Lenin Lenin sent sent

ing ing "Down "Down with with the the war! war! Down Down

the the Ukraine. Ukraine.

tinied tinied at at the the Rovno Rovno station. station. Shout­

soldiers soldiers from from the the popular popular masses masses of of

trainload trainload of of German German soldiers soldiers mu­

ficers ficers were were unable unable to to isolate isolate the the

gent gent peasants. peasants. In In September September a a

many many from from the the soldiers. soldiers. But But the the of­

tioned tioned in in Podolia, Podolia, joined joined the the insur­

the the revolutionary revolutionary events events in in Ger­

the the 20th 20th Austrian Austrian Regiment, Regiment, sta­

carefully carefully concealed concealed all all news news about about

Ukrainian Ukrainian people. people. In In August, August, 1918, 1918,

rulers. rulers. The The German German High High Command Command

tarists, tarists, went went over over to to the the side side of of the the

people people rose rose against against their their arrogant arrogant

sued sued by by the the dastardly dastardly German German mili­

In In November, November, 1918, 1918, the the German German

on on realizing realizing the the criminal criminal policy policy pur­

tion tion of of the the soldiers." soldiers."

lightened lightened of of the the German German soldiers, soldiers,

powerless powerless in in face face of of the the determina­

of of the the German German army. army. The The most most en­

Regiment Regiment declared declared that that he he wal!l wal!l

the the beginning beginning of of the the disintegration disintegration

avail. avail. The The commander commander of of the the 53rd 53rd

people people in in their their patriotic patriotic war war marked marked

to to their their sense sense

of of duty duty was was of of any any

The The blows blows struck struck by by the the Soviet Soviet

to to resolved resolved leave leave at at once. once. No No appeal appeal

convinced convinced us us that that they they were were

firmly firmly German German Army Army

with with the the men men stationed stationed at at Znamenka Znamenka

The The Disintegration Disintegration of of the the

every every day day ...... Our Our conversations conversations

and and were were drinking drinking and and feasting feasting doom doom of of the the entire entire German German Empire. Empire.

coats, coats, blankets blankets and and other other property, property, mans mans in in the the Ukraine Ukraine hastened hastened the the

soldiers soldiers were were selling selling their their over­ ious ious military military venture venture of of the the Ger­

his his memoirs, memoirs, "we "we learnt learnt that that the the fense fense of of their their country. country. The The perfid­

1104 1104 THE THE GERMAN GERMAN DEFEAT DEFEAT IN IN THE THE UKRAINE, UKRAINE, 1918 1918 THE GERMAN UEFl!:AT IN THE UKRAINE, 1918 1105 thanked the German soldiers for Artem headed the Provisional their good wishes and pointed out Workers' and Peasants' Government. that it was particularly important As Commander of the Tenth to enlist the revolutionary soldiers Army and member of the Ukrainian of the German army in the cause of Soviet Government, Voroshilov is­ the liberation of the Ukraine. In sued an order to his men and com­ order to accomplish this, wrote manders, most of them Ukrainians, Lenin, it was necessary to arrest the which read in part: Ukrainian and German White "Comrades, Red Army men, Guards and to send delegates elect­ Ukrainians of the Tenth Army! The ed by the revolutionary German sol­ Revolutionary Military Council of diers to all the German military the Tenth Army appeals to you to units in the Ukraine. fight bravely at the front and to In the middle of November, So­ strike fear into the hearts of the viets of Soldiers' Deputies were enemy by your valor. Our road lies formed in all German units. The across the Don to our native vil­ German soldiers began to hand over lages, to those near our hearts, to the homes we love so much, the their arms, artillery and ammuni­ places where we were born and tion to the Red Army. But the offi­ grew to manhood. Let us strike a cers, including those of higher rank, powerful blow at the enemy from were still influential in these So­ the East. Let us beat back the enemy viets. By resorting to acts of provo­ and over their dead bodies come to cation and threats, and even direct the aid and assistance of our force, the German Command tried Ukrainian brothers and fellow to compel the soldiers to stop the workers!" progress of the Red Army. At the At the end of November, 1918, the same time, the invaders, now at the Red Army began its offensive to re­ point of defeat, continued the despo­ cover the Ukraine. liation of the Ukraine and the ex­ Soon the excellent fighting quali­ port of grain and other produce. ties of the Red Army and the parti­ san detachments compelled the Invaders Flee from in panic. "About the Ukraine invaders to flee 300,000 soldiers," writes Franz, the There was no time to be lost. The German historian, "who had cast Council of People's Commissars de­ off all subordination to their supe­ cided to render immediate assis­ rior officers, were streaming ';ack to tance to the Ukrainian people. their native country through a land On November 17, 1918, by deci­ in the throes of an uprising. Before sion of the Central Committee of the us lay the prospect of a severe Rus­ Russian Communist Party (Bolshe­ sian winter, and in every direction viks) and of the Council of People's nothing but enemies." Commissars, a Ukrainian Revolu­ The partisan detachments dill­ tionary Military Council,- headed by armed the Austrian and Glilnllan Stalin, was formed. Voroshilov and army unit& and drove them out of 1106 THE GERMAN DEFEAT IN THE UKRAINE, 1918 the confines of Soviet Ukraine. tisan detachments were masters of "The army was disarmed, battered the entire region west of the Dnie­ and despoiled," writes the same per. They had seized the railroads, German historian. "It was an in­ all the munition dumps, the supply describable scene of destitution and depots and other stores. "The return suffering in the inclement snowy movement of our troops," wrote wastes of Russia." Franz, "dependent entirely upon the Thus, the fertile and abundant good will of the insurgents." Ukraine became an "inclement The army of occupation went to snowy waste" for the army of occu­ pieces. The famous Prussian disci­ pation. The German army in 1918 pline was now a thing of the past. suffered the fate that had over­ Railroad guard units decamped taken Napoleon's army in 1812. In without official leave. Marauding disorderly bands the former army became rife among the troops. of occupation plodded its way out The partisan detachments dis­ of the Ukraine. Animal fear pos­ armed the Germans and stopped sessed the soldiers; their only them from carrying away with them thought was to escape with their anything of value. The railroad lines lives. They rushed to railroad sta­ were jammed with overcrowded tions demanding transportation German troop trains. They were back to Germany and Austria. leaving the Ukraine in disorder and The Command of the army of oc­ panic. cupation made every effort to carry The glorious regiments which out the evacuation in an orderly constituted the division led by manner, but the insurrectionary Shors of legendary fame struck movement spoiled their carefully blow after blow at the Germans. laid plans. The fighting followed the Unsparing of their lives, the Red railroad lines. This greatly inter­ Army men, commanded by Shors, fered with the movements of troop Bozhenko, Cherniak, and other na­ trains, and sometimes stopped this tional heroes, drove out the foreign movement altogether. The partisans invaders, many of whom drowned concentrated their activities along in the rivers of the Ukraine or were the stretch leading from Kazatin to struck down by bullet or sword. Kovel, which was the connecting At the beginning of the ,German link between the forces of occupa­ occupation, when the invaders were tion and Germany. Not only the giddy with success, Stalin had writ­ railroad lines, but also the entire ten: "The gorged imperialist beast telephone network was destroyed. will break its neck in its assault on Sometimes for weeks and even for the Soviet Ukraine-that surely is months German Army Headquarters the logic of events." Calmly and could maintain communication with confidently the leader of the people the provinces only by radio-teleg­ had foretold the doom that was raphy, airplanes or special couriers. awaiting the gorged beast. This pre­ At the end of November the par- diction was vindicated in every re- THE GERMAN DEFEAT IN THE UKRAINE, 1918 1107 spect. The German army, whose in­ pie to win is irresistible. The fas­ vincibility is being trumpeted forth cist fiends will not succeed in de­ so arrogantly by the rulers of fas­ stroying its achievements. The So­ cist Germany, was completely rout­ viet people, two hundred million· ed in 1918 by the young Red Army. strong, has risen in all its might to The Soviet people cherish dearly fight the contemptible invaders in a the great traditions of 1918, 1919 great and sacred patriotic war. and 1920. Firm and indivisible stand the peo­ Almost a quarter of a century has ple, unshakably resolved to annihi­ passed since the patriotic war of late the perfidious foe. 1918. During this period the Soviet The enemy will go down in defeat people has built a bright and happy as he did in 1918. The fascist bar­ life on the soil that it has soaked barians will be destroyed root and with its blood. The will of the peo- branch. A SIGNIFICANT DEPICTION OF FRENCH­ CANADIAN LIFE

BY STANLEY B. RYERSON

oo little is known by Americans of democratic solidarity among the T of the life and problems of the American peoples for the battle French-Canadian people. Yet the against Hitlerism. three-centuries-old history of this A serious contribution to the national community is inseparably deeper understanding of his people interwoven with that of the discov­ is made by the French-Canadian ery, settlement, economic develop­ author of Thirty Acres,* a novel of ment and political struggles of the Quebec and New England life. Both New World. The French-Canadians as a creative work of real artistic today number roughly three and a merit and as a penetrating study of half millions in Canada, out of a social forces acting through and total population of eleven million; upon the lives of individuals, Thirty there are also some two million Acres is a significant addition to the French-Canadians in the United literature of the Americas. The ap­ States. It is mainly in the last half- pearance of a first-rate Canadian century that French Canada has en- novel is in itself of significance; tered fully upon the transition from when it is at the same time a social a primitive, feudal-agrarian econ- study and the work of a member omy to one dominated by monopoly of the French-Canadian minority, it capital. The experiences attendant is particularlydeserving of attention. upon this complex transition process Already, the book has won a place have a real significance for Ameri- in international literature: when can rural struggles generally, and first published in Paris, in 1939, un­ for the struggle for unity of farmer der the title Trente Arpents, it was and city worker in particular. awarded the Grand Prix du Roman Equally important is the fact that by the Academy of what was then the problems of national cleavage • Thirty Acrtt, by Rincuet. Translated from the and inequality, which have loomed French by Feliz and Dorothea Walter. 324 pp. · C d' d l t Macmillan. $2.50. so large m ana tan eve opmen The writer of this review, author of the his- in the past, today pose problems of torical study 1837: The Birth of C•n•ai•n v .. mocr•cy, is the leader of the Communist Party of immediate uraency in the welding Canada in the Pro-.inco of Quebec. 1108 A DEPICTION OF FRENCH-CANADIAN LIFE 1109 still the French Republic; and it the novel itself to mention very has since been translated into sev­ briefly the elements of the French­ eral European languages. Canadian question, some knowledge "Ringuet" is the pen-name of Dr. of which is essential for the appre­ Philippe Panneton, a Montreal phy­ ciation both of the significance and sician. He is one of the many the limitations of Ringuet's work. French-Canadian intellectuals who When the British conquered New in the last post-war period and cri­ France in 1760 they became masters sis years took the path of petty­ of a feudal-agrarian and fur-trad­ bourgeois nationalism. But whereas ing colony numbering some 60,000 many of his colleagues have moved French-speaking settlers. Faced from participation in the broad, with the growing threat of rebel­ anti-trust protest movements of the lion in the colonies to the south, middle 1930's toward the camp of London made a pact with the feu­ corporatist clerical-fascism, Panne­ dal-clerical ruling class of French ton has chosen rather to examine Canada, granting the preservation with honesty and objectivity the of seigneurial rights and of the life of the Quebec farm-lands, and Church tithe, in exchange for loyal recreate in artistic form what he allegiance to the Crown in the days has found there. Certainly, he has ahead. The tactic worked, and Can­ not found the real answers to the ada was maintained as a base of deep-rooted problems of French operations against the American Canada, problems which are eco­ Revolution, despite the discontent nomic and political. But he has of the feudal habitants. The subse­ sought with integrity, and depicted quent evolution of French Canada (even though within narrow limits) has borne the indelible imprint of something of the actual forces that these three initial developments: have been stirring the French-Ca­ the Conquest; the Quebec Act of nadian habitant and factory worker 1774 embodying the pact with the onto the path of political awaken­ feudal Church; and, following on ing and struggle. A tribute to what the American Revolutionary War, he has done is to be seen in the the Loyalist immigration of English­ fact that while the book was ac­ speaking colonists which gave to claimed by the critics on its pub­ Canada the predominantly dual­ lication abroad, the powerful organ national character it has ever since of clerical reaction in Qu€bec, preserved. L'Action Catholique, at once de­ The joint rebellion in Upper and nounced it for its "too objective" Lower Canada (Ontario and Que­ rendering of the hard realities of bec) lad by William Lyon Macken­ French-Canadian life. zie and Louis-Joseph Papineau in 1837-38, had among its aims, not • * • only responsible democratic gov­ ernment, but the abolition of feu­ It may be well before turning to dalism, the separation of Church 1110 A DEPICTION OF FRENCH-CANADIAN LIFE and State and the safeguarding of situation are to be seen in the con­ the French-Canadians' cultUial and ditions in Quebec industry, the low linguistic rights. As a result of the wage scales, the appalling tubercu­ defeat of this, Canada's boUigeois­ losis and infant-mortality rates, and democratic revolution, the popular cultural poverty, etc. demands were achieved only belat­ In the last forty years Quebec edly and incompletely, being grant­ has become one of the two main in­ ed "from above." dustrial provinces of Canada. Responsible government and the Whereas in 1901 two-thirds of Que­ equal rights of the French language bec's population was rUial, by 1931 were accorded in 1848; abolition of the proportions were almost com­ feudal tenure, in 1854. Separation pletely reversed, with two-thirds of of ChUich and State, achieved in the 3,000,000 population in urban Upper Canada, was never carried centers. Eighty per cent of the through in Quebec. Indeed, Con­ Quebec population is French-Cana­ federation, which in 1867 estab­ dian; and almost 80 per cent of the lished a unified Canadian state, ex­ French-Canadians in Canada live pressly perpetuated the alliance of in Quebec. As opposed to the wide­ the English-speaking capitalists and spread conception of French Canada the French-Canadian Catholic hier­ as a "peasant nation," we may note archy, by guaranteeing to the latter that only 28 per cent of French­ full control of education and (in­ Canadians are employed in agricul­ directly) of social services in the tUie--roughly the same percentage Province of Quebec. The collection as among Canadians of British ori­ of the ecclesiastical tithe (tax) is gin. Pulp and paper plants, lum­ authorized and guaranteed by the bering, mining, rail and water civil statute of Quebec; the parish is transport, textiles, boot and shoe, inseparable from the municipality, and other manufactUiing industries over whose taxes the tithe takes pri­ have drawn from the land an in­ ority. It is in this situation that the dustrial army of hundreds of thou­ ChW'ch is able to extract an income sands of French-Canadian workers. of over $50,000,000 yearly from the American influences in French­ people of Quebec, an amount equal Canadian development have been to the revenues of the provincial foUifold. The 1837 Rebellion under government. Papineau's leadership drew inspira­ The chief result of this arrange­ tion from the American revolution­ ment has been that the formal ju­ ary-democratic tradition, and actual ridical equality of status of the assistance and solidarity from French-Canadians has in practice American progressives: something been consistently encroached upon, by no means forgotten when, a gen­ through their being held in a state eration later, thousands of French­ of backwardness and isolation by Canadians went to fight with the bourgeois and clerical leaders act­ armies of the North in the Civil ing on behalf of Anglo-Canadian big War. This tradition, combined with business. The bitter fruits of this admiration for American technical A DEPICTION OF FRENCH-CANADIAN LIFE 1111 and scientific progress, has contin­ the province is American-owned, ued as a component in the demo­ particularly in the great electric cratic-liberalism of the French­ power and pulp and paper monopo­ Canadians. (Clerical-conservatism lies, and in mining. While 80 per cent is by no means the sole, or even the of Quebec's population is French­ entirely dominant trend in popular Canadian, industrial ownership in -as opposed to ruling class-poli­ Quebec is divided in the propor­ tics in Quebec.) tions: Anglo-Canadian, 57 per cent; The second link is provided by American, 33 per cent; French­ the mass emigration of French­ Canadian, 10 per cent. This fact Canadians to the New England has contributed in no small degree states-the result of the defeat of to the rise of those nationalist the 1837 rising and the consequent trends which have colored the choking of economic and political anti-trust movements of recent advance in Eastern Canada for a years and are an inescapable factor couple of generations. In the period in French-Canadian political life. 1871-1931 some 400,000 French­ The development of effective, inde­ Canadians crossed over to the pendent working class action and United States.* Between the million leadership in Quebec, in unison with and a half French-Canadians in the the working class and progressive northeastern U.S.A. and their cou­ movements of English-speaking sins in the St. Lawrence Valley an Canada and the United States, re­ intercourse has been maintained, quires a positive and understanding the chief value of which for Quebec approach to the special problems has been the resulting knowledge and needs of the national commu­ and appreciation of the value of nity that is French Canada. international trade unionism. This -the third influence which has * * * helped shape French-Canadian de­ The theme of Thirty Acres is at velopment-has been a not incon­ once general and particular. It is siderable factor in the building of man and the land: the interweaving the international unions in Quebec. cycles of life and death, encompass­ (Of some 100,000 organized work­ ing and encompassed by the sea­ ers in the province about half are sons, spring, summer, autumn, win­ A. F. of L. or C.I.O. unions, the rest ter. And it is a man, Euchariste being members of the Church-con­ Moisan, and his land, the thirty­ trolled Catholic syndicates.) acre strip of Laurentian farmland, Finally, American industrial de­ the typical Quebec habitant farm. velopment has powerfully affected It is the old story of the peasant's industry in Quebec: one-third of the servitude on the land-but it is also $3,000,000,000 of capital invested in the story of the new, brutal impact • Cf. us Cantttliens-Francttis a leurs Voisins tlu of twentieth-century capitalist Sutl, G. Lanctot (Carnegie Folindation series on industry and crisis on the hither­ Canadian-American Relations, Toronto, 1941), p. 297. to self-contained and primitive

