DOCSLIB.ORG

Executive Summary of the Phase 2 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Process

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Executive Summary of the Phase 2 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Process EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF THE PHASE 2 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT PROCESS SAKHALIN II PHASE 2 PROJECT November 2005 Sakhalin II Phase 2 Environmental and Social Executive Summary TABLE OF CONTENTS Section 1 Introduction 3 Section 2 Sakhalin Island 5 Section 3 Sakhalin II Phase 2 Project Description 6 Section 4 Benefits to Russia 9 Section 5 HSE Management 9 Section 6 Social Management 10 Section 7 Contractor Management 12 Section 8 Public Consultation and Disclosure 13 8.1 Consultation in Japan 14 8.2 Public Disclosure of Documents 14 Section 9 Phase 2 Project Alternatives 15 9.1 The Platforms 15 9.2 Onshore Processing Facility 16 9.3 Offshore and onshore pipelines 17 9.4 Liquefied natural gas and oil export terminal 19 Section 10 Environmental and Social Impact Assessments 21 10.1 Preliminary EIA and Russian approvals requirements 21 10.2 International-style ESHIA 21 10.3 Environmental and social Addenda 25 Section 11 Impacts, Mitigation and Monitoring 29 11.1 Environmental Impacts, Mitigation and Monitoring 29 11.2 Social Impacts, Mitigation and Monitoring 52 11.3 Addressing Grievances 64 11.4 Social Monitoring activities 65 Section 12 HSESAP 66 Sakhalin Energy Investment Company 2 0000-S-90-04-P-7069-00-E Sakhalin II Phase 2 Environmental and Social Executive Summary Section 1 Introduction This document provides the reader with a summary of the environmental and social impact assessment work that has guided the definition and delivery of the Sakhalin II Phase 2 Project. It provides a summary of the likely impact of the project and what it is expected to bring to the people of Russia. It describes the Company’s approach to the management of Health, Safety and Environment (“HSE”) and socio-economic matters, as well as its requirements from its contractors. A description of the environmental and social impact assessment work that has been done to date follows, starting with a discussion on project alternatives, the impact assessment process, and a concise overview of each of the pertinent environmental and social issues. The document concludes with a description of the Health, Safety, Environment and Social Action Plan (“HSESAP”), which comprises an important synthesis of all pertinent HSE and social commitments that the Company has made in order to ensure the project is delivered safely and with due regard for the environment and the people of Sakhalin Island and neighbouring Japan. The key documents that are referred to in this document are the Environmental, Health, and Social Impact Assessments (“ESHIA”), the Environmental Impact Assessment Addenda (“EIA-A”), social-related documentation and the HSESAP. Together these comprise the main body of environmental and social impact assessment, mitigation and monitoring documentation, and their linkages are presented diagrammatically in Figure 1. The ESHIA, which was published in 2003, consists of seven volumes, each of which describes the impacts and mitigation measures per major project asset, including the infrastructure upgrade project. The ESHIA was prepared during the early design phase of the Project, and for that reason subsequent, more detailed information pertinent to the impact assessment process has been published in the EIA-A and the social-related documentation. Together this material demonstrates the Project’s compliance to Senior Lender policies and procedures. The EIA-A comprises 15 chapters, focused on subjects which include oil spill response planning, rare and migratory birds, marine mammals, waste management, dredging activities, and air emissions. It is supplemented with two standalone documents, namely the Comparative Environmental Appraisal of the Piltun Pipeline Route (“CEA”) and the River Crossings Strategy Report (“RCR”). The social-related documentation comprises of five documents, namely the Social Impact Assessment Addendum (SIA-A), the Resettlement Action Plan (“RAP”), the Sakhalin Indigenous Minorities’ Development Plan (“SIMDP”), Treatment Plan for Objects of Cultural Heritage, and the Public Consultation and Disclosure Plan (“PCDP”) which also incorporates the Public Grievance Leaflet. All of these documents are described in Section 10. In compliance with requirements of the EBRD and the World Bank Group policies on environmental action plans, the HSESAP provides a consolidation of all material