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Durham E-Theses Durham E-Theses Multiple Masculinities: an exploration of urban Mapuche youth identities in Chile GARSIDE, GRACE,ELLEN How to cite: GARSIDE, GRACE,ELLEN (2016) Multiple Masculinities: an exploration of urban Mapuche youth identities in Chile , Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/11971/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 Abstract Multiple Masculinities: an exploration of urban Mapuche youth identities in Chile Grace Garside This thesis explores the multiple masculinities performed by urban Mapuche youth. Current understandings of indigenous masculinity are limited to distinctions between urban and rural, hegemonic and marginalised, and authentic and modern. This explanation essentialises indigenous masculinities by reducing them to limiting dichotomies. This research challenges such essentialisms by exploring the multiple ways in which young urban Mapuche men perform their masculinities and challenge ways in which they are represented. It argues that their masculinities are formed out of complex relationships with Mapuche identity and cannot be dismissed as inauthentic. The thesis draws on qualitative research undertaken during a one- month period between the cities of Santiago and Temuco in Chile, including interviews, focus groups and photo voice with men of Mapuche ethnicity between the ages of 16 and 31. The results show that young Mapuche men experience and express their masculinities in varied and distinct ways. In Santiago, those who identify as ‘Mapurbe’ (a Mapuche urban youth political movement) understand their masculinity within the traditional Mapuche role system. However, whilst the Mapurbe are often taken to represent Mapuche urban youth more broadly in popular and academic discourses, the research findings suggest that multiple urban youth masculinities exist in Chile. In Temuco, young Mapuche students identify as both Mapuche and Chilean, combining everyday Chilean masculinities with what they believe to be Mapuche expressions of masculinity through displays of aggression. Meanwhile, young professional Mapuche men express their masculinity through understandings of men as providers, actively rejecting a Mapuche masculine identity. The thesis suggests that these complexities in Mapuche masculinities need to be understood through an intersectional approach that takes account of both place and class, which is important in both challenging popular stereotypes and creating a richer understanding of diverse expressions of modern indigeneity. 1 Multiple Masculinities: an exploration of urban Mapuche youth identities in Chile Grace Garside Thesis submitted for the degree of Master of Arts by Research Department of Geography Durham University October 2016 2 Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................ 1 List of Figures ................................................................................................................................. 5 List of Tables .................................................................................................................................. 5 Declaration ....................................................................................................................... 6 Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................... 7 Chapter 1. Introduction ................................................................................................... 8 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 8 Masculinities and the Mapuche ................................................................................................ 9 Aims and Research Questions ................................................................................................... 9 Thesis Structure ...................................................................................................................... 10 Chapter 2. Understanding Indigenous Masculinities through an Intersectional Lens .. 12 Theorising Men and Masculinities .......................................................................................... 12 Intersectionality ...................................................................................................................... 18 Masculinities in Latin America ............................................................................................... 24 Indigenous Masculinities ......................................................................................................... 27 Indigenous Identities ............................................................................................................... 30 Multiple Mapuche Masculinities ............................................................................................. 35 Geographies of Hybridity ....................................................................................................... 40 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................. 43 Chapter 3. Methodologies .............................................................................................. 44 The Central Methodological Challenge in Researching Urban Mapuche Youth ................... 44 Field Research with Mapuche Youth in Chile ........................................................................ 50 Ethical Considerations ............................................................................................................ 62 Positionality ............................................................................................................................ 63 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 66 Chapter 4. Urban Mapuche Youth Masculinities: Performances and Representations 67 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 67 Mapurbe Masculinities: Traditions and Roles ........................................................................ 68 Representations of Idealised Mapurbe Masculinities .................................................................. 77 Boarding School Students: Blood Ties and Land Based Masculinities ................................... 81 Representations of Idealised Boarding School Student Mapuche Masculinities ......................... 89 Young Mapuche Professional Masculinities ........................................................................... 91 Representations of Idealised Young Mapuche Masculinities ....................................................... 96 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................. 99 Chapter 5. Mapuche Youth in Place: Urban and Rural Masculinities ........................ 101 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 101 Place and Mapuche Identities ............................................................................................... 102 Mapuche Migration and Experiences of Urban Space ......................................................... 103 Urban Mapuche Identities Within Temuco .......................................................................... 110 Rural Influences on Mapuche Masculinities ......................................................................... 116 Conclusions ........................................................................................................................... 122 Chapter 6. Class, Ethnicity and Mapuche Masculinities ............................................. 125 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 125 The Chilean Class System ..................................................................................................... 128 3 The Mapuche within the Chilean Class System .................................................................... 130 Class, Ethnicity and the Lived Experiences of Mapuche Youth ........................................... 132 The Role of Education in Shaping Mapuche Masculinities .................................................. 136 Mapuche Youth Engagement in Politics ............................................................................... 143 Conclusions ..........................................................................................................................
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