Canada); Canada); French French poverty-stricken poverty-stricken New New settlements settlements little little the the ing ing of of

of of scourge scourge tuberculosis, tuberculosis, of of plague" plague" connect­ highway highway only only one-time one-time the the

"white "white the the from from them them of of (two (two died died Lawrence­ St. St. the the from from back back ning ning

four four wife, wife, his his Alphonsine, Alphonsine, and and riste riste run­ strips strips narrow narrow in in out out Laid Laid

Eucha­ of of children children thirteen thirteen the the Of Of decades. decades. two two last last the the farm farm family family in in

years. years. those those in in land land Quebec Quebec the the on on French-Canadian French-Canadian the the of of crisis crisis the the of of

developments developments of of typical typical is is family family parcel parcel and and part part is is life life Moisan's Moisan's of of

Moisan Moisan the the of of life life the the 1930; 1930; to to crisis crisis The The nemesis. nemesis. own own its its of of seeds seeds

1880 1880 of of that that roughly roughly is is novel novel this this the the bears bears dependence dependence This This 130). 130).

in in Ringuet Ringuet by by covered covered period period The The (p. (p. land" land" of of tract tract given given a a to to life life

Quebec. Quebec. in in problem problem agrarian agrarian for for feet feet and and hands hands their their by by down down

the the of of "solutions" "solutions" these these on on doors doors the the them them ties ties and and completely, completely, more more

close close to to inexorably inexorably begun begun had had ism ism still still them them possesses possesses reality reality in in men, men,

capital­ of of crisis crisis general general the the 1920's 1920's by by possessed possessed though though which, which, tity tity

middle middle the the by by But But land. land. the the from from en­ an an is is farm farm a a "For "For broken. broken. is is life life

thousands thousands new new turn turn its its sorbed sorbed his his which which in in on on thing thing the the end end the the in in

ab­ Canada Canada in in industry industry of of growth growth becomes becomes it it years, years, springtime springtime his his in in

The The plentiful. plentiful. more more were were jobs jobs was was it it that that acquisition acquisition proud proud the the

and and freer freer was was land land where where States, States, from from But But security. security. whole whole his his world, world,

United United the the to to emigration emigration mass mass the the Moisan's Moisan's is is death, death, uncle's uncle's his his on on

Hence Hence monopolies. monopolies. paper paper and and pulp pulp inherited inherited farm, farm, thirty-acre thirty-acre The The

the the to to song song a a for for over over handed handed lands lands children. children. his his by by taken taken be be

timber­ of of domains domains vast vast the the and and will will blow blow full full the the death: death: Moisan's Moisan's of of

Church, Church, the the of of holdings holdings great great the the by by approach approach the the with with coincides coincides crisis crisis

presented presented those those economic economic added added of of are are storm storm the the obstacles obstacles of of breaking breaking

these these To To border. border. American American the the The The industry. industry. capitalist capitalist of of throes throes

spur-and spur-and Appalachian Appalachian the the of of tains, tains, crisis­ the the by by shaken, shaken, profoundly profoundly

moun­ again again shore, shore, south south the the on on later later and and stirred, stirred, slowly slowly only only first first

and and Quebec; Quebec; below below river river the the meet meet at at is is that that hinterland hinterland agrarian agrarian the the

to to down down sweeping sweeping shield shield Laurentian Laurentian struggle-on struggle-on of of amphitheaters amphitheaters main main

great great the the of of mass mass rocky rocky barren barren the the of of periphery periphery outer outer the the on on lived lived

the the and and itself, itself, river river Lawrence-the Lawrence-the life life is is It It tragedy. tragedy. of of and and humor humor

St. St. the the by by land land fertile fertile of of strip strip the the of of fullness, fullness, rich rich of of moments moments its its

in in hemming hemming barriers barriers physical physical the the without without not not is is and and it; it; lived lived Moisan Moisan

by by curbed curbed is is land land new new to to Expansion Expansion as as life life of of tone tone the the with with accords accords

support. support. cannot cannot it it that that power power labor labor not. not. is is but but defect, defect, a a It It seem seem might might

family family of of surplus surplus growing growing the the perse perse This This throughout. throughout. one, one, minor minor a a is is

dis­ constantly constantly must must habitant habitant farm farm key key The The life. life. Moisan's Moisan's Euchariste Euchariste of of

small small the the family, family, ever-numerous ever-numerous and and earth, earth, the the of of seasons seasons winter: winter:

owner's owner's its its of of hands hands the the by by Worked Worked to to spring spring from from seasons, seasons, the the of of work work

prevailed. prevailed. has has ownership ownership small small ual ual frame­ the the within within set set is is story story The The

individ­ 1854, 1854, in in dues dues feudal feudal of of tion tion land. land. the the on on life life with with keeping keeping in in

aboli­ the the seigneuries. seigneuries. Since Since feudal feudal slow, slow, is is book book the the of of tempo tempo The The

the the of of holdings holdings tenant tenant the the originally originally munity. munity.

were were habitant habitant farms farms France-the France-the com­ farming farming French-Canadian French-Canadian

LIFE LIFE FRENCH-CANADIAN FRENCH-CANADIAN OF OF DEPICTION DEPICTION A A 1112 1112 A DEPICTION OF FRENCH-CANADIAN LIFE 1113 the others scattered, went to jobs in him to see, behind the oppressive the States or Quebec City, entered weight of material burdens, the op­ the church or were married off. One pression of cramped, restricted so­ girl went to Montreal, became a cial relationships. No Marxist, he prostitute. Etienne, the heir, stayed nevertheless understands that the on the farm, and gradually sup­ invisible bond that holds Eucha­ planted his father. Dispossessed of riste, and after him Etienne, at­ his property through a series of dis­ tached to the lanc:i is no mystical asters and his son's scheming, indwelling attraction, such as is pro­ Euchariste in the end is sent away claimed by the clerical-corporatist to live with a younger son at White advocates of "the return to the Falls in industrial New England. land" and the "peasant destiny of No sooner has he thus been exiled, the French-Canadian." The bond is in the winter of his life, than the a property relation. That Ringuet economic crisis closes in on city and should not merely have understood farm alike. this truth but stated it with telling effectiveness, is one of the main * * • reasons for the invectives hurled at In a sense, the subject of the book him by clerical reaction. is the land itself, the Thirty Acres. But it is the land dominating the "If anyone had asked him if they loved the land, meaning by that the lives of people in a world in which broad fields where men and animals men are not yet the masters of are thinly scattered as if by the things: wide sweeping gesture of a sower­ "The unfeeling and imperious had asked them if they loved the land was the lordly suzerain whose untrammeled sky above their heads, the ·winds, the snows and the rains serfs they were, paying their dues to the inclement weather in the that brought them riches, and that form of ruined harvests, subjected distant fiat horizon-there would to the forced labor of digging have been merely a look of surprise. ditches and clearing away the for­ What Euchariste cared for was not ests, compelled the whole year farming but his farm; Etienne wanted it too, and felt it was going round to pay their tithe in sweat. They had come together on, and al­ to be his-was his by an unques­ most in opposition to, the harsh soil, tionable right. They were attracted from which nothing may be wrung to their own farm and not to coun­ except by sheer strength of try life in general." (pp. 233-4.) arm.... " (p. 15.) This property relation of the The feudal oppression against. peasant-farmer is no abstraction. It which Moisan's forebears revolted takes on flesh and sinew, becomes in the Rebellion of 1837 no longer part of his very tissue, the condi­ weighs upon the habitant; yet still tioning of his hopes and hates and there is servitude. Is it simply the fears. The character of Euchariste land itself that binds him, "hands Moisan is formed in and expresses and feet"? Ringuet's insight enables the rude struggle with the earth &D.d 1114 A DEPICTION OF FRENCH-CANADIAN LIFE the elements, and the sharpening Jacques l'Ermite, and of the trans­ competition with his neighbors on formation into a priest of Moisan's the land. eldest son, Oguinase, is masterly. Elements of conflict which in the Too masterly in the opinion of cer­ "spring" and "summer" of Moisan's tain people in Quebec. life are only beginning to germinate The priest is portrayed both di­ and take root grow in time to dom­ rectly, and through the medium of inate his existence and slowly the opinions and reactions of the transform his character. Onto the parishioners. hard struggle with the soil is Moisan's ambition to have his son grafted the sharpening struggle become a priest is simple and with men: the ceaseless competi­ worldly in character: it will en­ tion with the neighboring farmer, hance his own prestige in the vil­ Phydime; the smoldering enmity lage community. The ambition once that grows between the Moisans, realized, it "made him feel more father and son, over control and important than the other people ownership of the thirty-acre farm; when somebody asked: 'Well, and the conflicting contrasts and de­ how's your son, Father Moisan?' " mands of life on the land and in the That was worth all the painful industrial towns. . . . All adding up sacrifices it entailed. The attitude to a life in which men, striving to of the younger brother toward the determine events, are themselves elevation of Oguinase to the sacred changed; and in which property office is equally mundane: " 'It's all relations charged with contradic­ right for him, he's going to be a tion become a force basically influ­ priest. Good clothes, good eats. Lord encing their lives. and master of the parish.' " The process of turning the young farm * * * lad into a priest slowly transforms In the life of the French-Cana­ both his character and the attitudes dian parish the priest plays a role of the family toward him: it is a that extends to every sphere of ac­ progressive alienation from his peo­ ticUy, every aspect of existence. ple and from common humanity. He When the seigneurial system was becomes a part of the great, .rich abolished, the parish remained, as a corporate body that holds sway political and administrative as well over so much of French-Canadian as religious unit; this fusion of life. church and state in the rural com­ The parishioners "become munity prevails unshaken today. thoughtful" at the news that a new Whereas in the cities the power of parish is to be established in the the church is expressed primarily area of St. Jacques; it will involve through its complete control of the a $150,000 stone church and a $40,- schools and colleges, in the country­ 000 presbytery; and they knew side this control is vastly more per­ "how useless it was to oppose the vasive and direct. Ringuet's treat­ will of the priest once he had made ment of the parish priest of St. up his mind to run his parishioners A DEPICTION OF FRENCH-CANADIAN LIFE 1115 into debt for the sake of putting up but forgotten. Class lines will re­ something big and imposing." assert themselves only when the (p. 206.) crisis of the '30's disrupts the tran­ In the cities the political-theocra­ quillity of life in the countryside tic monopoly no longer exercises and spurs habitant and factory full sway; hence the clerical pre­ worker alike to seek paths of inde­ occupation with "back-to-the-land" pendent action, outside of the old movements, and the Bishop's ad­ parties. Already, however, at the juration to the parishioners of Saint meeting at the Branchauds' farm, Jacques that those who desert the the question is raised: land are "practically headed straight for hell." And indeed, "How about telling us why it is no farmers ever get elected? They Moisan finds in White Falls, to his have lawyers, doctors, notaries, dismayed astonishment, that the traveling salesmen, but never any focus of life and interest is no farmers ...." longer to be found at the church, but at the factory and the million­ But when the politician retorts, aire's mansion. The world of capi­ "Suppose the county sends you talist industry has supplanted the down to Quebec to tell them all world of semi-feudal agrarian life. about it. Who's going to took after your farm?"-they all fall silent, at • • * a loss to answer. "They hadn't A political meeting that takes thought of that. They had forgotten place on a Sunday afternoon at the their serfdom for a moment. . . ." farm of Moisan's father-in-law is (pp. 69-70.) typical of rural Quebec prior to the The sway of the bourgeois and last war, before the rising anti­ clerical politicians in Quebec de­ trust and industrial protest move­ rives particular strength from their ments began to change the tradi­ ability to exploit the national an­ tional aspect of French-Canadian tagonisms and resentments, whose politics. "They and their fathers roots are to be found in the eco­ before them had always been Lib­ nomic, social and political inequali­ erals, for in the country districts of ties that have not yet been elim­ Quebec political opmwns are inated from the life of the French­ handed on from generation to gen­ Canadians. Daviau, the politician, eration just like farm-lands. They falls back on the argument: ". . . if are almost as much a part of an we don't have real men with guts inheritance as property or religion." down in Quebec it won't be long (p. 67.) Party loyalties, Liberal or before the English up in Ottawa tan Conservative, determine the align­ the hides off us"-reasoning which ments at electoral periods in the is used by Liberals and Tories alike, village; their distant origin in the with equal irresponsibility. class cleavages between the radical, Ringuet touches briefly but with anti-feudal petty bourgeoisie and understanding sympathy on the the clerical landowners has been all causes of the national cleavage that 1116 A DEPICTION OF FRENCH-CANADIAN LIFE split the country during the war of a transition familiar to tens of thou­ 1914-18: the gulf that yawned "be­ sands of Franco-American families, tween the 'English' and the 'Habi­ and one which Ringuet depicts with tants'; between the Canadians of considerable skill. the greater British Empire and the These crises are unresolved: as Canadians of the little nation on the book ends, the Great Crisis de­ the banks of the St. Lawrence, the scends with equal force on St. French-Canadians of Quebec." The Jacques l'Ermite and White Falls, tendencies to isolationism and pac­ N. H. The folk on the land, caught ifism in Quebec grew from the en­ in the vise of precarious small-own­ forced isolation of its people as a ership and contracting markets, French minority hemmed in by a look to the towns; but in the towns predominantly English-speaking factory after factory closes down, continent: "Rooted in the Lauren­ and those who went there from the tian soil, which is the only one they land turn toward the family farm had ever known, without contact again, in search of a security that is for a century and a half now with there no longer. the distant world of Europe.... " It is this isolation which has been sedulously cultivated and main­ * * * tained by the ruling industrial and Thirty Acr~s constitutes a cou­ clerical powers-that-be, in order to rageous and significant break with preserve French Canada as a low­ the traditional literary distortions wage area and a base for political of French-Canadian reality. As reaction-a potential Vendee. against the mystico-sentimental Twentieth-century capitalism has "interpretations" of Quebec hither­ both sharpened the elements of na­ to prevalent in literature dealing tional friction and brought into with that province, Ringuet has being the means of overcoming it. sought to give an honest, objective Big business monopoly in the hands portrayal of the actual life on the of English-Canadians and Ameri­ land, the social relationships of the cans stands over against an impov­ French-Canadian parish commu­ erished French-Canadian "factory nity, the impact of technical prog­ fodder'' drawn from the habitant ress on the outlook of the habi­ farms. But, on the other hand, in tant. • • • These realities are de­ the cities and industrial towns picted, not only with a considerable French and English-speaking and degree of objectivity, but with live­ foreign-born workers mix, face ly concreteness-that quality of common problems, learn solidarity. vivid fusion of the general with the In Thirty Acres the crisis of the particular which is one of the essen­ French-Canadian rural community, tials of artistic truth. as unfolded through the lives of the At the same time, however, it is Moisans, leads to the "crisis of necessary to point out certain ma­ adaptation" to life in English­ jor limitations from which the book speaking industrial New England: suffers. These limitations become A DEPICTION OF FRENCH-CANADIAN LIFE 1117 obvious when we turn to Ringuet's choice, are not sufficient to account outlook on life and society, as ex­ for the deeper limitations, which pressed in the book. This outlook have to do with his philosophy. might be described as one of Ringuet's materialism, which is "limited materialism." The treat­ healthy and authentic as far as it ment of the actual and immediate goes, is nonetheless not historical, realities of men's hard struggle with not dialectical. Not understanding the recalcitrant earth and of their the nature of capitalism, Ringuet conditioning through the servitudes can see no visible way out of the of individual small ownership, gives servitude imposed by material bur­ the book the greater part of its value dens and oppressive property-rela­ and strength. But this treatment tions. Hence the conclusion of the does not extend to a grasping of book, on a note of fatalism. society as an integral, historically Moisan's broken life, his inability to evolving system of class relation­ change its course, is summed up in ships-as capitalist society in crisis. the concluding passage in the Thus, the story of the Moisans is phrase: "Circumstances had decided told against a background of devel­ matters for him, that and people oping market relationships in agri­ ruled by circumstances." (p. 324.) culture and of the descending In this conclusion circumstances crisis-blight on the Quebec land; appear to be omnipotent. Lacking is but the crisis of the family and the all possibility of social transforma­ crisis of the social order as a whole tion through a conscious working are not seen in their true relation­ together of the Moisans of city and ship. The latter appears as a force country, to shape the existing world accentuating and aggravating the according to their need. former-but the root source of both From the same source comes the is not grasped. Ringuet's limited lack, in Thirty Acres, of the mili­ vision allows him to see neither tant spirit of struggle against op­ monopoly capital as the source of pression. Certainly, we can discern the contradictions which he ob­ a definite element of democratic serves, nor the industrial working protest, both in the recurr~;mt allu­ class as the one leading force sions to French-Canadian social and capable, in alliance with the farm­ economic inequality, and in the note ing masses, of cutting through and of cutting irony which accompanies overcoming the contradictions. many of the references to the role It is true that the period dealt of the Church hierarchy; but it is a with in the book antedates the rise protest without a program, one of the anti-trust movements and of which fails to point a forward path the strike wave in the Quebec tex­ of actual struggle. This is true of tile and steel industries in the mid­ the author's approach both to the dle 'thirties, and that its setting is economic and social isSUQS raised in mainly that of the less politically the novel, and to the related politi­ developed rural community. But cal questions of French and Eng­ these restrictions, of the author's lish-speaking Canadian unity, ellm- 1118 A DEPICTION OF FRENCH-CANADIAN LIFE ination of national inequalities, and lowed through to its logical con­ independent labor-farmer political clusion, on the path of actual action. For a program of action on struggle. these issues one must go beyond Today, the parish of St. Jacques the limits of Ringuet's novel, to the l'Ermite and , the life of its people unifying, constructive force of the have been transformed anew, broad Canadian labor and progres­ through the establishment of war­ sive movement, within which the industrial plant serving the produc­ Communist Party, with its scientific, tion front against Hitlerism. Against Marxist-Leninist understanding of the implacable foe of all indepen­ social development, is a vital, in­ dence of nations, of all democracy dispensable factor. and freedom, national unity of Eng­ These are indeed major limita­ lish and French-speaking Cana­ tions. But it is important to empha­ dians is more than ever an urgent size the fact that Ringuet is one of necessity. To the welding of this the very few French-Canadian in­ unity, and to the democratic soli­ tellectuals who have dared, in the darity of the peoples of the Amer­ face of powerful reactionary pres­ icas, Thirty Acres, through deepen­ sures, to attempt an honest and ing our understanding of the searching examination of the real French-Canadian people, can make rural Quebec. The initial step which its modest but nevertheless signifi­ his book represents needs to be fol- cant contribution. INDEX-VOLUME XX, 1941