environmental, health and social-related commitments derived from the ESHIA and addenda documents. The HSESAP is publicly available on the Company’s websites in Russian and English. Certain parts of the HSESAP, which are deemed relevant to Japan, will be made available in Japanese on the Company’s website in Q4 2005. The HSESAP is set out into two parts and three annexes. Part 1 provides an overview of the Company’s operating philosophy, and the structure and systems in place to manage HSE and social issues, including the management of contractors. Sakhalin Energy Investment Company 3 0000-S-90-04-P-7069-00-E Sakhalin II Phase 2 Environmental and Social Executive Summary It also references the Company’s obligations for public consultation and information disclosure, and sets out the reporting and auditing framework to the Senior Lenders. Part 2 sets out in a themed tabular format the detailed commitments relating to specific HSE and social issues; the mitigation measures to achieve those commitments; timing for the implementation of commitments; and responsible parties. Themes include oil spill response, biodiversity, waste management, erosion control, river crossings and communities. Annex A provides a comparison of how the project meets relevant international standards, in particular pertinent World Bank Group safeguard policies and European Commission directives. Annex B is comprised of four parts. Parts 1-3 provide a narrative against a number of environmental and social related state-level conventions and treaties that the Russian Federation has yet to ratify. Subject to its overriding obligation to comply with Russian law, the Company sees benefit in complying with the spirit and intent of these conventions as far as they are capable of application to private entities. Part 4 of this Annex provides a list of international conventions and treaties that have been ratified by the Russian Federation and are deemed applicable to the Project. By virtue of its commitment to comply with material HSE and social law, the Company is obliged to comply with those provisions of the HSE and social international conventions listed which apply to private entities under Russian law and which are material to the Project. Annex C provides information on the pre-construction and construction environmental monitoring programmes that are being implemented by the Project. Parameters include air quality, water and effluent discharges, marine mammal observations, and noise monitoring. The commissioning and operational monitoring plans will not be developed until Q4 2006, at which point they will be agreed with the Senior Lenders before finalisation. Whilst the detailed plans are still in preparation, Annex C does set out the general types of parameters that will be included in these commissioning and operational plans. An overview of social monitoring activities is also set out in Annex C. The social monitoring programme will be further developed in Q4 2005 in the form of a Social Compliance Monitoring Handbook. Sakhalin Energy Investment Company 4 0000-S-90-04-P-7069-00-E Sakhalin II Phase 2 Environmental and Social Executive Summary Heath, Safety, Environmental and Social Action Plan Summary of commitments Social-related documentation Detailed design phase (2005) Environmental Impact Assessment Addenda Environmental, Health and Early design Social Impact phase (2003) Assessments Figure 1. Environmental, Social and Health documentation linkages A diagram setting out how these documents link to one another is set out in Figure 1. All of these documents are available in Russian and English, and some in Japanese, and are publicly available on the Company’s website www.sakhalinenergy.ru / www.sakhalinenergy.com. Section 2 Sakhalin Island Located in the Russian Far East, just 42 kilometres from the northern tip of Japan, Sakhalin Island stretches almost 1000 kilometres from north to south and covers an area of 90,000 square kilometres. The Sakhalin region is divided into 17 administrative districts, comprising 19 towns and 33 urban-type settlements. Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk is the administrative centre and regional capital. Approximately 600,000 people inhabit Sakhalin Island and although the population is relatively small, the island is home to 170 ethnic groups. These include four that are native to Sakhalin: the Nivkh, Uilta, Evenkh and Nanai. Most of Sakhalin is covered with low and medium altitude mountains. Two major mountain chains spread from the southern part to the central part of the island, namely the West Sakhalin range, which reaches heights of 1,300 metres, and the East Sakhalin range, whose highest peak reaches 1,909 metres. Between them lies the Tym-Poronaisk valley, which is largely agricultural. Sakhalin's environment is highly diverse. The seas around the island are productive, enabling Sakhalin Island to be the third largest producer of fish products in the Russian Far East. There are more than 6,000 rivers and streams on the island, and more than 1,600 lakes with a total surface area of over 1,000 square kilometres. In Sakhalin's forests, wetlands and grasslands, there are more than 700 types of insect and over 350 species of bird. The island is also home to 1,400 different flowering plants. Sakhalin's climate is variable. Winter on Sakhalin lasts between five and seven months and summer between two to three months, making it somewhat climatically severe and abnormal for its latitude. The climate varies considerably between the Sakhalin Energy Investment Company 5 0000-S-90-04-P-7069-00-E Sakhalin II Phase 2 Environmental and Social Executive Summary South and North. For instance, the average monthly temperature in January is around -20oC in the north and -12oC in the south, but temperatures can be more extreme, reaching temperatures as low as -45oC in the north.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • PICES Sci. Rep. No. 2, 1995
    TABLE OF CONTENTS Page FOREWORD vii Part 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 1.0 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION IN THE OKHOTSK SEA AND KURIL REGION 3 1.1 Okhotsk Sea water mass modification 3 1.1.1Dense shelf water formation in the northwestern Okhotsk Sea 3 1.1.2Soya Current study 4 1.1.3East Sakhalin Current and anticyclonic Kuril Basin flow 4 1.1.4West Kamchatka Current 5 1.1.5Tides and sea level in the Okhotsk Sea 5 1.2 Influence of Okhotsk Sea waters on the subarctic Pacific and Oyashio 6 1.2.1Kuril Island strait transports (Bussol', Kruzenshtern and shallower straits) 6 1.2.2Kuril region currents: the East Kamchatka Current, the Oyashio and large eddies 7 1.2.3NPIW transport and formation rate in the Mixed Water Region 7 1.3 Sea ice analysis and forecasting 8 2.0 PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHIC OBSERVATIONS 9 2.1 Hydrographic observations (bottle and CTD) 9 2.2 Direct current observations in the Okhotsk and Kuril region 11 2.3 Sea level measurements 12 2.4 Sea ice observations 12 2.5 Satellite observations 12 Part 2. REVIEW OF OCEANOGRAPHY OF THE OKHOTSK SEA AND OYASHIO REGION 15 1.0 GEOGRAPHY AND PECULIARITIES OF THE OKHOTSK SEA 16 2.0 SEA ICE IN THE OKHOTSK SEA 17 2.1 Sea ice observations in the Okhotsk Sea 17 2.2 Ease of ice formation in the Okhotsk Sea 17 2.3 Seasonal and interannual variations of sea ice extent 19 2.3.1Gross features of the seasonal variation in the Okhotsk Sea 19 2.3.2Sea ice thickness 19 2.3.3Polynyas and open water 19 2.3.4Interannual variability 20 2.4 Sea ice off the coast of Hokkaido 21
    [Show full text]
  • Russia's Ring of Fire
    Russia’s Ring of Fire Kamchatka, the Commander & Kuril Islands 26th May to7th June 2021 (13 days) Zodiac cruise & Auklet flocks by N. Russ The Pacific Ring of Fire manifests itself in numerous places on the rim of the Pacific Ocean – but nowhere more dramatically than in Russia’s Far East. Along one of the world’s most active plate boundaries, the Pacific plate subducts under the Eurasian plate and the resulting volcanic and geothermal activity has built a unique and amazing landscape. Upwelling from the deep trenches formed by this action and currents around the many islands means there is an abundance of food for both birds and marine mammals, making the seas here amongst the richest in the world. The region’s human history is as interesting and as fascinating as the geological history and it is closely connected to the oceans that surround it. The earliest people to settle in the RBL Russia - Ring of Fire Itinerary 2 region, the Ainu, lived from the sea. Explorer Vitus Bering and, at the height of the Cold war, Russia’s formidable Pacific Fleet, were based in the region. The secrecy surrounding the fleet resulted in the region being ‘closed’ even to Russians, who had to obtain special permits to travel to and within the area. It is only now, two decades since Perestroika, that people can travel relatively freely here, although there is still very little in the way of infrastructure for visitors. This voyage takes us where very few people have been – or are able to go. The region falls into three quite distinct and unique geographical regions: the Kamchatka Peninsula, the Commander Islands (the western extremity of the Aleutian chain of islands) and the Kuril Islands.
