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Fossil Woods of Leguminosae and Anacardiaceae from the Tertiary of Assam

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Fossil Woods of Leguminosae and Anacardiaceae from the Tertiary of Assam FOSSIL WOODS OF LEGUMINOSAE AND ANACARDIACEAE FROM THE TERTIARY OF ASSAM U. PRAKASH & P. P. TRIPATHI Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow ABSTRACT were prepared from different parts of the Three fossil woods from the Tertiary of Assam petrified woods. This helped us to find are described here. One, resembling the modern out the range of variation. wood of Lannea, is from a road cutting at mile-stone 9 on Dimapur-Diphu road in Mikir Hills, and the others comparable with Adenanthera and Swin!onia SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTION are from near the town of Hailakandi (24°26'N; 92°32'£) in district Cachar. Recently, these have Family - LEGUMINOSAE been briefly described by us (Prakash & Tripathi, 1967, 1968). Adenantheroxylon Prakash & Tripathi, 1968 INTRODUCTION Adenantheroxylon pavoninium Prakash & Tripathi, 1968 CONSIDERof TertiaryI JGdepositsthe extentin Assam,and Sizenot The fossil described here is a piece of many plant fossils are known so far. petrified secondary 'Noad measuring about It is because the area is much disturbed 5·6 cm. in length and 2 cm. in diameter. geologically and covered with thick forests The preservation of the fossil is not very which make it difficult to collect the plant satisfactory, due to which the structures fossils. Whatever little is recorded is by are not very clearly visible even under the Chowdhury, Prakash and their associates high power of a microscope. on fossil woods (CHOWDHURY,1936, 1938; Topography - Wood diffuse-porous (PL. CHOWDHURY& GHOSH,1946; CHOWDHURY 1, FIG. 1). Growth rings indistinct, appear• & TANDAN, 1949; GHOSH, 1956; EYDE, ing to be delimited by smaller vessels. 1963 ; PRAKASH,1966; PRAKASH& NAVALE, Vessels visible with the naked eye as pin• 1963) and Lakhanpal (1952, 1955a, 1955b) pricks on the cross surface, medium to large on leaf-impressions and fruits. in size, usually solitary, sometimes in short The present study is concerned with radial rows of 2, rarely 3-4 (PL. 1, FIG. description and interpretation of fossil woods 1; PL. 1, FIG. 5), somewhat graded, being of Adenanthera, Swintonia and Lannea be• large in the early wood, 3-7 per sq. mm.; longing to the families Leguminosae and tyloses absent but black gummy deposits Anacardiaceae. \Vood of Lannea was col• seen in some vessels. Parenchyma para• lected by the senior author in 1963 from tracheal and apotracheal; paratracheal a road cutting at mile-stone 9 on the Dima• parenchyma vasicentric, rarely aliform and pur-Diphu road in Mikir Hills, while those aliform-confluent joining two adjacent ves• of Adenanthera and Swintonia were· sent sels (PL. 1, FIG. 1; TEXT-FIG. 1); paren• to us in June 1964 by Mr. A. N. Datta, chyma sheath 2-6 cells thick around the Vijnan Mandir Officer, Hailakandi, district vessels; apotracheal parenchyma appears Cachar, Assam. These were collected from to be diffuse with crystals. Xylem rays near the town of Hailakandi (24°26'N; not visible to the naked eye, distinct only 92°32'E). under the microscope, 1-3 seriate, mostly The age of the fossil woods is Tertiary, biseriate, rarely uniseriate and triseriate (PL. probably Middle Miocene, possibly being 1, FIG. 3; TEXT-FIG.2a, b, c), 20-60 fl. broad derived from the Tipam sandstones exposed and 2-30 cells or 40-300 fl. high, 14-22 per in the vicinity of the fossil occurrence mm.; ray tissue homogeneous, rays homo• (EVANS,1932; DAS GUPTA,EVANS,METRE cellular consisting only of procumbent cells & VISVANATH,1964). (PL. 1, FIG. 3; PL. 1, FIG. 7). Fibres not The preservation of the structural details very clearly visible due to bad preservation of the fossil woods is fairly good. In order of the tissues, arranged more or less in radial to make a detailed study, many sections rows. 22 PRAKASH & TRIPATHI - FOSSIL WOODS OF LEGUMINOSAE AND ANACARDIACEAE 23 c 3 TEXT-FIGS. 1-3 - Adenantheroxylon pavoninium Prakash & Tripathi (Semi-diagrammatic camera luciCla drawings). 1 - Cross-section showing the distribution of parenchyma (p). x 33. (Slide No. 3262). 2. a - Uniseriate xylem ray with procumbent cells. X 300. (Slide No. 3263). b - Biseriate xylem ray with procumbent cells .. X 300 (Slide No. 3263). c - Triseriate xylem ray with procumbent cells. X 300. (Slide No. 3263). 3 - Magnified vestured intervessel pits. X 766. (Slide No. 3264). 