AUTHOR INDEX

Allen, James S.-Farm Production for De­ ary; National Committee Hails William fenae, 910-916, October. Z. Foster on His 60th Birthday, 218- Amter, Israel-The National Groups-A 219, March; Demand the Freedom of Powerful Force In the Struggle Against Earl Browder in Defense of Your Fascism, 712-723, August. Rights, Living Standards and Peace, Auer, William-Soviet Culture in the Fight 291-294, April; Earl Browder Fiftieth Against Fasclam, 988-996, November. Anniver.•ary Campaign, 387-388, May; Close Ranks on May Day, 404-409, May; Bauett, Theodore R.-The Negro People Some General Problems of the Allen and the Ficht for Jobs, 805-817, Sep­ Registration, 468-469, May; Support the tember. U.S.S.R. in Its Fight Against Nazi Becun, Isldore--The New York City Elec­ War, 679-680, July; The People's Pro­ tion and the Struggle Against Hitler­ gram of Struggle for the Defeat of Hit­ Ism, 1065-1071, December. ler and Hitlerism, 678-682, August; Benjamin, Herbert--<::lvilian Defense and Free Earl Browder to Strengthen the Morale--A Vital Factor in the Struggle United People's Struggle Against Hit­ Against Hitlerism, 1072-1078, Decem­ lerism, 683-684, August; Everything for ber. Victory Over World-Wide Fascist Slav­ Bert, Erik-The Further Development of ery!, 1043-1044, December. Capitalism in United States Agriculture, 623-634, July. Daniels, N. A.-Review of "The Silent Blel, Herbert-The Origins of May Day, fa~~·." by Mlkhall Sholokhov, 1032- 427-435, May; Review of "Eastern Workincmen and National Land Pol­ Diaz, Jose--With All Possible Clarity, 802- Icy," by Helen S. Zahler, 843-845, Sep­ 804, September. tember. Doran, Augusto--<::olombia Faces the Im­ Bloor, Ella Reeve--Women In the National periallst Offensive, 619-622, July. Front Against Hltlerism, 897-909, Oc­ tober. Editorials-American Labor Needs the Browder, Earl-On Some Aspects of For­ Guidance of Leninism, 3-7, January; eign Policy, 35-37, January; Education Narrow Trade Union Politics and Pro­ and the War, 132-137, February; We letarian Class Politics, 7-10, January; Represent the Future, 197-201, March; The Road to a People's Party Headed We Are Sa!llng into the Face of Great by Labor, 10-12, January; Labor's Inde­ Storm!!, 311-316, April. pendent Line, 12-17, January; ulnter­ Buck, Tim-The National Front in Can­ ventionists" and uAppeasers," 99-103, ada, 1011-1028, November. February; Anti-Imperialist Struggle of the Masses and a Negotiated Peace, Carpenter, G. D.-America's War Economy" 103-108, February; President Murray and the Unemployed, 13.8-150, Feb­ and National Defense, 108-112, Feb­ ruary, ruary; American Imperialism In Chile: Communist Party of Chile--A Program of Luis Carlos Prestes, 112-114, February; Action for the Victory of the Chilean What Do We Learn from the Struggle People's Front, 452-467, May. Against the Lend-Lease Blll ?, 202-206, Communist Party of Great Britain-The March; American Imperiallst Objec­ War and the Colonial Peoples, 1029- tives vs. Fake Issues, 206-210, March; 1031, November. Wage Movements and Peace Move­ Communist Party of Mexico, Central ments, 210-211, March; For Friendly Committee-The Mexican PeoPlf! Must Relations Between the United States Not Enter This War, 443-461, May. and the Soviet Union, 211-216, March; Communist Party, U.S.A.-Defeat Roose­ Foster's Sixtieth Birthday, 216-217, velt's War-Powers Bill! Get Out and March; What Kind of American World Stay Out of the War!, 115-119, Febru- Leadership?, 295-299, Aprll; Not Class 1119 1120

Collaboration but Class Struggle, 300- 1918 A&"ainst the German Invaders of 80~, April; For the Liberation of Our the Ukraine, 1091-1107, December. Leader, 304-306, April; On How to Get Green, Gil-Some Etrects of War Economy Along Without Capitalists, 306-310, in the U.S.A., 83-96, January; How the April; May Day and the Struggle !or British Empire Is Conjured Away, 319- · a. Labor-Farmer Alliance, 889-395, M"ay; 332, April; Our Tasks in the Stru&"cle Mass Indignation and Capitalist Vio­ to Defeat Hitlerism, 705-711, Au~rust. lence, 396-399, May; Social-Democra­ tism Further Exposes Itself, 399-403, Hall, Rob Fowler-Earl Browder and the May; Browder's Fiftieth Birthday, ~83- Southern People, 557-562, June. 486, June; Nearing the "Shooting Hudson, Roy-The Real Reasons for Trade Stage" of the War, 486-493, June; Union Progress, 51~63, January; The Building the Communist Party, 493-496, Trend in Labor's Ranks, 410-419, May; June; For National Unity to Defeat Browder Shows the Way Out, 513-628, Hitler, 669-663, August; Labor's Role June; Labor's Great Responsibilities in the National Unity Against Hitler, and Possibilities, 685-695, August. 663-668, August; The Struggles Against Hitler Will Merce, 668-672, August; America's Role in Creation of a West­ Jerome, V. J.-The Red Army-Spear­ ern Front, 755-758, September; Con­ head of Humanity, 724-736, August. gress and National Unity, 758-762, Sep­ Johnstone, Jack-Browder's Contribution tember; The Working Class and the Toward Developinp; a Progressive Trade National Front Against Hitlerism, 763- Unionism, 599-610, July. 775, September; The Battle of Produc­ tion, 861-867, October; Labor Unity­ Kedrov, B.-Review of "Dialectics of the Demand of the Hour, 868-875, Nature," by Frederick Engels, 834-838,• October; The 2Hh Soviet Anniversary, September. 947-950, November; The Moscow Con­ Kursanov, George-Space and Time­ ference and American National Defense, Forms of the Existence of Matter, 3 77- 950-955, November; America's Role in 384, April; 468-467, May; 568-576, June; the Anti-Hitler Front, 965-957, Novem­ 652-666, July. ber; Labor and the National Effort, 957-960, November. Landy, A.-Two Questions on the Statu• of Women Under Capitalism, 818-833, Flynn, Elizabeth Gurley-How to Free September; The National Groups in the Earl Browder, 508-512, June; Women National Front, 917-936, October. in the National Front A&'ainst Hitler­ Lawrence, Bill-The New York City Elec­ ism, 897-909, October. tion and the Stru&"gle Against Hitler­ Fowd, James W.-Earl Browder-Leader ism, 1055-1071, December. of the Oppressed, 529-536, June; The Lenin, V. I.-Imperialism and the Split Negro People and the New World Situ­ in the Socialist Movement, 151-164, ation, 696-704, August; Some Problems February; The Pamphlet by Junius, of the Negro People in the National 883-8F7, October. Front to Destroy Hitler and Hitlerism, Lestt!lr, Donald M.-Review of ..Oliver 888-896, October. Wiswell," by Kenneth Roberts, 178-185, Foster, William Z.----Organized Labor's February; Stalin-Genius of Socialist Two Conventions, 38-60, January; Earl Construction, 267-276, March. Browder Remains the Heroic Leader of the People, 195-196, March; World Mag!l, A. B.-Review of "Democracy and Capitalism and World Socialism, 220- Social Change," by Harry F. Ward, 237, March; James B. McNamara, 317- 476-479, May. 318, April; American Fascism Speaks Mao Tse~tung-The Communists and Out, 333-349. April; Earl Browder and China's Three People's Principles, 238- the Fi&"ht for Peace, 497-504, June; 256, March. Yankee Imperialism Grabs for the Marty, Andr~-The New Rape of IRdo­ Western Hemisphere, 581-598, July; Chlna, 64-82, January. FUnemployment In Putnam, Samuel-Labor'• Strike-Weapon; the Automobile Industry, 937-944, Oc­ a Seequlcentennlal-1791-1941, 350-367, tober. April. Varlck, Paul-Review of "The Batt!& for Ring, F.-May Day, 1941, Spurs the Asia," by Ed~rar Snow, 470-476, May. World-Wide Fl&'ht for a People's Peace, 420-426, May. Ry0rson, Stanley B.-Review of "Thirty Weiss, Max-Lenin and Proletarian Inter­ Acres," by Philippe Panneton (Rin­ nationalism, 18-34, January; Who Are &'Uet), 1108-1118, December. the Friends of the Youth?, 546-556, .Tune; For a National Anti-Fascist Schneiderman, William-Our Debt to Earl Youth Front, 737-752, August; Earl Browder, 563-567, June. Browder--champion of U. S.-Soviet Smeral, B.-The Most Important Lessons Collaboration, 977-987, November. of the Paris Commune, 436-442, May. Williamson, John-The People vs. the 77th Stalin, Joseph-Victory Will Be Ours, 673- Congress, 120-131, February; Earl 677, AU&'USt. Browder-Moulder of Party Cadres, Strong, Robert-The Treason of Reaction 536-545, June. in America's Second War of Indepen­ Winston, Henry-Professor Logan Is dence, 635-651, July. Ready for a Third World War, 611-618, .July. , T. C.-Review of "Labor In Wartime," Wlsden, C. E.-Innovations and Business by John Steuben, 186-190, February; Cycles, 164-177, February.