    [Show full text]
  • Soviet Naval Force Control and the Red Naval C System: What the Blue Commander Needs to Know
    Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive Theses and Dissertations Thesis Collection 1989 Soviet Naval Force Control and the Red naval C system: what the Blue commander needs to know Tondu, Jennifer L. Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School http://hdl.handle.net/10945/26259 NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL Monterey, California 7 3-^35 SOVIET NAVAL FORCE CONTROL AND THE RED NAVAL C^ SYSTEM: WHAT THE BLUE COMMANDER NEEDS TO KNOW by Jennifer L. Tondu March 1988 Thesis Advisor: James G. Taylor Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. T24239 classified irity classification of this page REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Restrict ive Report Security Classification Lnclassified lb Markings Security Classification Authority 3 Distribution Availability of Report Declassification Downgrading Schedule Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Performing Organization Report Number(s) 5 Monitoring Organization Report Number(s) Name of Performing Organization 6b Office Symbol 7a Name of Monitoring Organization aval Postgraduate School (if applicable) 39 Naval Postgraduate School Address (city, state, and ZIP code) 7b Address (city, state, and ZIP code) onterev, CA 93943-5000 Monterey, CA 93943-5000 Name of Funding Sponsoring Organization 8b Office Symbol 9 Procurement Instrument Identification Number (if applicable) Address (dry, state, and ZIP code) 10 Source of Funding Numbers Program Element No Project No Task No Work Unit Accession N Title (include security classification) SOVIET NAVAL FORCE CONTROL AND THE RED NAVAL C3 SYSTEM: WHAT IE BLUE COMMANDER NEEDS TO KNOW Personal Author(s) Jennifer L. Tondu a Type of Report 13b Time Coyered 14 Date of Report (vear. month, day) Page Count aster's Thesis From To March 1988 90 Supplementary Notation The views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or po- ion of the Department of Defense or the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Development of the North Sakhalin Aqua Territorial Production Complex (ATPC) Program: View from the Past
    A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Zolotova, Valentina Conference Paper Development of the North Sakhalin aqua territorial production complex (ATPC) program: View from the past 54th Congress of the European Regional Science Association: "Regional development & globalisation: Best practices", 26-29 August 2014, St. Petersburg, Russia Provided in Cooperation with: European Regional Science Association (ERSA) Suggested Citation: Zolotova, Valentina (2014) : Development of the North Sakhalin aqua territorial production complex (ATPC) program: View from the past, 54th Congress of the European Regional Science Association: "Regional development & globalisation: Best practices", 26-29 August 2014, St. Petersburg, Russia, European Regional Science Association (ERSA), Louvain-la-Neuve This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/124337 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte.
    [Show full text]
  • Sakhalin's Offshore Oil and Gas Resources Will Give Similar Assurances
    Sakhalin’s Oil: Doing It Right Applying Global Standards to Public Participation, Environmental Monitoring, Oil Spill Prevention & Response and Liability Standards in the Sakhalin Oblast of the Russian Federation by Dan Lawn, Rick Steiner & Jonathan Wills A publication of Sakhalin Environment Watch and the Pacific Environment & Resources Center © Lawn, Steiner & Wills, Valdez, Alaska, November 1999 The tanker “Okha” as FSO " Molikpaq" Drill and Production Platform ii Publishers’ Foreword The Sea of Okhotsk is one of the world’s most biologically productive seas. The people of the Russian Far East harvest rich fisheries stocks of crab, shrimp, pollock and other seafood products in the Sea of Okhotsk. The coastlines of the Sea of Okhotsk still provide spawning grounds for healthy, wild Pacific salmon runs that are in decline in other parts of the North Pacific. The waters near northeastern Sakhalin provide habitat for endangered Okhotsk Gray Whales. Yet new offshore oil developments along the northeastern shore of Sakhalin Island have greatly increased risks to the Sea of Okhotsk and its shorelines through an increased risk of oil spills. On September 28, 1999, the people of Sakhalin received a wake-up call. They learned that oil had spilled from the “Vityaz” Marine Terminal, part of the newly operational Sakhalin-II project. Many questions remain about this spill. A month later, it is still not clear how much oil spilled or whether response measures were effective. The messages, however, are clear: that oil spills are all too possible, and that Sakhalin must take all measures to prevent oil spills and be prepared to respond to them.