24 TIlE PALAEOBOTANlST Elements - Vessels thin walled, walls In both the fossil wood and the modern about 4-8 fl. thick, tangential dialTieter wood of A. pavonina, Linn. (F.R.I. slide 144-204 fl., radial diameter 142-260 fl., oval no. A 3657(B 5659) the vessels are large to round in shape when solitary arid well to medium-sized, the intervessel pit-pairs preserved, most of the vessels irregular in are alternate, bordered, the parenchyma shape probably due to pressure during is para tracheal and apotracheal; paratra• fossiliza tion (PL. 1, FIG. 1), those in radial cheal parenchyma vasicentric, rarely aliform groups flattened at the places of contact and aliform-confluent; apotracheal paren• (PL. 1, FIG. 5); vessel-members with trun• chyma diffuse; the rays are 1-3 (mostly cate ends; perforations could not be as• biseriate) seriate and homogeneous, and certained; intervessel pit-pairs not very the fibres are non-libriform and non-septate. distinct, appear bordered and vestured (PL. However, the chambered parenchyma has 1, FIG. 6; TEXT-FIG. 3); vessel-ray and not been clearly seen in the fossil wood like vessel-parenchyma pits not observed. that of the modern wood of A. pavonina. Parenchyma cells thin-walled, about 64-240 Because of the close resemblance of the fl. in length and 8-28 fl. in diameter; cham• fossil wood with the wood structure of the bered parenchyma appears to be present. modern genus Adenanthera Linn., it has Ray-cells thin-vvalled, round to oval in shape been assigned to a new genus Adenantheroxy• in tangential section; tangential diameter lon Prakash & Tripathi. It is specifically 16-24 fl., radial diameter 20-80 fl.. Fibres named as Adenantheroxrylon pavoninium in thin-walled with big lumina, walls 4 [J. thick, view of its near resemblance with the wood somewhat irregular in shape due to pressure of the modern species Adenanthera pavonina during fossilization, non-septate, 400-1240 Linn. [J. in length, 16-20 [J. in diameter; interfibre The genus Adenanthera Linn. consists pits not preserved. of 5 species distributed through tropics of Affinities - There is a close agreement the Old World (Willis, 1957). The species in almost all the structural details of the A. pavonina Linn., with which the fossil present fossil wood with the wood struc• wood shows nearest resemblance, has a ture of the modern genus AdenantheraLinn. wide distribution, growing in east Hima• of the family Leguminosae (METCALFE& layas (ascending to 1233 meters in Sikkim), CHALK,1950; DESCH, 1957; MOLL& J ANS• Western Peninsula, Ceylon, Malaya Isles, SONIUS, 1914, FIG. 166; KANEHIRA,1924). Timor, China and Philippines (HOOKER, An examination of the thin sections, pub• 1879, p. 287; GAMBLE,1902, p. 287; TROUP, lished descriptions and photographs of the 1921, p. 485). species of Adenanthera reveals that the A large number of fossil woods of the present fossil wood shows nearest resem• family Leguminosae are known from India blance with the wood structure of A. pavo• and abroad but the present discovery forms nina, Linn. Our study included the exami• the first fossil record of Adenanthera. Its nation of thin sections of A. bholor Moon wood structure differs quite markedly from and A. pavonina Linn. and published des• all the known fossil woods of the Legumi• criptions and photographs of A .microsperma nosae. Teysm. et Binn., A. pavonina Linn. (MOLL & JANSSONIUS, 1914), A. bicolor Moon DIAGNOSES (DESCH, 1957) and A. intermedia Merrill (KANEHIRA,1924). Adenantlteroxylon Prakash & Tripathi The modern wood of A denanthera pavonina Linn. has been studied from a large number Wood diffuse-porous. Growth rings indis• of thin sections belonging to different speci• tinct. Vessels large to medium-sized, mens, and the variations seen are as follows. usually solitary sometimes in short radial The vessels are mostly solitary in some rows of 2 (rarely 3-4), round to oval in cross specimens, while they are in radial chains section; perforations simple; intervessel pit• in others; the parenchyma is diffuse, vasi• pairs vestured and alternate. Parenchyma centric to aliform, rarely confluent to usually paratracheal and apotracheal; paratracheal confluent with thicker sheaths around the parenchyma vasicentric, aliform and con• pores; the xylem rays are 1-3 seriate, mostly fluent; apotracheal parenchyma diffuse; " biseriate in some, while both uni- and biser• chambered parenchyma present. Xylem iates aremoreorless equal in other specimens. rays fine to very fine and short, 1-3 seriate; PRAI(ASH & TRIPATHI-FOSSIL WOODS OF LEGUMINOSAE AXD A 'ACARDIACEAE 25 ray tissue homogeneous; rays homocellular paratracheal and apotracheal; para tracheal composed of procumbent cells. Fibres non• parenchyma vasicentric, aliform and aliform• septate, semi-libriform with big lumina. confluent, forming 2-4 cells thick sheath around the vessels (PL. 2, FIG. 8; PL. 3, Adenantheroxylon pavoninium Prakash & FIG. 15; TEXT-FIG. 4); aliform-confluent Tripathi parenchyma occuring as short bands joining 2-3 vessels; apotracheal parenchyma in Wood diffuse-porous. Growth rings indis• long and short bands distributed irregularly tinct. Vessels large to medium-sized, round (PL. 2, FIG. 8; PL. 3, FIG. 15); parenchyma to oval in cross section, t.d. 144-204 [1., r.d. bands 3-6 cells thick. Xylem rays distinct 142-260 [1., mostly solitary, sometimes in with a hand lens on the cross-section of the short radial rows of 2 (rarely 3-4); 3-7 per wood, normally 1-3 (mostly 2) seriate (PL. sq. mm.; tyloses absent, black gummy 2, FIG. 10) and 15-90 !J. broad; fusiform deposits seen in some vessels; vessel-members rays with normal (PL.
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