SUBJECT INDEX

The fo!lowin&' key shows the pa~res covered by each month: 1- 96, January 289-384, April 577-656, .July 849-144, October 97-192, February 385-480, May 657-752, August 945-1040, November 193-288, March 481-576, .June 753-848, September 1041-1136, December

A. F. of L. Trade Union Committee for Airplane Industry, 747. Unemployment Insurance, 146. Alien and sedition laws, 637. Abend, Hallet, 228. Alien registration, problems of, 468tf. Abolitionist movement, Negroes in, 838tf. Aliens, see .F'oreign-born; national &'roups. Adams, Henry, 642, 648. Aluminum industry, 941. Adams, John, 635ff. Amalgamated Clothing Workers of Amer­ Adams, .John Quincy, 644. Ica, 689. Adams, Samuel, 183. Amalgamated Street Railway Worker11 Adler, Mortimer, 547f. Union, 869. Africa, 227, 327. America First Committee, 101, 104, 498, "Atro-Arn..erican'' (newspaper), S92f. 706, 714; and fifth column, 665; Acrlcultural Adjustment Administration, bids for Necro support, 811, 893; John 633, 911, 1085. L. Lewis and, 766ff; program of, 795tf; Agriculture, and national defense, 910ff; . sabotages civilian defense, 1076; seeks capitalist development in, 623ff; fed­ to influence national groups, 929f; eral policy toward, 1079ff; in U.S.S.R., unions m1ust ftght, 971; new line of, 265ff; see also farmers. 1049. 1122 INDEX American Anti-Slavery Society, 840f. B. & 0. plan, 801 American Federation of Labor, 47!, 595!, Baeza, Rivera. 451. 1044; and Soviet-Nazi war, 686, 766!; Balkan countries, 733, and unemployment, 145f; approaching Baltic atatea, 34, 214. convention of, 868tr; Browder on, 603f; Bank of Indo-China, U. demands of members, 16f; history, 51tr; Bank of London and South America, 452, In first Imperialist war, 186; 1940 con­ 456. vention, 38ff; Negroes in, 632; on Barbusse, Henri, 698. wages, 301: position on the imperialist Barnes, Ernest William, 516. war, 404ft; supports national effort Barnes, Gilbert H., 838. · against Hitler, 967!; supports all action Battle for production, 851tr; and c!Tillan against Hitler, 998; supports Roose­ defense, 1076; California farmers and, velt's foreign policy, 869f; trends in, 1083ff; need for Intensifying, 1053. 411tr. Baudoin, Paul, 75, 78. American Federation of Teachers, 869. Beard, Charles A., 641, 645. American imperialism, A. F. of L. and, 39; Bebel, August, 28, 506. and Canada, 682f, 587!, 695; and Chile, Belgium, anti-fascist resistance In, 328, 112tr; and China, 25, 36!, 681, 584; and 93 6, 96 3: effects of war on, 223; starva­ Latin America, 112tr, 332, 381tr; and tion In, 421. lend-lease bill, 117, 206tr, 295; and Be ria, L., 257. Mexico, 444f, 448f; appeasers and, 99tr; Berle, A. A., 319, 1061. Browder on, 515ff; effect of war on, Bessarabla, 34, 227. 222!; exploiting conflicts within, 15f; Bessarablana In the U.S., 713, 716tr. objectives of, 206ff; philosophy of, 368tr; Bevin, Ernest, 110. program of, 36, 296, 406, 486f, 501; Big business, against American peopl8t spokesmen for, 313; trade unions and, 351; and fifth column, 706; and 41; Vlrgll Jordan on, 120; weakness of, national defense, 108t'l; attempts to 226: see also Big Business. lengthen hours, 142; cannot solve un .. American-Japanese War, National Com­ employment problem, 138!; fears spread mittee on, 1043tr; tasks of Communist of Marxism, 3f; opposes working class Party in, 1051ff. politics, 6: program of, 83!, 86, 123!; American Labor Party, in New York City sabotages defense, 749: stimulates dis­ election, 1056ff. crimination against Negroes, 813; triefll American Legion, 998. to escape war costs, 302; vs. labor, 410, .American Peace Mobilization, 203!, 402!, 687; wants people to forget Browder, 415!, 710. 483; see also American Imperialism. American Telephone and Telegraph Co., Bill of Rights, 352!. 300. Bingham, Charles W., 613. American Youth Congress, 710, 742, 752, Biology, 837. 999. Birney, James G., 842. Amter, Israel, 312. Blanqulsm, 439. Angell, Norman, 321t'l. Blanton, Rep., 137. Anti-imperialist people's front for peace, Blum, Leon, 108. 10f, 13ff, 107ff, 128t'l, 202!, 236, 402t'l, B'nal Brith Women's Auxilla17, 1071. 418; see also people's front. Bogdanov, 383. Anti-Semitism, aroused by automobile mo­ Bolsheviks, Lenin on qualities of, 575. nopolies, 940; must be stopped, 682, Boltzmann, Ludwig, 656. 720, 723, 892, 931. Book reviews, "The Battle tor Asia," by Anti-Sovietism, 225f, 741. Edgar Snow, 470ft; ''Businesa Cycles," Appeasement groups, 991f, 116, 706, 952, by J. A. Schumpeter, 164tr; "Democracy 977: and New York City election, 1065; and Social Change," by Harry F. Ward, In farm organizations, 1088; and Ameri­ 476t'l; "Dialectics of Nature," by Fred­ can-Japanese war, 1052f; see also fifth erick Engels, 834rt; "The Dynamics of column. War and ReToluUon," by Lawrence Apricot Growers Union, 1088. Dennis, 333ff; ''Eastern Workingmen Aptheker, Herbert, "The Negro In the and National Labor Polley," by Helen Abolitionist Movement" (review), 838t'l. Zahler, 843tr; "Idle Money, Idle Men," Arbitration, see mediation. by Stuart Chase, 276tr; "Labor Fact Argentina and aid to Soviet Union, 661; Book 5," 845tt'; ..Labor in Wartime," and Soviet-Nazi war, 778; and U.S. Im­ by John Steuben, 186tr; "The Negro In perialism, 694; British Investments In, the Abolitionist Movement," by Herbert 328; trade unions In, 593; U.S. loans to, Aptheker, 8381f; "Oliver Wiswell," by 583. Kenneth Roberts, 178tr; "The Silent Army, see U.S. Army; Red .Army. Don," by Mikhail Sholokhov, 10S2ff; Army and ,Navy Journal, 123f. "Thirty .Acres," by Philippe Panneton, Arnold, Thurman, 351, 369. 1108tr; "The Way Out," by Earl Brow­ Australia, 322, 327, 582. der, 613tr. Austria, 228. Bourgeoia-democratic revolution, In China, Automobile lnduotry, unemployment In, 239!. 9371f. Bourgeois-democratic atates, and lntema­ Aveline, Eleanor, 412. tional fi;Jht acalnat fascism, 803. Azore• Islands, 581, 684. Bourgeolaie, see Bl• Bueineaa. INDEX 1123 Bovay, Alvan B., SU. Cacchlone, Peter V., 1049, 1066ff. Bozhenko, 1106. Cahan, Abraham, 718. Brallil, U6; and aid to Soviet Union, 661; Calhoun, John C., 646. and Soviet-Nazi war, 77 8; British in­ California, 563f; farmer• and national de­ vestments In, 328; U.S. loans to, 586. fense, 1079ft. Br.ewater Aeronautical Corporation, 809. Canada, American Imperialism and, 582f, Br!tlah empire, conjurln&' away of, 319ff; 587f, 595; and Britain, 322, 327; effects aee also Great Britain. of Imperialist war on, 223; national Brookin&'s Institute, 125. front In, 10 llff; see also French -Cana­ Brophy, John, 148. dians. Browder, Earl, and fight for peace, 497ff; Cannon, James, 537. and China, 496; and first Imperialist Capitalism, abolition of not the Immedi­ war, 600; and Mexico, 447; and national ate Issue. 770; and democracy, 334f; Interest of U.S., 792; and Negro people, and war, 199; business cycles and, 53lff; and southern people, 557ff; and 161ff; decline of, 49, 133, 220f, 248, 308, trade unions, 57, 599ff, 608; and Work­ 344, 358; Impossibility of organizing, era' School, 973; and youth, 546ff; as 284!; in American agriculture, 623ff; leader, 195ff, 419, 772; champion of nostrums for, 27 4; philosophers of, U.!I.-Sovlet Collaboration, 977ff; Colom­ 368t'f; socialism vs., 272f; Stalin on con­ bians demand freedom of, 621; com­ tradictions of, 259; state, 286f; capital­ pared with Prestes, 424; compared with ism, status of women under, 818ff; un· Thaelmann, 316, 489, 509; contributions even development of, 258f, 331; see also to the Party, 495; demand freedom of, Imperialism. 219, 104ff, 403, 407, 416, 508ff, 672, 681, Capitalist-democratic states, and fight 703, 722, 895, 1050; 50th birthday of, against fascism, 803. 483ff; 50th birthday recruiting cam­ Capitalist violence, Indignation against, paign. 387ff; In 1936 election, 605f; Latin 395. Americans demand freedom of, 595, Capitalists, how to get along without, 693; leader of the oppressed, 529ff; 306ff. molder of Party cadres, 536ff; National Cardenas, Lazaro, 443. Committee on, 29l:fr, 683!; on A. F. of Carnap, Rudolf, 3 7 Of. L., 603ff; on building the Party, 493f; Carpenters union, 61f. on cadres, 638ffi on class collaboration. Carroll, Wallace, 993. 494!, 602; on Communist program, 565f; Castro, Osvaldo de, 452. on economics of a socialist U.S., 2 8 8; Catholic Church, 719. on future of America, 528, 610; on Ger­ Cayton, Horace, 893. man Imperialism, 5171'l; on Great Brlt­ Chadburne, William ll!., 1056. t-.in, 618f; on housing program., 84; on Chase, Stuart, 276ff. Independent political action of the Chernlak, 1106. working class, 523f; on Jefferson, 635f; Chiang Kai-shek, 240. on John L. Lewis, 520ff, 623f, 607; on Chiang Tlng-fu, 472. Latin America, 620f; on militancy of Chlca.go Tribune, 796. American people, 398!; on Munich be­ Chile, American Imperialism and, 112:fr, trayal, 7791'l; on Negroes, 532ff; on 1940 586ft; and aid to Soviet Union, 661; election, 46; on possibility of socialism, British Investments In, 828; People's 610; on Roosevelt administration, 522f, Front In, 452ft; trade unions In, 693. 606; on Samuel Gompers, 600; on China, American Imperialism and, 25, 36f, Southern states, 557ff; on trade unions, 681, 584; American labor and. 407f; and 67, 699ff, 608; on U.S. foreign policy, Soviet~Nazi war, 778; British invest· :t13f, 515:fr, 979ff; on Voorhis act, 525f; menta in, 328; Browder and, 496; on youth, 548ft; our debt to, 5i3ff; capitulationist elements in, 421; rela­ persecution of, 197f; portrait, 193; tions with Britain and U.S., 214f, 253; style of work, 710; tribune of the peo­ three people's principles In, 238ff. ple, 605ft; on work among the women, Chinese-Japanese war, 222, 4701r. 826f; "The Way Out" (review), 613ft. Chou En-lai, 316. Buck, Tim, 315, 587!. Churchill, Winston, 276, 697, 734, 790; see Budyenny, Marshal, 733. also Roosevelt-Church!ll Conference. Buick Motor Car Co., 943. Chrysler Motor Co., 948f. Bukharln, Nikolai, 261; Stalin on, 271f. Chu Teh, 316. Bukovlna, 227. Citizens' Army and Navy Welfare Com- Bul~arla, 712; and the war, 295!; subju­ mittee, 1075. go.ted by Germany, 786; unrest In, 424; Cltrlne, Walter, 39, 276. In the u.s., 713, 716ft. City Fusion Party (New York), 1063. Bullltt, William, 781. Civil rights, attack on, 127, 406ff; C.I.O. Burr, Aaron, 639. and, 44; In Canada, 1020; protection of, Bureau of Agricultural Economics, 142. 129, 683, 720, 770. Buslneu cyclea, 16 4ff. Clvll War (U.S.), 33, 702. "Business week," (Periodical), 86, 89, Civilian defense, and struggle against 124ff. Hitlerlsm, 1072ff; women and, 905. Clapper, Raymond, 781. Butler, Nichola• Murray, 1056. Class eollaborat!on, lOt, 56, 92, 108ff, 3001'f; B;reloruaela, U, 2J7. Browder's light against, U4f, 602.

772; 772; 410ff, 410ff, 366, 366, of, of, role role v&nguard v&nguard 260. 260. 762; 762; proletariat, proletariat, the the of of Dictatorship Dictatorship

unity, unity, national national ur&"e& ur&"e& 387ff; 387ff; campaign, campaign, 807. 807. B., B., Earl Earl Dickerson, Dickerson,

anniversary anniversary 50th 50th 316. 316. Browder Browder Jose, Jose, 70511'; 70511'; Diaz, Diaz, lerlsm, lerlsm,

Hlt­ defeating defeating In In of of tasks tasks 800; 800; 834ff. 834ff. of, of, t&sk t&sk (review), (review), Nature" Nature" o! o! lectics lectics

104611'; 104611'; war, war, "Dia­ American-Japanese American-Japanese In In 65211'; 65211'; tasks tasks 56811', 56811', 468ff, 468ff, 377tf, 377tf, time, time,

and and space space 499; 499; and and 399, 399, front, front, peace peace materialism, materialism, aupported aupported Dialectical Dialectical 19811'; 19811';

of, of, strength strength 131; 131; of, of, teachings teachings spread spread 371. 371. 368f, 368f, John, John, Dewey, Dewey,

1059f. 1059f. ?22; ?22; Beobachter, Beobachter, 695, 695, und und 493, 493, Weckru! Weckru! 409, 409, for, for, Deutscher Deutscher recrultlntr recrultlntr

666ff; 666ff; of, of, program program 707!; 707!; ministration, ministration, 79f. 79f. 3 3 Rene, Rene, Descartes, Descartes,

Ad­ 3331'f. 3331'f. 320, 320, Roosevelt Roosevelt on on Lawrence, Lawrence, position position 980; 980; Dennis, Dennis, 785, 785, icy, icy,

963. 963. pol­ foreign foreign on on position position 1043ff; 1043ff; country, country,

228, 228, in. in. of of resistance resistance support support pledges pledges anti-fascist anti-fascist 1049f; 1049f; Denmark, Denmark, facinl', facinl', nities nities

opportu­ 516; 516; 77f. 77f. 3 3 351, 351, 312, 312, 304ff, 304ff, Democritus, Democritus, of, of, secution secution

per­ rights. rights. 671; 671; civil civil see see people, people, rights, rights, American American facintr facintr Democratic Democratic tasks tasks

on on 783; 783; 105511'. 105511'. Army, Army, Red Red election, election, on on City City 663; 663; column, column,

York York New New in in fifth fifth 46; 46; on on 14, 14, 808; 808; 769, 769, Party, Party, America, America, of of .Democratic .Democratic defense defense

on on 32f; 32f; 30, 30, and, and, Lenin Lenin 127; 127; of, of, 445. 445. ership ership about, about, lies lies 160f; 160f; on, on, Lenin Lenin 245f; 245f;

China, China, in in 384f; 384f; lead­ 105811'; 105811'; capitalism, capitalism, and and election, election, City City York York Democracy, Democracy, New New in in

65lf; 65lf; 497. 497. traditions, traditions, 393, 398, 398, 393, 389f, 389f, revolutionary revolutionary American American

343, 343, 335, 335, to to 328f, 328f, heir heir 298, 298, 19f; 19f; 231f, 231f, 100, 100, 42, 42, International, International, Demagogy, Demagogy, Communist Communist

from from 321ff. 321ff. theory, theory, dlsaf!iliates dlsaf!iliates 26f; 26f; "De-colonization" "De-colonization" U.S.S.R., U.S.S.R., with with

510. 510. 494, 494, collaboration collaboration 306, 306, demands demands V., V., Eugene Eugene 536ff; 536ff; Debs, Debs, of, of, cadres cadres

1000. 1000. Marcel, Marcel, Deat, Deat, 585f; 585f; 485, 485, 292f, 292f, 193ff, 193ff, and, and, Browder Browder 866; 866;

vanguard, vanguard, as as 588. 588. movement, movement, 686, 686, pension pension (Chilean), (Chilean), Davila Davila 564ff; 564ff;

and and 876ff; 876ff; 691ff, 691ff, 108f. 108f. 602ff, 602ff, 41611', 41611', Daladier, Daladier, unions. unions.

722. 722. 483, 486, 486, 483, trade trade and and 895!; 895!; 704, 704, 8111', 8111', 24, 24, groes, groes,

387f, 387f, of, of, Ne­ circulation circulation and and 722; 722; extend extend 708f, 708f, Worker, Worker, Daily Daily elections, elections, nicipal nicipal

ot ot mu­ and and 33; 33; Union, Union, Soviet Soviet lessons lessons

925. 925. 744, 744, 716ff, 716ff, 713, 713, 711, 711, U.S., U.S., the the in in Czechs Czechs and and 134f; 134f; education, education, and and 468f; 468f; party, party,

733. 733. 424, 424, 228, 228, In, In, resistance resistance fascist fascist American American an an U.S.A., U.S.A., Party, Party, Communist Communist

anti- 963; 963; 920, 920, 778, 778, 500, 500,

czechoslovakia, czechoslovakia,

801. 801. Spain, Spain, of of Party Party Communist Communist

613. 613. Institute, Institute, Technical Technical Curtiss-Wright Curtiss-Wright

C.P.S.U." C.P.S.U."