    [Show full text]
  • Argus Nefte Transport
    Argus Nefte Transport Oil transportation logistics in the former Soviet Union Volume XVI, 5, May 2017 Primorsk loads first 100,000t diesel cargo Russia’s main outlet for 10ppm diesel exports, the Baltic port of Primorsk, shipped a 100,000t cargo for the first time this month. The diesel was loaded on 4 May on the 113,300t Dong-A Thetis, owned by the South Korean shipping company Dong-A Tanker. The 100,000t cargo of Rosneft product was sold to trading company Vitol for delivery to the Amsterdam-Rotter- dam-Antwerp region, a market participant says. The Dong-A Thetis was loaded at Russian pipeline crude exports berth 3 or 4 — which can handle crude and diesel following a recent upgrade, and mn b/d can accommodate 90,000-150,000t vessels with 15.5m draught. 6.0 Transit crude Russian crude It remains unclear whether larger loadings at Primorsk will become a regular 5.0 occurrence. “Smaller 50,000-60,000t cargoes are more popular and the terminal 4.0 does not always have the opportunity to stockpile larger quantities of diesel for 3.0 export,” a source familiar with operations at the outlet says. But the loading is significant considering the planned 10mn t/yr capacity 2.0 addition to the 15mn t/yr Sever diesel pipeline by 2018. Expansion to 25mn t/yr 1.0 will enable Transneft to divert more diesel to its pipeline system from ports in 0.0 Apr Jul Oct Jan Apr the Baltic states, in particular from the pipeline to the Latvian port of Ventspils.
    [Show full text]
  • Projected Construction of a Timber Industry Complex on the Sakhalin Island, Russia, Will Have the Capacity to Process Over 1.2 M
    Projected construction of a timber industry complex on the Sakhalin island, Russia, will have the capacity to process 3 over 1.2 million m of raw material per year The ECC (Eurasian Communication Centre) along with WhatWood consultant agency had been tasked by the government of the Sakhalin region to conduct a study of the timber industry’s possible development directions within the Sakhalin area. This article presents the main findings of the study. By the directive of the Sakhalin regional government, it is planned to construct one of the largest wood processing centers in all of Russia. The complex will be located in the central part of the island withing the Tymovskoye urban locality. The project will incorporate a diversified range of production, including softwood lumber, cross-laminated timber products, linear meter timber products, fuel pellets, fuel chips and oriented strand board products. The timber industry takes up a position in the top-10 list of measures for implementing the “Strategy-2035” plan in the region. The economic feasibility of the timber industry construction within the Sakhalin region is apparent: availability of resources, proximity to major sales markets (China, Japan, Korea) and ready-made infrastructure. The target annual consumption of raw wood materials by the region’s timber industry is estimated be up to 1.2 million m3 per year. The species structure is mainly composed of conifers (77% softwood and 23% hardwood species). The annual allowable cut for the target forest districts (Okhtinskoe, Noglikskoe, Aleksandrovskoe, Tymovskoe, Smirnykhovskoe) adds up to 1.9 million m3 per year. The production site location is selected in such a way as to minimize the hauling distance.