278!. 278!.

Laughlin, Laughlin,

Currie, Currie,

the the of of "History "History also also see see 491; 491; Day, Day, 586. 586. to, to, loans loans

May May on on 234; 234; by, by, set set examples examples 806ff; 806ff; U.S. U.S. 593; 593; in, in, unions unions trade trade 630; 630;

and, and,

conference, conference, 18th 18th 734f; 734f; 728, 728, Army, Army, Red Red Browder Browder 328; 328; in, in, investments investments

British British

and and

Union, Union, Soviet Soviet the the of of Party Party Communist Communist 688; 688; and, and, imperialism imperialism American American Cuba, Cuba,

7161'f. 7161'f. 713, 713, U.S., U.S., the the In In Croatians Croatians 922f. 922f. Rumania, Rumania, of of Party Party Communist Communist

443. 443. Mexico, Mexico, 421. 421. of of Party Party Croatia, Croatia, Communist Communist

838. 838. Avery, Avery, Craven, Craven, Slf. Slf. 78, 78, Indo-China, Indo-China, of of Party Party Communist Communist

806. 806. C., C., Henry Henry Craft, Craft, 618. 618. 234, 234, India, India, of of Party Party Communist Communist

368. 368. Malcolm, Malcolm, Cowley, Cowley, 422. 422. Britain, Britain, Great Great of of Party Party Communist Communist

.. .. s s 137. 137. George George Counts, Counts, 73f. 73f. France, France, of of Party Party Communist Communist

631. 631. machinery, machinery, Cotton-picking Cotton-picking 621f. 621f. Colombia, Colombia, of of Party Party Communist Communist

1084. 1084. 1081, 1081, 913, 913, Cotton, Cotton, 251f. 251f. 238ff, 238ff, China, China, of of Party Party Communist Communist

686. 686. to, to, loans loans U.S. U.S. Rica, Rica, Costa Costa 1014ff. 1014ff. Canada, Canada, of of Party Party Communist Communist

Wages. Wages. 315f. 315f. of, of, leadership leadership 693; 693;

Price-control; Price-control; also also see see 906f; 906f; against, against, 234, 234, America, America, Latin Latin in in 922; 922; states, states, kan kan

fight fight women's women's 54; 54; war, war, world world first first Bal­ in in 345; 345; of, of, strength strength growing growing 489; 489;

In In 210f; 210f; profiteering, profiteering, and and 861; 861; defense, defense, war, war, toward toward attitude attitude Parties, Parties, Communist Communist

and and 1053; 1053; 418, 418, 89, 89, 45, 45, 42f, 42f, living, living, of of Cost Cost 772. 772. Manifesto, Manifesto, Communist Communist

1084. 1084. 1081, 1081, 913, 913, Corn, Corn, 237. 237. 233!, 233!, International, International, Communist Communist

941. 941. industry, industry, Copper Copper Sf. Sf. monopolists, monopolists, bY bY feared feared Communism, Communism,

144. 144. goods, goods, Consumers Consumers 323ff. 323ff. of, of, types types various various Colonies, Colonies,

99711'. 99711'. 760, 760, 366, 366, 141, 141, 48, 48, Conscription, Conscription, 234. 234. of, of, struggles struggles 227; 227; of, of, strength strength

411ff. 411ff. in, in, trends trends 959f; 959f; unity, unity, growing growing 1029ff; 1029ff; war, war, the the and and 407; 407;

national national supports supports 63; 63; in, in, red-bg,iting, red-bg,iting, and, and, labor labor American American 630; 630; Peoples, Peoples, Colonial Colonial

60211'; 60211'; 43f, 43f, 16f, 16f, of, of, program program 636!; 636!; of, of, 426. 426. in, in, class class

importance importance political political 303!; 303!; taxation, taxation, on on working working 246f; 246f; in, in, state state of of form form 886; 886;

381'f; 381'f; convention, convention, 1940 1940 667; 667; conference, conference, wars, wars, national national and and 6411; 6411; countries, countries, Colonial Colonial

legislative legislative 592; 592; Canada, Canada, in in 61ff; 61ff; tory, tory, 686. 686. to, to, loans loans

his· his· 208; 208; labor, labor, of of protection protection demands demands U.S. U.S. 619ff; 619ff; war, war, imperialist imperialist second second and and

868ft; 868ft; of, of, convention convention approaching approaching 824; 824; 661; 661; Union, Union, Soviet Soviet to to aid aid and and Colombia, Colombia,

women, women, and and 146; 146; unemployment, unemployment, and and 427. 427. William, William, Cobbett, Cobbett,

4:041f; 4:041f; movement, movement, peace peace the the and and 765; 765; 684. 684. Island, Island, Clipperton Clipperton

war, war, Soviet-Nazi Soviet-Nazi and and 300; 300; of, of, activity activity 4. 4. Grover, Grover, Cleveland, Cleveland, 36 36

1044; 1044; Organizations, Organizations, Industrial Industrial of of Congress Congress 743f. 743f. Groups, Groups, Youth Youth for for House House Clearing Clearing

466. 466. .S3, .S3, Prieto, Prieto, Concha, Concha, 787f. 787f. war, war, on on Clauaewitz, Clauaewitz,

389f. 389f. of, of, persecution persecution for for reason reason 342; 342; 63611'. 63611'.

democracy, democracy, of of champions champions Comniunists, Comniunists, 1812, 1812, of of war war in in 237; 237; of, of, sharpneos sharpneos lng lng

909. 909. 645f, 645f, in, in, srow­ 371i; 371i; philoaophy, philoaophy, and and conflict, conflict, ClaM ClaM

women women 13; 13; l&bor, l&bor, on on attack attack o! o! warned warned 412. 412. consciousness, consciousness, Class Class

INDEX INDEX 1124 1124 INDEX 1125 Dies Committee, 42, 681. for production, 8611'f; Canada and, Illes, Martin, 122. 1022ff; capitalist -democratic states Dimitroff, Georgi, 316; on tests for leader­ and, 803; colonial peoples and, 1030f; lhip, 536; on second Imperialist war, In France, 725; people's program for, 107, 223, 422. 678ff; national groups and, 712ff; Ne­ Dodge Motor Co., 943. groes and, 700f, 807, 888ff; our tasks In, Doherty, John, 427. 705ff; people's struggles will merge, Dominican Republic, 686. 668f; requires military defeat of Hitler, Douglass, Fred~rlck, 702, 838, 841, 1009. 7931'f; Soviet culture and, 988ff; trade Dubinsky, David, 66, 366, 41lff. unions a.nd, 687; women and, 897ff; Dubois, W. E. B., 814. workers' education and, 972; workin&' Dudon, Ernest and Felix, 441. class and, 763ff. Dumond, Dwight L., 838. Federal Bureau of Investigation, 39, 42. du Pont firm, 300. Federal Emergency Relief Administration, Dutch East Indies, 228, 328, 682, 1047. 139. Dutt, R. Palme, 692. Federal Shipbuilding Co., 772. "Federalism,,. 332. Eckhardt, Tibor de, 929. Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Economics, and business cycles, 164f. Unions, 430; see also A. F. of L. Ecuador, American loans to, 586. Federal Society of Journeyman cordwain­ Education, and the Imperialist war, 132ff, ers, 369. 315, 972f; in the army, 1007; In U.S. uFederal union," 330f; see also United S.R., 990f. States of Europe. Egypt, 778. Feuerbach, Ludwig, 672. Eliot, George Fielding, 7 65. Fielden, Owen J., 427. Eight-hour-day movement, 361f, 427ff. Fifth Avenue Coach Co., 809. Einstein, Albert, 462, 466f, 574ff. Fifth column, 314, 697, 1000; Ameri­ Employment, Negro struggle for, 805ff. can imperialism and, 595; and big busi­ Encina, Dionisio, 316, 688f. ness, 706; and Latin America, 682; and Engels, Frederick. "Dialectics of Nature" aid to Soviet Union, 660; and national (review), 834ff; on English proletariat, groups, 714; Communist Party on, 663f'f; 156; on hours of labor, 361; on Inter­ in Canada, 1025!; In France, 789; In nationalism, 28; on materialism, 369; the army, 1007; menaces American peo­ on mllitary strength of socialist society, ple, 680f, 761, 792; misrepresents new 725f; on motion, 466; on Pan-Slavism, sltnatlon, 664f; program of, 740, 796fl, 932f; on Poland, 927f; on right to strike, 970; sabotage by, 863, 863!, 961; seeks 366; on space and time, 674, 663, 656; to divide people, 763!; seeks to inllu­ on theory of knowled.ge, 373f; outlined ence national groups, 928; treachery ot, future society, 260. 1044; Trotskyites and, 736; see also Epic movement, 563f. America First Committee; appeasement Esthonia, 227. groups. Esthonians in the U.S., 713, 716ff. Fight for Freedom, Inc., 999. Ethiopia, 699f, 778. Fingerprinting of aliens, 468f'f. Ethiopian world federation, 810. Finland, 1047. Ethridge, Mark F., 807. Finns in the U.S., 711, 713, 716ff, 919. Euclidean geometry, 4681'f. First International, See International European war, see war, second imperialist. Workingmen's Association. Excess profits tax, 90. Fish, Hamilton, 1062. Flynn, Elizabeth Gurley, 306, 312. Fair Labor Standards Act, 41, 127, 351. Forced Labor, 65, 126. Faraday, Michael, 462. Ford, Henry, 390. Farley, .Tames, 1061. Ford, James W., 806. Farm Credit Bill, 1087. Ford Motor Co. strike, 361, 411, 631f, 703, Farm Debt Adjustment Bill, 1083. 746, 938f. Farm Loan Associations, 1087. Foreign-born, persecution of, 682, 720, 918; Farm Mortgages, in California, 1086. work with, 711. Farm Security Administration, 1087. Forgach, Count, 1102. Farm tenancy and mortgages, 624ff. "Fortune magazine," 687. Farmer-Labor Party, 46, 389ff, 409, 606, Foster, Augustus John, 647. Farmer-labor unity, 299. Foster, William Z., 1049; and trade unions, Farmers, a.nd American-Japanese war, 63f, 67; Browder on birthday of, 31lf'f; 1044; and national unity, 705f, 910ff, Browder and, 484, 699f; Foster, leader­ 1079ff; and struggle for peace, 205; and ship of, 419; on Browder, 672; portrait, war of 1812, 637; and the war, 297f; 193; sixtieth birthday, 216, 218f. and working class, 398, 408; effect of France, anti-fasciet resistance, 228, 936, 963; war on, 86, 397; In Canada, 1020f; share eight-hour movement In, 427f; May day in national income decreasing, 309. In, 423; population trends In, 287!; re­ Fascism, American brand of, 333f'f; J. A. formism in, 108ft; results of war in, Schumpeter on. 175; program of, 230f; 223; starvation In, 421. liberals on, 276fl; opposed by people, Frank, Jerome, 276f, 369. U7; world front agaJnst, 963. Franklin, Benjamin, 840. Fascism, strug~rle a~rainst, and battle French-canadian life, llOSI'f. 1126 INDEX French Guiana, 684. Hales, .John, 166. French Indo-China, 64tr. Halifax, Lord, 214. F'rench Revolution, 640, 884. Hamilton, Alexander, 635. Frey, John P., 45, 601. Hamp, Pierre, 75. Fries Rebellion (1799), 637. Hampton Institute Conference, 805f. Frossard, Louis Oscar, 79. Hancock, Gordon H., 893. Fucltlve Slave Act (1850), 839. Hancock, John, 183. Hardlnc, Warren G., 55. Gallacher, Leo, 565. Harlem Labor Union, 809. Gallup, Georce. 390. Harlow, Ralph V., 838. Gambrill, J. M., 844. Harriman, Averell, 951. Garrison, William Lloyd, 841. Harrison, Pat, 122. Gassendl, 278!. Hart, Albert B., 838. Gauss, Karl, 460. Hart, Lid ell, 7 30. General Electric Co., 300. Hartford convention (1812), 648tf. General Motors Corp., 300, 938f. Hartman, George, 1063. General strike (Seattle), 54. Havana conference (1940), 583, 590. Gente Grande Cattle Corporation, 452. Hawarlate, Tecla, 699f. Geometry, 458tr. Haymarket affair, 361, 431ff. George, Senator, 122. Haywood, WilHam D., 306, 484, 494. German Army, poor morale of, 736. Hemingway, Ernest, 1039. German Labor Front, 232. Heraclitus, f,72. Germans In the U.S., 711, '113, 716tr. Hernandez, 686. Germany, and Latin America, 585, 592; Higginson, Stephen, 639. Browder on, 517f; difficulties encoun­ Hilferdlng, Lenin on, 163. tered by, 1040; monopolies In,, 285; Hill, Joe, 317. 1918 Invasion of Ukraine, 1091tf; peo­ Hill, T. Arnold, 611. ple want peace, 405; population trends Hillman, Sidney, 3, 6, 8, 28, 39f, 48, 56, 62, In, 237!; threatens U.S., 952f; weaken­ 85, 111, 188, 297f, 351, 366, 41lt. Ing of, 49, 964f; see also Soviet-Nazi Hinton, Frederick A., 841. war. Hintze, 1103. Gill, Corrington, 141f. Historical materialism, 881. Gltlow, Benjamin, 537. "History of the C.P.S.U.," and training of Glenn L. Martin Co., 613, 806, 809. cadres, 542; on agricultural collectiv­ Gompers, Samuel, 7, 186!, 219, 311, 510, ization, 267ff; basic socialist principle 600. in the U.S.S.R., 339f; on materialism, Good Neighbor policy, 590. 369; on self-criticism, 309. Gorky, Maxim, 697. Hitlerlsm, see fascism, struggle acalnst; Government expenditures, 84. Germany. Grange (farm org.), 1088. Hobbs, Rep., 122. Granger, Lester, 806. Hobson, John A., Lenin on, 153f. Great Britain, American aid to, 797, 902; Hotrman, Clare E., 931. and American Imperialism, 314; and Holland, unrest In, 424, 963. Latin America, 585!, 692; and Soviet­ Homestead strike (1892), 364!. Nazi war, 778; and war of 1812, 636ff, Hongay Mining Co., 65f. 643; Browder on, 518f; foreign Invest­ Hook, Charles S., 144. ments, 327f; Imperialist program, 117, Hook, Sidney, 368!. 341; people demand reopening ot west ... Hoover, Herbert, 10lt, 204, 208, 393, 662. ern front, 767; people's convention, 109, Hopkins, Harry, 756. 205, 232, 235, 422; population trends In, Horton, Georce Moses, 841. 287!; reformism in, 108ff; relations with Hours of Labor, 42, 44, 91, 142, 361tf; China, 253; relations with U.S., 231; and May Day, 427ff. · Social-Democrats on, 319; striving for Housework, 818tr; Marx on, 830. a people's government, 405. 1-Iousing, and defense, 858; Browder on, Greater New York Coordinating Commit­ 84; on farms, 630. tee for Employment, 809. Howard, Perry, 811. Greater New York Industrial Union Coun- Hudson, Roy, 1049. cil, 1058f. Hull, Cordell, 207, 619. Greece, 712, 963. "L'Humanltl!," 73. Greeks In the U.S., 713, 716tr, 935f. Hume, David, 369. Green, Gil, 1049, Huncarians In the U.S., 711, 713, 716tf, Green, William, 3, 22, 42, 49, 55, 276, 411, 918. 807. Hungary, 228, 712, 786. Greenland, 582. Hurley, Joseph P., 719. Groener, General, 1095. Hutcheson, William L., 9, 51, 971. Grove, Marmaduke, 588, 591. Huysmans, 425. Guadaloupe, 584. Guderian, General, 730. lbarrurl, Dolores, 316. Guerrilla warfare, 676, 725. Ideallsm, and space and time, 377tr; anti­ scientific character of, 369tf; material­ Haiti, U.S. loans to, 586. Ism vs., 573. Haldane, J. B. S., 834tf. Imperialism, and the war, 220tr; false con- INDEX 1127 cepts of, 618; Lenin on Imperialism and Kant. Immanuel, 369, 381f. split In Socialist movement, 1611f; Kautsky, Karl, 158, 162, 3191f. nature of, distorted by Social-Demo­ Kennedy, Martin J., 1060. crats, 3191f. Kern, Paul, 1057. Independent working clasa political action, King, Mackenzie, 1021. 4!; Browder on, 623f; C.I.O. and, 46; Kipling, Rudyard, 319. trade unions and, lllf, 413!. Knights of Labor, 431. India, and Soviet-Nazi war, 778, 1030f; Knox, Frank, 120. British control of, 3%41f; Communists Knudsen, William, 142, 366, 509. in, 234; struggle for independence In, Korzybskl, 369. 227, 616. Kriege, Marx on, 29. Indo-China, 641f, 228. Krock, Arthur, 6691f. Industrial Mobilization Plan, 337. Ku Klux Klan, 338. Industrial production, in U.S., 87. Kuczynski, Jurgen, 28Gf. Industrial unionism, 69, GOOf; see also Kuomlntang, 470. Trade Unions. Industrial Workers of the World, 187. Labarca, Carlos Contreras, 315. Innovations, technological, 1641f. Labor, see Battle of production; Farmer­ Inflation, see Price-control. Labor Party; Strikes; Trade Unions; Instalment buying, 862f. Wages; Working class. Instrumentalism (philosophy), 368f. Labor Fact Book Five (review), 845ff. InteUectuals, In China, 242f. Labor participation in government boards, Inter-American Bank, 686. 689, 771, 865. Inter-American Financial and Economic Labor Party, see Farmer-Labor Party. Advisory ilommlttee, 685f. Labor Polley Advisory Committee, 40. International Brigade, 509. Labor power, housework and, 832. International Ladies Garment Workers Labor Reform Association, 428. Union, 46, 689. Labor unity, see Trade union unity, International Union of Machinists and Labor's Non-Partisan League, 604f. BlacksmJths, 428. Lafollette, Philip, 231. International Workers Order, 1077. La Guardia, Fiorello, 1065ff. International Workingmen's Association, Laidler, Harry, 1065. 32, 428, 439. Lamont, Thomas, 48'1. Internationalism; see Proletarian interna- Land problem, workln11r class and, 843ft; tionalism. and war of 1812, 637; in China, 247f; Interventionists, and "appeasers," 99tf. In Indo-China, 69f. Iran, and Soviet-Nazi war, 778, 1029. Larraln, Walker, 453, 456. Ireland, Marx on, 22. Lash, Joseph, 743. Irish in the U.S., 713, 7161f, 1069. Laski, Harold J., 276. Isaacs, Stanley, 1057. Lasser, David, 141. Isolationism, and lend-lea'"' bill, 116; must Latin America, American Imperialism and, be defeated, 79 9. 112ff, 129, 332, 5811f; and aid to Soviet Italians In the U.S., 711, 713, 116ft. Union, 661; Browder and, 496, 520f, Italy, and Ethiopia, 699; subordinated to 530; Communist Parties in, 234, 593; Germany, 786; unrest in, 423; weaken­ demands Browder's freedom, 693; de­ inc of, 49, 223. sires defeat of Hitler, 680; etrect of war on, 222; Germany and, 585, 592; grow­ Ing people's movement, 227f; labor and, Jackson. Andrew, 649. 407; see also names of specific coun­ Jackson, Robert H., l3f, 361, 366. tries. James, William, 369, 3711f. Latvia, joins U.S.S.R., 227. Japan, and colored races, 6141f; and Indo­ Lautaro Nitrate Co., 462. China, 79; attacks U. S., 10431f, 1051ff; Laval, Pierre, 75. British investments in, 328; cost of Lawrence, David, 92. war to, 223; Imperialist expansion of, Leadership, Browder and, 636ft; Dimitroff 681; relation• with U. S., 214, 799, 984f; on, 536; Lenin on, 506. weakening of, 49. League of Nations, and Ethiopia., 699. Jelferaon, Thomas, 184, 6331f, 638, 643; League of Struggle for the Emancipation compared with Browder, 978. of the Working Class, 433. Jerome, V. J., 473. Lear, General, 1006. Jewlah youth, 744. Lee, Algernon, 165f. Jews, effect of war on, 228; in the U.S., Lehman, Herbert, 1061. 713, 716ff; see also Anti-Semitism. Lelserson, William, 126. Jim-crow, see Negroe&-discrlminatlon. Lend-Lease Act, 117, 125, 2021f, 206tr, Johnson act, 129. 295f; and agriculture, 1080f; and battle Johnson, Hewlett, 476. for production, 86lff; C.P. National Johnson, Hugh, 735, 782. Committee on, 115tr; Norman Thomas Johnstone, Jack, 64. and, 4021f. Jordan, Virgil, 120, 124, 126, 313, 320, Lenin, V. I.. 1050; and American Revolu­ 445ft. tionary movement, 30; and C.P.U.S.A., Jouhaux, Leon, 109. 30, 32!; and electrification of U.S.S.R.. Junlua pamphlet, 975; Lenin on, 87611. 260; and German invasion of Ukraine 1128 INDEX

In 1918, 110(; and national que~tion, McNamara, James B., 317f. 241!; and pr<>letarlan Internationalism, McNutt, Paul V.,. 809. lSI't; and Stalin, 727; and trade union Madison, James, 643. political activity, 7; Inspirer of Soviet Malay States, British Investment• In, 327. people, 1053!; on American agriculture, Malenkov, 309. 62Sff; on federalism, 332; on first Im­ Mann, Tom, 157, 812, 431. perialist war, 728; on idealism, 370; on Manullsky, D. Z., on Stalin, 251. Internationalism, 19ft, 27ft; on historical Mao Tse-tung, 316, 4H. development, 881; on Junius pamphlet, Marcantonio, Vito, 1067. 877ft; on leadership, 506; on Mach, Martin, Homer, 41. 382f; on Martov, 153; on May Day, Martinique, 684. 433f; on monopoly state capitalism, Martov, Lenin on, 163. 287; on materialism, 3681't, 37311'; on Marx, and American civil war,- 20, 33; and national question, 948; on national eight-hour movement, 428; J. A. Sebum­ wars, 975; on Negroes, 160; on peter on, 171, l76f; on British proleta­ Paris Commune, 442; on qualities of riat, 156f; on capital, 167f; on capital­ Bolshevik, 676; on socialism, 96; on ist contradictions, 139, 278, 281f; on Soviet culture, 989; on Soviet educa­ effects of slavery in U. S., 23; on expro­ tion, 990; on space and time, 3771't, 652; priation of workers. 843ff; on hours of on ultimate concepts, 670; on ultra-im­ labor, 361; on housework, 830; on inter­ perialism, 320; on uneven development nationalism, 22, 26; on Kriege, 29; on of capitalism, 258!, 331; on "United Na.poleon III, 437; on Paris Commune, States of Europe," 28f; on war, 1062; 4S9f; on position M worker in capital­ 17th anniversary of death of, 3f. ism, 367f; on right to strike, 355; out­ Leslnkl, Congressma:n, 931. lined future society, 260. "Lesser evil" theory, 331, 4881't, 611. Marxism. and war, 726; and woman ques­ Letts in the U.S., 713, 716ff. tion, 821ff; vulgarization of, 161. Lewis and Clarke expedition, 638. Marxism-Leninism, and materialism, 369ft; Lewis, John L., 40, 47, 49, 69, 147, 301, and trade unions, 419; and workers' 395f, 413, 667; and America First Com­ education, 973ff; Browder applies to mittee, 766ff, 882, 893; Browder on, U.S., 486!; .guide for working class, 3ff, 6201't, 623f, 607; deserts anti-fascist 1046; Stalin on, 275ff; verified in his­ cause. 760, 869; may attempt disrup­ tory, 135ff; vs. dogmatism, 877tr; see tion, 873f; on c.r.o. program, 43f, 94; also Bolsheviks; Communist Parties; should be forced to take a stand, 971. History of the C.P.S.U.; Engels, Lenin; Ley, Dr., 232. Marx; Stalin. Liberals, 14, 396, 709. Materialism, vs. idealism, 573; and Marx­ Llebknecht, Wilhelm, 432. ism-Leninism, 369ft; and mathematics, Lima conference, 690. 460f. Lincoln, Abraham, 32, 357, 702. Mathematics, 458ft. Lindbergh, Anne Morrow, 276. May Day, C.P.S.U. on, 491ff; National Lindbergh, Charles, 393; aided fascism, Committee manifesto on, 404ff; origin 333, 781; and American imperialism, of, 427ff; and struggle for labor-farmer 101; opposes aid to Soviet Union, 662; alliance, 389ff; and struggle for peace, Illusions about, 204; praises Imperial­ 420ff. ism, 320; see also Fifth Column. May, Samuel J., 841. Lippmann, Walter, 86, 313. Meany, George, 42, 51ff. Litchman, Charles H., 430. Mechanics, 654. Lithuania, joins U.S.S.R., 227. Medalie, George Z., 1056. Lithuanians in the U.S., 713, 716ff. Mediation, governmental, 16, 41f, 93, 365, Little, Frank, 317. 408; in first Imperialist war, 188. Lloyd, Arthur Y., 838. Mendershausen, Horst, 92. Lobachevskl, 4691't. Merry, Anthony, 640. Logan, Rayford, 61lff. Mexico, and aid to Soviet Union, 661; and Logical positivism, 287. Soviet-Nazi war, 778; and United Lopez, Alfonso, 622. States, 445ft; and the war, 443ff; Brit­ Lorentz, H. A., 463. ish investments in, 328; trade unions in, Losovsky, S. A., 766. 593; U.S. loans to, 686. Lovestone, Jay, 31, 537. Michener, Lew, 748. Luce, Henry R., 296, 313, 320, 332, 581. Middle class, among Negroes, 704, 810; Lucretius, 673f. and national front, 705f; effect of war Ludendorff, General, 1103. on, 85, 93f, 298; position of, 390ff; Lum, Dyer D., 430. struggle to gain support of, 916. Luxemburg, Rosa, Lenin on, 879ff. Milk trade, 1084. Lynch!ncs, 329, 805. Miller, Frieda S., 144. Lyons, Thomas, 1068. Millis, Harry A., 41, 126. Mills, John G., 430. McCormick, Anne O'Hare, 229. Mindel, Jacob, 972ft. McGoldrick, 1062. Minkowski, Hermann, 669. Mach, Ernst, 382f, 834. Minneapoll•, Minn., 709. Machinery, in agriculture, 623ft. Minor, Robert, 306, 312. McMaster!!, John B., 356. Molotov, V. M., 274, 727, 950. INDEX 1129 Money, and capitalist crisis, 278f. 1054; see also National Front for de­ Monopolies, and defense, 861; and state struction of Hitlerism. capitalism, 286f. "Nationa.i Unity," spurious, 40. Monopoly capitalism; 95f, 236f. National wars, Lenin on, 883. Monroe, James, 648, 650. National Youth Administration, 749. Mooney, Thomas, 20, 317. Nazism, see Fascism, strul'cle against. Morale, see Civilian defense; Red Army; Negro youth, 702f, 751. U.S. Army. Negroes, America First Committee seeks Morris, Gouveneur, 640. support of, 811, 893; and fight for jobs, Morris, Newbold, 1062. 805ff, 612ft'; and national front, 888ft'; Mortgag<·s, farm, 624ff. and labor-farmer alliance, 394; and Moscow conference, 950ft', 1051. new world situation, 696ff; and second Motion (physics), 463ft'. imperialist war, 61lff; and struggle Mumford, Lewis, 321, 368. against fascism, 700f, 807!, 888ff; and Mumm, Baron von, 1102. U.S.S.R., 814f; and struggle for peace, "Mundo Obrero," 801ft'. 205; and working class, 408, 809; Brow­ Munich betrayal, results of, 420, 499f, 776ft'. der on, 632ft', 657ft'; Communist Party Municipal elections, Communist Party and, and, 24, 704, 811f, 895f; Congress and, 708f, 722. 128; discrimination against, 329, 682, Murray, Philip, 5, 44, 108ft', 208, 300, 303f, 70lt, 894f; Edgar Snow on, 474f; force 807. concessions on einployment, 685!; in Murray plan, 7 48, 858, 942!. abolitionist movement, 838ft'; in A. F. Murtha, Thomas, 1058. of L., 57, 532; in automobile industry, 940; in the Army, 1008; In New York Napoleon, 436. City election, 1068; Lenin on exploita­ "The Nation," 277, 321. tion of, 160; middle class among, 704, National Association for the Advancement 810; struggle for liberation of, 23f, of Colored People, 703, 810. 838ff; trade unions and, 703, 815f; see National Association of Coal, Lime and also Lynchings; National Association Ironstone Miners of Great Britain, 422. for the Advancement of Colored Peo­ National Association of Manufacturers, 64, ple; National Negro Congress. 83, 91. Nehru, Jawaharlal, 1030. National Bronze and Aluminum Co., 809. New Deal, trade unions and, 7f. National defense, agriculture and, 910ff, New Economic Policy, 260. 1089; automobile industry and, 939f; "New Republic," 321. big business and, 108ff; need for in­ New York Chamber of Commerce, 133. creased production, 855; Moscow con­ New York City Omnibus Co., 809. ference and, 950ff; trade unions and, NeW' York City, election campaign, 709; 957ft'; see also Civilian defense. and struggle against Hitlerism, 1065ff. National Defense Mediation Board, 396. "New York Daily News," 36, 79. National front fer destruction of Hitler­ "New York Herald Tribune," 207, 783. ism, 659ff, 678f, 705ft', 795f; and changed "New York Post," 5f, 583f. character of the war,: 962ff; and in­ New York State, schools in, 134. creased farm production, 914; building "New York Sun," 126, 1065. ot, 709f; farmers and, 705f, 910ff; in "New York Times," 83, 206, 223; on aid Canada, 1011ff; middle class and, 705f; to U.S.S.R., 707; on defense expendi­ national groups and, 917ff; Negroes tures, 121; on inflation, 301; on May Day and, 810. 8881!; trade unions and, 6631!, In Soviet Union, 491; on Red Army, 6791!, 637!, 868ff; women and, 897ft'; 732; on trade unions, 5. working class and, 763ft', 866f; youth "New York World-Telegram," 5. and, 737ff; see also National Unity. New Zealand, 322, 327. National Foundation for American Youth, Newton, Isaac, 3801f. 740. Nicaragua, 686. National Labor Federation (British), 431. No Foreign War Committee, 101ft', 104f. National groups, and national front, 917ff; ·Norris, George W., 759. and struggle against fascism, 712ff; ap­ Norway, effects of war on, 223, 228, 424, peasers seek to influence, 928ft; in New 757, 935, 963. York City, 1068!; Social-Democracy and, Nye, Gerald, 930. 714, 718, 927; work with, 711ft'. National income, see u~s. economic con- O'Brien, John, 930. ditions. October Revolution, 32, 260, 948; Stalin on, National Labor Relations Act, U, 60, 351. 24lt, 272!, 1043ff, 1053ff. National Labor Relations Board, 126f. O'Dwyer, William, 1056ff. National Labor Union, 428. Oehquiot, H. 227. National minorities, In Soviet Union, 6971!, OtTice ot Clvlllan Defense, 1074. 948. Office of Pr->duction Management, 127f. National Negro Conl!,'ress, 710, 806, 809. Old-a~re ins•1ra.nce, 308. National Negro Council, 805!. Olsen, Floyd B., 605. National unity; and American-Japanese Opium trade, 70, 238. war, 106lt; Congress and, 758ff; Need Opportunism, ~7; economic base of, 809; for intensifying, 1047; role of Commu­ Lenin on, 161f, 155, 168. aist Party In, 1045; strengthening of, Orr, Sir John, 174. 1130 INDEX Ostra.nltaa, lGU. 108; Browder and, 496; euence of, 272f; Ostrov•ky, Nlkolal, 996. Foater and, 813; Lenin and, 1811:; Sta.l!D on, 262. Pacifism, lOOOft. Propaganda, of lmperlallats, 296f. Packard Motor Co., 943. Proudhonlsm, 278, 43». Painters and Decorators Union, 869. Public schools. 132ft. Pan-American Union, 589. Public Works Administration, cuta In, UO. Panneton, Phlllppe ("Rlnguet"), "Thirty Pullman strike (1894), 384. Acres" (review), 1108. Pushkin, 1050. Pan-Slavlsm, Engels on. 932f. Panama, U.S. loans to, 686. Quebec, Canada, 1109ft. Panama Canal, 620. Quincy, J oalah, 8 4 5. Panama conference (1939), 683, 590. Quinn, James c .. 1058. Paraguay. U.S. Joana to, 586. Parent-Teacher associations, 899!. Railroad brotherhoods, demands of, 16f; Paris Commune, lessons of, 4361!. Negroes In, 532; oppose lmperlallat war, Parsons, Albert R., 317, 430. 404ft; trend In, Ull'l; on wages. 301. Pavelich, 421. Railroad Labor Board, 601. Pavlov, 1050. Randolph, A. Philip, 611, 806. Peace, struggle for, 296, 487f, 493; and Randolph, John, 646. American foreign policy, 35ft; and Rao, Paul P., 1060. farmer-labor unity, 299; and lend-lease Rapp-Coudert committee, 132f, 136, 315. bill, 202ft; and wages, 210f; Browder Rationing, of raw materials, 860f. and, 497ff; In Europe, 299; Isolationists Red Army, achievements of, 1048, 1060; and, 103ft; May Day and, 420ff; trade growing admiration tor, 783; resisting unions and, 404ff, 415ft. German 1918 Invasion of Ukraine, 1105; Peasant question, Stalin on, 255, 260f, spearhead of humanity, 724ft; struggles 266f. of, 664, 676, 678, 712, 755, 7H, 936, 988. Peirce, Charles, 369. Red-baiting, In C01ech groups, 925; In Pelley, William Dudley, 333. China, 473; in Negro organizations, 806; People's convention (British), 109, 205, In New York City election, 1058; In 232, 235, 422. trade unions, 39, 40f, 63, 412ft, 601, 602, People's front, In Chile, 113, 452ff; In 609, 690, 693, 970; vs. aid to Soviet Latin America, 593, 596!; In Spain, 801f; Union, 798; vs. democracy, 478. see aloo Anti-Imperialism; People'• Reformism, and labor-farmer unity, 389ft; Front for Peace; National front. confusion spread by, 488ft; dangers of, Pepper, Claude, 581. lOf; fight against, 494f; In France, 108ft; Perkins, Frances L., 42, 141, 143. In trade unions, 15, 111, 202. Persia, see Iran. Relativity theory, 4621'f, ·588ft, 5741'f. Peru, 3 28, 58 6. Rellgion, a false Issue In U.S.-Sovlet rela· Petrov, Eueene, 995. tiona, 954. "Philadelphia. Aurora," 359!, 364. Renaud, lOst. Philadelphia. Carpenters strike (1791), Repln, 1060. 350tf. Republic Steel Co., 746. Phlllpplne Islands, British Investments in, Republican Party, and middle class, ZSS, 328. 392; arid Roosevelt administration, '158; Phllosophy of decaying capitalism, 368ff. anti-labor position, 14; in New York City Physics, 458ft, 5681'l. election, 10551'l; opposed to people's Plcherlng, Thomas, 639ft, 644. Interests. 46f. Poincare, Henri, 383. Revolutions. Stalin on, 339. Poland, anti-faaclst resista.nce In, 228, Reynolds, Senator, 1007. 733, 757, 936, 969; Engels on, 927!. Rhodes, Cecil, 168. Poles In the U.S., 711, 713, 716ft, 744. Rice, 1081, 1084. Poll taxes, 129, 561f, 805. Riemann, George F., 460. Population trends, 287f. Rlnguet, see Panneton, Phlllppe. Portugal, and Soviet-Nazi war, 778. Roberts. Kenneth, 178ft. Positivism, 368f. Roca, Bias, 316. Powderly, Terence v .. 431. Rochester, Anna, 623ft. Powell, A. Clayton, 1068. Rockefeller, John D., Jr., 487. Pragmatism, 368f. Rockefeller, Nelson A., 586f. Prestes, Luis Carlos, 112ft, 424, 621. Rodzlanko, 1095. Price-control, 30lf, 860f, 914. Roosevelt, Franklin D., and jobs for Ne· Priorities. 857, 9371'f. groes. 807; and unemployment, 138ft; Profit, declining rate of, 172, 280f. and youth, 651; Anti-labor program, Profiteering, 42f, 300f, 396, 1044, 1053. 13!; central strategic concept of, 314!; Profiteering, and lend-lease bill, 118; and decline In prestige of, 46 ; Lawrence taxatbn, 303; and wages, 210f; struggle Dennis and, 334; leads attack on Brow­ against, 129, 406ft; defense, 749. der, 599; on agriculture and defense, Profits, 12, 84, 90, 809. 9lltf; on armaments economy. 83; on Proletarian Internationalism, 785; and civilian defense, 1077; on national unity, Communist principles, 682; and national 917; on necottated upeace," 786: on New defense, 77 Z; and struggle for peace, York City election, 1061; procram of, INDEX 1131 Jilt, 208; recognise• danl'er to U.S., 697; Sloan, .Alfred, 91, 142. trade unions and, 40f, 412ft; policy of, Slovab In the U.S., 711, 918t. 1911:, 198ft, 29lt, 404t. Smetana, Antenas, 928. R.,.e, G. H., 639. Smith, Senator, 122. Rosa, Gustavo, 452. Smith Bill, 10H, 1054. Roosevelt Administration, and Columbia., Snow, Edcar, ''The Battle for Asia" (re­ 120; and farm groupo, 397; and Latin view), 470ft. America., 112!, 590; and national groups, Social-chauvinism, Lenin on, 161. 924; and Republicans, 758; and strikes, Social-democracy, and appeasement, 100, 350ft; attacks Communist Party, 19; 104; and lend-lease bill, 116; and na­ Browder on, 522f, 606; Communist posi­ tional croups, 714, 718, 927; and Roose­ tion on, 707; persecutes Browder, 197f, velt .Administration, 123; and Soviet­ 511; program of, 123f; supports U.S.S.R., Nazi war, 666!; and the imperialist war, 741; trade unions and~ 8; war program 404ft; and trade unions, 56, 128, 304, of, 502ft. 411ft, 609, 689; and youth, 740; attacks Rooeevelt-Churchlll conference, 784, 794!, people's front, 236f; breakdown of, 225, 961, 1016. 399ft; betrays colonial peoples, 235; be­ Roosevelt, Eleanor, Hl. trays interests of workers, 26f; confusion Ro.,.evelt, Theodore, 365. spread by, 407, 488ff, 709; demagogy of, Royal Canadian Air Force, 1012. 