    [Show full text]
  • COVID-19 Vaccination, Call the Local Polyclinic Or Fever, Joint Pain, Muscle Pain, Fatigue, CAN PEOPLE WHO HAVE RECOVERED Hospital
    HOW TO REGISTER FOR VACCINATION? - use the Government Services Portal; WHAT ARE THE SIDE EFFECTS OF CAN THE VACCINE BE USED AS AFTER VACCINATION, WHEN CAN - visit the polyclinic in person; THE VACCINE? ARE THERE ANY A TREATMENT FOR PEOPLE WITH THE ANTIBODY LEVEL IN THE BODY - call 1300 (ext. 10). LIMITATIONS FOR PEOPLE WHO COVID-19? BE MEASURED? WHERE CAN I GET VACCINATED? HAVE BEEN VACCINATED? No. The vaccine is designed to prevent The antibody level in the body can Vaccination stations have been opened in every On the first or second day after disease. If a person has symptoms of be measured three weeks after the municipality of the Sakhalin Oblast. You can get vaccinated in the local polyclinic at vaccination, a person may develop COVID-19, vaccination is prohibited. second vaccine injection. the place of residence. For more information on general reactions (flu-like: chills, COVID-19 vaccination, call the local polyclinic or fever, joint pain, muscle pain, fatigue, CAN PEOPLE WHO HAVE RECOVERED hospital. The list of medical facilities and phone numbers is headache; at the injection site: FROM COVID-19 GET VACCINATED given below: soreness, redness, swelling), which AND WHEN? Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk Polyclinic No. 1, tel.: 8 (4242) 227968 may persist for the next three days. There is no prohibition on COVID-19 Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk Polyclinic No. 2, Less commonly, the vaccine causes vaccination for those who have tel.: 8 9028104526 Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk Polyclinic No. 4, nausea, indigestion, decreased recovered from the disease. If there tel.: 8 (4242) 755056 appetite, and swelling of lymph are no contraindications and more than Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk Polyclinic No.
    [Show full text]
  • Subject of the Russian Federation)
    How to use the Atlas The Atlas has two map sections The Main Section shows the location of Russia’s intact forest landscapes. The Thematic Section shows their tree species composition in two different ways. The legend is placed at the beginning of each set of maps. If you are looking for an area near a town or village Go to the Index on page 153 and find the alphabetical list of settlements by English name. The Cyrillic name is also given along with the map page number and coordinates (latitude and longitude) where it can be found. Capitals of regions and districts (raiony) are listed along with many other settlements, but only in the vicinity of intact forest landscapes. The reader should not expect to see a city like Moscow listed. Villages that are insufficiently known or very small are not listed and appear on the map only as nameless dots. If you are looking for an administrative region Go to the Index on page 185 and find the list of administrative regions. The numbers refer to the map on the inside back cover. Having found the region on this map, the reader will know which index map to use to search further. If you are looking for the big picture Go to the overview map on page 35. This map shows all of Russia’s Intact Forest Landscapes, along with the borders and Roman numerals of the five index maps. If you are looking for a certain part of Russia Find the appropriate index map. These show the borders of the detailed maps for different parts of the country.
    [Show full text]
  • Japan's Karafuto Governorate (1905–1945): History and Social Memory
    DOI: 10.24411/2658-6789-2019-10011 Japan’s Karafuto Governorate (1905–1945): History and Social Memory S.V. GRISHACHEV Abstract. The history of colonies under the rule of the Japanese Empire in the first half of the 20th century has not been explored well enough so far. For example, the history of Karafuto Governorate (1905–1945), which existed in southern Sakhalin, is covered very little, while some aspects of its history are not known at all. This article focuses on the history of Karafuto Governorate’s formation and its socio-economic structure, namely territorial development after the Russo-Japanese war, its role and status in the colonial system of Japan, the use of the island’s main economic resources and the creation of socio-cultural space, as well as along the memorialization of the colonial past of the Japanese Empire’s northern borders. In addition, this article describes the process of the governorate’s liquidation (it started after the accession of southern Sakhalin to the USSR after the Second World War) followed by passing the governance to the Soviet administration, co-residence of Soviet and Japanese people on the same territory in 1945–1948, the deportation of Japanese people and the fate of the Korean population of the island. The article gives examples of how the memory of the Japanese presence on Sakhalin Island is preserved in Japan and Russia today. Keywords: Karafuto Governorate, colonization, Japanese Empire, Toyohara, the Second World War, social memory. Historical Background From the moment relations between Russia and Japan were established and up to the end of World War II, Sakhalin Island was a territory which the two countries repeatedly divided between themselves.