232; In Austria, 165; in Canada, 592; in Ruftus, R. L., 179. Chlle, 453; Leninism vs., 4f; role of, Rumania, 712, 922f; anti-fascist resistance 127!; tries to conjure away British em­ In, 228, 935; subjugated by Germany, pire, 319ft; unmasking of, 130f; vs. anti­ 786. imperialist people's front, 202!; see also Rumanians In the U.S., 918, 935f. Reformism; Second International. Russell, Bertrand, 369. Social-Democratic Federation of Great Ruthenberl', C. E., and Browder, 3()6, 484, Britain, 431. 494. Social-Democratic Federation (U.S.), 497. Social Security Act, 148. Sabotage, by fifth column, 853, 863f. Socialism, compensation under, 311; grow ... Sacco-Vanzettl case, 20. lng strength of, 220ft; in one country, St. Pierre (French colony), 584. 259; Lenin on, 96; not the immediate Santo Domingo, see Dominican Republic. Issue, 770; solution for world's problelllB, Santos, President of Colombia, 620. 348; vs. capitalism, 272f; women under, Sarno!!, David, 807. 822!. Schachtman, Max, 537. Socialist movement, Lenin on Imperialism Schmidt, Axel, 1092. and split In, 151ft. Schmuahkevlch, Yakov, 733. Socialist Party, In first world war, 187; Schnake, 454, 588. tn New York City elections, 1063; posi­ Schuyler, George, 871, 894. tion on the war, 497!. Schumpeter, Joseph .A., 1Uft. Sokolsky, George, 35f, 47. Science, In U.S.S.R., 993. Sorge, Frederick .A., 156. Scottsboro case, 20. Soskin, William, 179. Seattle l'eneral strike, 54. Southern Necro Youth Congress, 806. Second Imperialist war, see War, second Southern states, agriculture in, 630ft; Imperialist. Browder on, 557ft. Second International, 20; betrays working Soviet-British Pact, 891, 963, 1015!. claaa, 26, 425; founding of, 432; role of, Soviet-German non-Aggression Pact, 674, 233f; see also Social-Democracy. 871. Sectarian!Bm, and national group work, Soviet-Nazi war, and American security, 718tr, 925; danger of, 773, 802ft; In 790; and battle for American production, .American labor movement, 537; In antl­ 851ft; and military destruction of Hlt­ •lavery movement, 842; In trade unions, lertsm, 793tr; and Moscow conference, S87; In work among Negroes, 703, 810f. 950ft; and people's atrug~rle a~ralnst Hlt­ Selective Service .Act, 997ft. lerlsm, 678ft; and reopening of Western Self-criticism, "History of C.P.S.U." on, front, 755ft; .A. F. of L. and, 686, 766!; 309. Canada and, 1011ft; changes world situ­ Belt-determination, and the war, 611ft. ation, 706ft; colonial peoples and, 1029!; Serbians In the U.S., 113, 716ft. course of, 961ft:; exposes Hitler's alms, Sharecropping, 630ft. 681!; labor and, 957ft; National Com­ Shipbuilding Stabilization Committee, lllf. mittee on, 597f; National front and, Sholokhov, Mikhail, 995; "The Silent Don," 659ft; national groups and, 712ft, 917ft; (review), 1032ft. Negroes and, 696ft; result of Munich, Shors, 1106. 777tr; Stalin's speech on, 673ft; trade Shoetakovlch. Dmitri, 996. unions and, 6861!; U.S. and, 9561!; work­ Sims, Thomas C., 589. Ing class and, 763ft; youth and, 737ft; Simms, William Philip, 781. see also Red Army; western front. Sinclair, Upton, 563f. Soviet peace policy, 33f, 274, 404ft, 499. Skoropadsky, Pavel, 1092, 1095. ''The Soviet Power" (book), 722. Slavery, amonc whites In early U.S., 354; Soviet Union. aee U.S.S.R. and eight-hour movement, 428. Space and time, 377ft, 458ft, 668ft, 652ft. Slavs, unity ot, 9Uif. Spain, .American people and, 603; and 1132 INDEX Sovlet-N&zl wa.r, 778; people'• front In, war, ll991'f, 492f; aupports fasclate, 847, 801ft; unrest In, 228. 714; see also Fifth column. Spanish In the U.S., 919. Thompson, Charles H., 890. Speed-up, 44, 58, 91. Thompson, Dorothy, 181, 232, 313, 100Q, Sperry Gyroscope Corp., 809. 1007. Stakhanovlom, 993. Thompson, J. J., 834. Stalin, and Communlet Party U.S.A., 31; Thorez, Maurice, 316. a.nd Lenin, 727; and trade union political Time, see Space and time. activity, 7; genius of socialist construc­ Timoshenko, Marshal, 733. tion, 2571'f; in 1918 Ukraine campaign Tobacco, 913, 1081, 1084. against German invaders, 1105; leader Tobias, Channing H., 806. of people, 492: on · cadres, 545; on Topology, 461!. character of the war, 668!, 724, 737, Tractors, in American agriculture, 623ft. 766; on chief war. menace, 614; on Trade Union Educational League, 67, 5991'f. contradictions of capitallsm, 259; on Trade union unity, 10f, 45, 868ff; Increased Industrialization of U.S.S.R., 2641'f, 729; need for, 1053. on internationalism, 26, 262; on Marx­ Trade Union Unity League, 603 ism-Leninism, 257JI; on October revolu­ Trade unions, 145; and American im­ tion, 241f, 272f; on peasant question, perialism, 41; and American-.Japanese 255, 260f, 266f; on revolutions, 339; on war, 1044; and army welfare, 1004ff; Soviet national policy, 699; on Trotsky­ and battle for production, 852ff, 1063; and Ism, 271f; on unity of Soviet society, civilian defense, 1077; and democracy, 727; on war against disorganizers ot 304; and farmers, 916; and fight for the rear, 676. Negro jobs, 810, 816f; and national de­ Stampfer, 3 9, 42 5. fense, 857t, 957!; and national groups, Standard of living, fall in, 421. 716; and national unity, 6631'f, 679ff, Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey, 300. 687!, 761, 868ff; and Negroes, 703, 815!; State capitaJism, 96f, 286f, 339f. and Soviet-Nazi war, 685ff; and struggle State, various forms of, 246. for peace, 10, 404ff, 4151'f; and unem­ Steel Industry, 143f, 941. ployment, 147f; attack on, 406ft; Brow­ Stephen, James, 642. der and, 57, 5991'f, 608, 1050; C.P.U.S.A. Stern, Liza, 995. and, 4161'f, 6021'f, 691ft, 875ff; fascism Steuben, John, "Labor in Wartime" (re- and, 343, 509, 687; Foster and, 219; view), 1861'f. growth of, 311; in Canada, 592, 1020; Steward, Ira, 428. In Latin America, 693; in New York Stimson, Henry, 42, 791, 1047, 1061. City election, 1068; in U. S., 38ff; must Stone, I. F.. 3 9 6. take initiative, 954; political activity of, Straus, 1061. 51'f; protect rights of, 129, 771; public Strikes, 12f; and defense, 854; and middle attitude toward, 39011; real reason for class, 392; attempts to suppress, 41, 127, progress of, 51fl'; red~ baiting in, 189, 4061'f; history of, 3501'f; in Britain, 4121'f, 601!, 609, 690ff; reformism in, 15, 422ft; In Colombia, 621; in first world 111, 202; responsibilities, 685ff, 9691'f; war, 54; jurisdictional, 87lf; monop­ Roosevelt and, 8, 40f, 412ff; Social-De­ olists responsible for, 304; right to, 395f, mocracy and, 56, 128, 304, 411ft, 609, 689; 688; significance of recent, 685f; youth strike weapon of, 3 6 Off; teachers and, In, 746f. 133; trend In, 4101'f; women and, 899f, Subsistence farming, 627. 908; youth and, 747f; see also strikes; Sulzbergf·r, Cyrus L., 993. trade union unity; working class; also Sumners, Hatton, 395. names of specific organizationa. Sun Yat-sen, 2391'f. Transport Workers Union, 809. Supply Priorities and Allocation Board, Treason, In war of 1812, 638. 860. Trevellick, Richard, 430. Surplus value, 280. Trotaky, Leon, 7 28; Lenin's struggle with, Sweden, May Day in, 423. 28, 253. Trotskyites. 368, 880; and fifth-column, 735, 1002; and Imperialist war, 498; de­ Taft, Robert, 1062. feated In Soviet Union, 261f; In Indo­ Talmadge, Gov., 808. China, 80; seek to penetrate national Tammany Hall, 1056, 1060. groups, 811; seek to work among Ne­ Tarapaca and Antofagasta Saltpeter Co., groes, 889; Stalin on, 271!. 452. Truth, nature of, 3711'f. Taxation, 90f, 302!, 771, 861f. Truth, Sojourner, 838. Teachers, unionization of, 133. Tubman, Harriet, 838. Temporary National Economic Commit- 'l'urkey, 248f, 778, 1029. tee, 169. Tuttle, Charles H., 1066. Thaelmann, Ernst, 316, 489, 509. Theater, In U.S.S.R., 992. Ukrainians In the U.S., 713, 7161'f. Thirty-hour week, 44. Ukraine, 1918 German Invasion of, 10911'f. Thomas, Norman, 3, 402; and "United "IDtra-imperialism..,' theory of, 319ff. Sta.tea of Europe" &logan, 29; bids for Underground railroad, 839. Ne.gro support, 811; demagogy of, 199, Unemployed councils, 145. 208f; on fascism, 3U; position on the Unemployed, needs of, 397. INDEX 1133 Unemployment, A. F. of L. and, 68; among Lend-leaee Jaw; Rooaevelt administra­ Negroea, U21'f, 813; and defenae, 859; tion; Trade unlona. and the war, 86, U&l'f; In automobile "United Sta.tu News," 85f, 84, 88, 124, Industry, 9&71'f; under capitall•m. 346. 126, 206. Unemployment Insurance, 13». "United State• of Europe," 28f, 155, 882. Uneven development of capltaliam, aee United States Steel Corporation, 84; profits Capitalism. of, 109. Union for Democratic Action, 498. Universities. a.nd the wa.r, 132f. Union of Soviet Socialist Republica, Urrejola, 453. achievements, 131, 234, 263!, 306ff, 348, Uruguay, American loans to, 586; British 476f, 729; agriculture In, 265ff; A>nerican investments In, 328. aid to, 6951'f, 756, 902; and course of the war, 96lff; attempto to switch the Valdelamar, Juan Manuel, 621. war toward, 102, 314; civ111an defense Vandenberg, Senator Arthur, 208, 393, 758, In, 1073; collaboration with U.S., 977ft; 1052. culture of, In fight against fascism, Vanzettl, Bartolomeo, 317. 988ft; foreign policy of, 274; growing Venezuela, 328, 586 . .otrength of, 49, 220ff, 426; growing Versailles treaty, 105f, •20, 777. world-wide popular support for, 492; In­ Vigilante movement, 393f. creased prestige of, 964f; international­ Vinson bill, 406ff. lam and, 18f; national policy of, 697!; Violence, of capitalists, 395f. Negroes and, 814; no class conflict in, Viollis, Andre, 6 5. 726; population trends In, 287f; rela­ Voorhis act, 19, 525f, 681. tions with U. S., 35ft, 211!, 793; trade Voroohilov, Klement!, 215, 730, 733f; leads unions and, 414; 24th anniversary, 94711; resistance against 1918 German invasion see also Red army, Soviet-Nazi war. of Ukraine, 1093f. United Automobile Workers of America, Vuillaume, Maxime, 442. 41, 797, 944; and the war, 689f, 768!, Vultee Aircraft Co., 13, 613. 869f, 999f. United Electrical, Radio and Machine Workers of America, 869. Wagea, and housework, 828f; and labor­ United Mine Workers of America, 59. farmer unity, 390; and struggle for peace, 2101'!; attempt• to restrict, 125f, United Service Organizations, 702, 75lt, 601; effect of Imperialist war on, 89; 1075. in Gennany, 286; must be increased, United States, aid to Great Britain, 797; 688; on N.Y.A., 749. aid to Soviet U'nlon, 65911, 7 56, 902; and Wagner, Senator, 1061. Colombia, 6191'f; and Mexico, 445ft; and Waldman, Louls, 666f, 714. Moacow conference, 950ft; and Soviet­ Walker, David, 840. Nazi war, 579, 6781'f, 777, 788; and strug­ Wallace, Henry A.. 134, 296, 649f; and gle against fascism, 763ft; Army and the Latin America, 112ft, 586, 591. people, 997ft; army discr!mlnatlon Wang Chin~r-wel, 244, 249f, 256. all'ainst Negroes. 701f; army morale, 907; Wang Ming, 316. army's economic and aocial needs, 1006; War, an indivisible, 1062f; changed char­ army must be democratized, 751; at­ acter of, 7381f, 890, 961ft; Clausewitz on, tacked by Japan, 104611, 10511'!; battle 787. tor production In, 8511'!; capitalist devel­ War, first imperialist, Browder and, 600; opment in agriculture, 6231!; collabora­ contrasted with second, 221!; Indo­ tion with U.S.S.R., 9771'!; Congress and China in, 76; labor In, 54, 186!; Lenin national unity, 758ft; Congress, people on, 728, 883ff; 975. vs., 120ft; dangers confronting, 999f; War of 1812, 6351'!. democratic rlghto in, 1048; discontent War powers bill, see Lend-lease bill, 11511. among masses, 229; economic decline, Wal", . eecond lmi>erialist, American im- 808f; eeonomlc posslb!Jities under so­ perialism and, 486ff; and unemployment, cialism, 288; e11ects of imperial!st war 138ft; appeasers and, 99ti; Colombia on, 831'!; entry Into the war would be and, 619ff; education and, 132ft; el'!ects decisive, 968; foreign policy of, 35ft, on capitalism, 2201'!; effects on U.S., 213ft; imperlalilt program of, 841f; Law­ 831'!; Intensification of, 2951'!, 404ft, rence Dennis on, 337; should expel Hit­ 420ft'; grew out of Munich betrayal, ler's agents, 918; national Income, 279; 776ft; lend-lease bill and, 1151'!; Mexico Negro In history of, 842; population and, 443ft; opposed by masses, 202f; trends In, 288; relations with Britain, Rayford Logan and, 61111; strug&'le to 231; relations with China, 253; relations prevent, 498f; trade unions and, 38ff; with Japan, 984!; relations with Soviet U. S. and, 68111. Union, 211!; revolutionary traditions of, Ward, Harry F., "Democracy and Social 485; revolutionary war distorted, 178ft; Change" (review), 4761f. role In anti-Hitler front, 955ft; role in Webster, Milton P., 807. creating western front, 7 551'!; safety de­ Weller, Adam, 430. mands defeat of Hitler, 738, 793ft; Weiner, William, 197. strikes In, 3501'!; treason in war of 1812, Werner, K., 286. 185ft; unemployment In, 1381'!; see also Wealey, Charles H .. 612. lillg businesa; American lmperialiom; Weat&rn front, Amerlca.'s role In, 756ft, 1134 999; should be reopened, 7Uf, 797f, 1063. 3 56; effect of Imperialist war on, 86, Wheat, 913, 1081, 108•. 186ff; enemy of Hitlerlam. 681, 705ft; Wheeler, Burton K., 108tr, 758, 1052; IIU historical development of, 877f; In co­ alao Fifth column. lonial countries, U6; In Indo-China, «&tr; Whiskey Rebellion (1794), 637. in Latin America., 597; lea.der of fight White Walter, 611, 806. for peace, 103tr, 106; mlllta.ncy of, SOO; Whitney, Anita, 565. must be freed from bourgeois lea.derahlp, Whittier, .John Greenleaf, 841. 10, 15f; must unify Its ra.nks, 394!, 407; Wickard, Claude, 309, 1082ft. needs gulda.nce of Lenlnlam, 3!; Negroes Wlllkle, Wendell, 88, 208, 298, 415, 497, and, 408, 809; of Europe and American 502, 1061. Civil War, 20; strike weapon of, S50ft; Wilson, C. E., 939. tasks facing, 426; to bear coat of war, Wilson, Woodrow, 219, 365. 125; trend in, 410ft; see also Indepenaent Winters, Helen Allison, 709. working class political action. Woestemeyer, I. F., 844. Works Projects Administration, 120, 126, Woll, Matthew, 9, 55. 139, 149f. Women, A. F. of L. and, 57; and national World Congress of Youth, 745. unity, 897ft; and trade unions, 824, 899tr, World politics, Munich pact and after, 908; and working class, 408; Browder 776ff. on, 825f; in civilian defense, 905; in industry, 904f; In the Party, 545f, 909; Yaroslavsky, Emlllan, 257. status under capitalism, 818tr; under Yeh Ting, 316. fas~ism, 898f. Young Communist Leacue, leads In fight Woodson, Carter G., 838. against fascism, 752. Workers AIJiance, 141, 145f, 148. Young, Robert Alexander, 840f. Workers education, and war against Hit.. Youth, A. F. of L. and, 57; and national lerlsm, 972tr. front, 737ft; and struggle for peace, 205; Workers schools, 542, 973. and working class, 408, 552f, 7431f; Workin.g class, and battle for production, Browd.:r and, 546ft; Congress and, 123. 852!; and farmers, 398, 408; and Indepen­ ~outh Committee Against War, 740. dent political action, 7tr; and land prob­ Yugosla.via, 733, 757, 921, 935, 963. lem, 843ff; and national unity, 763tf, 866ft, and October revolution, 32; and youth, 552tr, 745f; attempts to Isolate, Zahler. Helen, "Eastern workincmen and 390f; cannot support state capitalism, National Land Polley" (review), 843ft. 284; decisive significance of, 311ff; dis­ Zlegel, Gustav, 10~9. content in, 229; early history in U. S., Zlnoviev, Gre~:or!, 261. LATEST BOOKS AND PAMPHLETS RECEIVED