    [Show full text]
  • The Institution of Russia's Sakhalin Policy
    Journal of Asian History (2002) 36(1):1-31. ANDREW A. GENTES THE INSTITUTION OF RUSSIA’S SAKHALIN POLICY, FROM 1868 TO 18751 Introduction Cossack explorers discovered the sturgeon-shaped island just beyond the mouth of the Amur River during the seventeenth century. By the beginning of the eighteenth, Russia like the rest of Europe had come to call this island in the North Pacific “Sakhalin”, a name descended from the Manchu word for “black”. Prior to 1875, again in 1904, and ever since World War II the Japanese have considered Sakhalin to be theirs. They call it “Karafuto”. Almost 600 miles long and covering nearly 30000 square miles, Sakhalin is one of the largest islands in the world with temperatures and geologic conditions varying greatly according to region. Its northern half is characterized by taiga and tundra; its southern by rugged mountains and thick forests. The climate is bone-chillingly cold in winter, foggy and damp in summer. In January temperatures average –11° (Fahrenheit) in the north and 21° in the south; in August, 50° in the north and 66° in the south. Natural vegetation in the wind-swept and icy north is limited to grasses and scrub brush; in the slightly more temperate south, where the soil is clayey, there are deciduous, coniferous, and even bamboo forests, with peat bogs near the coast. Throughout the island all types of biting insects “make the warm humid months an ordeal ...”2 In the summer of 1875, after years of jockeying for position in the North Pacific, Russia and Japan signed the Treaty of St.
    [Show full text]
  • United Nations Code for Trade and Transport Locations (UN/LOCODE) for Russia
    United Nations Code for Trade and Transport Locations (UN/LOCODE) for Russia N.B. To check the official, current database of UN/LOCODEs see: https://www.unece.org/cefact/locode/service/location.html UN/LOCODE Location Name State Functionality Status Coordinatesi RU 7RS Shemakha CHE Road terminal; Recognised location 5614N 05915E RU AAD Aleksandrov (Alexandrov) Road terminal; Request under consideration 5623N 03837E RU AAQ Anapa Airport; Code adopted by IATA or ECLAC RU ABA Abakan Road terminal; Recognised location 5342N 09125E RU ABC Ambarchik SA Port; Request under consideration 6937N 16218E RU ABD Abdulino ORE Rail terminal; Road terminal; Recognised location 5342N 05340E RU ABK Abinsk KDA Port; Rail terminal; Road terminal; Recognised location 4452N 03809E RU ABS Akhtubinsk Function not known Recognised location RU ACS Achinsk Airport; Code adopted by IATA or ECLAC RU ADH Aldan Airport; Code adopted by IATA or ECLAC RU ADT Ardatov NIZ Road terminal; Recognised location 5514N 04306E RU AER Sochi KDA Port; Rail terminal; Road terminal; Airport; Code adopted by IATA or ECLAC 4336N 03943E RU AGI Aginskoye Road terminal; QQ RU AGK Angarsk IRK Port; Rail terminal; Road terminal; Recognised location 5232N 10353E RU AHK Arkhangel'skoye STA Road terminal; Recognised location 4436N 04406E RU AHR Akhtari Function not known Request under consideration RU AKS Aksay ROS Port; Request under consideration 4715N 03953E RU ALA Nartkala KB Road terminal; Recognised location 4333N 04351E RU ALE Aleysk AL Rail terminal; Road terminal; Recognised location
    [Show full text]