Stalin Speaks to the World, Work­ The Negro and Justice: A Plea for ers Library Publishers, N. Y., 1¢. Earl Browder, by Dr. Max Yer-

One War to Defeat Hitler, by Robert gan and Paul Robeson, Citizens' Minor, Workers Library Publish­ Committee to Free Earl Browder, ers, 10¢. 2¢. Should America Go to War? by Vito Earl Browder-The Man from Marcantonio, American People's Kansas, by Elizabeth Gtirley Mobilization, N. Y., 1¢. Flynn, Workers Library Publish­ ers, 2¢. America M~ Act Now, by Gil Green, Workers Library Publish­ The Soviet Union--Friend and Ally ers, 1¢. of the American People, by Wil­ liam Z. Foster, Workers Library Western Front Now! by Milton Publishers, 2¢. Wolff, Veterans of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade, N. Y., 1941, 5¢. The Soviets Expected It, by Anna Louise Strong, Dial Press, N. Y., The Case for American-Irish Unitt~, $2.50. by Terence O'Donnell; Catholi­ cism and the Crisis, by Justice Our Generation Is In Danger, Frank Murphy; American Council Speeches at the Moscow Anti­ on Public Affairs, Washington, Fascist Youth Meeting, New Age D.C. Publishers, N. Y., 5¢. Toward a Dynamic America, by The Slavic People Against Hitter, Marquis W. Childs and William American Council on Soviet Re­ T. Stone, Foreign Policy Associ­ lations, N. Y., 5¢. ation, N. Y., 1941, 25¢. Soviet Women to the Women of the World, American Council on So­ The Browder Case, Citizens Com­ viet Relations, 5¢. mittee to Free Earl Browder, N.Y., 5¢. "We Made a Mistake''-Hitler, by Lucien Zacharoff, Appleton Cen­ America Speaks for Earl Browder, tury Co., N. Y., 1941, $2.00. by Vito Mar-::antonio,. Warren K. Billings, Dr. Max Yergan, Eliz­ I Paid Hitler, by Fritz Thyssen, abeth Gurley Flynn and others, by Farrar and Rinehart in associ­ Citizens Committee to Free Ear1 ation with Cooperation Publishing Browder, 5¢. Co., N. Y., 1941, $2.75. 1135 1136 LATEST BOOKS RECEIVED The Copperheads (a novel), by Wil­ Bread and a Stone (a novel), by liam Blake, Dial Press, N. Y .• Alvah Bessie, Modern Aie Bookl, $3.00. $2.50. All For One, One For All, song for Thley All Hold Swords (a novel), by voice and piano, by A. Heifman, Cedric Belfrage, Modern Age lyrics by Alexander Jarov, Am­ Books, N. Y., $2.50. Rus Music Corp., N. Y., 25¢. r' . \ ' '

TJ,:E WORK~ OF ·JOSEPH S'l'ALIR. - ' ' \ . ' - ( ~ The October R~vplution · ~ ' J • • -$1_.00 ,, - - II Ma ~;Xi~ and the 'Nation~ end Coloni~l Qu~sfion 1.50 I o .... I leninism, , Volumes I. and II . .__ -Each 1.90 - .1 - ' . '- Proble.ms of-Leninism · . ":: ,· Peper $.25, •Oofh 1.00 ( · ~- ,Fou_ndations ~f len! ~;~ism P!'!:>~r ... ~, _ Clot~ '1.00 From Soeia_lism•to' Cqmmunism Jn the Soviet l:Jn}on , · . .05 • - l 'I Tasks of the Youth . ' . ·· 1 -. .15 "" ;-_., '{ ' ' '' Dialectical and Histo~eal... , t Materialism, - · - .I S In Praise .of·Learning, by Jo~gph Stalin ond V. M. MGloto,v .~ .o51 ' \ The Leni~ - Herita9 el ~ 1 • ~ - / • .03 I - Lenin, 'Three Speeches . . -( .. .10 '«: ' - • _I • Stalin on the NElw Soviet Qonstif:ution ... . I I .02 . / ) ( The _Soviets anCI the Individual . _ , .02' .­ 1 r ... 'i . ~ ,_ Tpe Road to Power . • . , ,. ., .05 ' f. , '. . 1 • - ~

,_ ABOUT JosEPH siALtN- \ / ' I - l' - \ I ,__ \ Stalin/ by V. M. Moloto~. K. Voroshilov, G. Oimitrov and .~ I J I I , . • ~ t ers • • • ' • _ • • ~. • 0 h 1 .75 / , l , ~,I ~ • -'I ' '-" -' ,Stalin's ~ ~rly Writings and Aeti:,itie~ , by L. Beria ) • ~ I ~ 75_ 1 Joseph Stalin: A Short Bi9graphy, . ' \-. < p t~pared by Marx- Enge)s -~enin l'nstitute : . 1 .20 .- ~v ~

~.· • - .to ,•) ~ l ;..,..., I _ ,r ,c 1 ) -~' ,. w 0 R K ER .S LJ 8 R A.fty ' p u ~ Ll s t!i ER s - ' ,"i, -;; : P. G. Box 1.48, Sta;tion ~· New Y~rk , N. Y. I ! \ FROM THE FIGHTING I'RORT~ Exdu$ive news fro,;, Moscow .and London •.• from tbel Fighfing Fronts • • . from the o-c'cu~ied countries . .· • ....:. - .,_r I ' " military analysis by ''A Veteran Commander" . ~ •. com- ' pl ~te coverag,_e of American labor activities • . . first ' ", hand accounts of Aml!rica's "B4ttle for Production" ••' . -an -unexcelled Washi!19ton. Bureau ...

2'.he·se -are a few reasons w.l!y - - I •

THE DAILY AND SUNDAY WORKER · READER I IS BETI.ER INPdRMED THAN THE REApER ~ OF ANY OTHER NEWSPAPER · IN THE UNITED STATES!

~ j • '< ·DAll r- AI D 'SU .NDAy- 50 East 13th Stra"et; NFJw Yo ~k, N. Y. Sc -~- At Your Newsstand--~- Sc

Write for free sample copy and subscription 1ates ¥,