Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive

Theses and Dissertations

1975

Stephen Markham: Man of Valour

Mervin LeRoy Gifford Brigham Young University - Provo

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BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Gifford, Mervin LeRoy, "Stephen Markham: Man of Valour" (1975). Theses and Dissertations. 4714. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/4714

This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. STEPHEN MARKHAM MAN OF VALOUR

A thesis presented to the department of church history and doctrine brigham young university

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree master of arts

by mervin leroy gifford august 1975 this thesis by mervin leroy gifford is accepted in its present form by the department of church history and doctrine as satisfying the thesis requirements for the degree of master of arts

leialeinLCIA urrlUrrL richard 0 cowan committeearrlchairman

77 melvin J tOsonpetesonpetosonPepeerson committeetumember

7 7 dadatedace77e lar Ccy porter acting department chairman

ii acknowledgments

the writer would like to express his appreciation to the following who have made it possible to bring this work to its present form to richard 0 cowan chairman of the advisory co- mmittee for willingly devoting many hours to see this man- uscript completed his kindness understanding and valu- able suggestions will always be appreciated to melvin J peterson representing the minor department for his valuable suggestions to the staffs of both the church historians library and the special collections library at brigham young university for their willing assistance which made the completion of this thesis possible to members of the stephen markham family for their help and encouragement to ann hansen who sacrificed so much of her time to type and help edit this work to my wonderful wife marjory who has given constant encouragement and sacrificed much time and

iii iv companionship during the many hours spent in the completing of this thesis to my children brent kenneth kevin annette sherri and byron who were willing to forego many activ- ities with their dad to see this goal accomplished TABLE OF CONTENTS

page acknowledgments iii

chapter 1 introduction 1 purpose of study 2 limitationsdelimitationsDe 3 method of procedure and sources used 3

2 EARLY LIFE birth and family 5 baptism 6

MARKHAM IN MISSOURI 7 extermination order 8

REMOVAL FROM MISSOURI 9 markhamsMarkhams duties 10 blakely episode 11

3 STEPHEN MARKHAM IN ILLINOIS 14

SETTLING NAUVOO 14

MARKHAM IN NAUVOO 16 nauvoo legion 16 civic involvement 18 v vi chapter page ecclesiastical activities 19 prophet bodyguard 20 arrest at dixon 21 personal sacrifice 26

UNREST IN NAUVOO 27 riot charge 27 martial law declared 28 29 10 the martyrdom

4 WESIWARDWESTWARD TO THE ROCKIES 34

EXODUS FROM NAUVOO 34 preparations and problems 37 sugar creek 38

TREK ACROSS IOWA 41 Richardrichardsonrichardsonsrichardsonbsons point 41 chariton river 42 601Golgoiboldensgoldengoidengoldensdens point incident 43 garden grove 44 cutler park 45 winter quarters 46

EXODUS TO THE GREAT BASIN 47 elkhorn river 47 no guns no hat 49 scotts bluff 49 viivilv1lvilviival chapter page entering the great basin 50 the return 52

5 MARKHAM IN THE GREAT BASIN 53

RETURN TO THE GREAT BASIN 53

THE SPANISH FORK AREA 54

branch organized 56 palmyra settled 56 living conditions 58 community development 59 ward divided 60 walker war 61 fort supply 66

STEPHEN MARKHAM THE MAN 68 orator storyteller 71 family 72

DEMISE 73

6 SUMMARY AND conclusions 75

SELECTED bibliography 79

appendixes 84 chapter 1

introduction

the church of jesus christ of latter day saints has a rich history surrounding its restoration and struggle for survival countless saints have aided in the building of the kingdom of god on earth one of these was stephen markham personal bodyguard of joseph smith stephen heard the gospel while living iinI1 n chester geaughgeauga county ohio through the efforts of a zealous missionary he was converted to the mormon faith and bap- tized in july 1837 from that time until his death in 1878 markham tried vigorously to do his part in building gods kingdom having to sacrifice was a common thing to the early members of the church and this new convert was no excep- tion on two different occasions he sold his property and gave the proceeds to the church markham also freely gave of his time on one occasion he rode 212 miles in less than three days to alert joseph smith of a plot to

1 arrest him 1 just prior to theche martyrdom of joseph and hyrum smith stephen was asked to leave the carthage jail to secure medicine for one of the prisoners upon returning 2 he was forced to leave carthacarthagee at gun point pioneering the west was an undertaking common to stephen markham he aided in the exodus of the saints from nauvoo to the great basin and pioneered a settlement in the rockies he was also involved with the establishment of an express line in the west durpospurpospurpose of studstudy leonard J arrington church historian stated that the true history of the church of jesus christ of latter day saints will not be fully comprehended until the con- tributions made by those who are not general authorities or top church leaders are known although markham was not one of these top leaders the purpose of this research is to discuss these contributions

ljosephjoseph smith historvhistory of the church of jesus christ of latterlateer day saints ed B Hyay1 roberts ad2d ed rev salt lake city deseret book co 1959601959 60 V 436 here- after cited as DIICDHC Q 2territorialterritorial enquirer spanish3panish fork aratiuratiucah77 march 21211216 1878 3 limitationsdelimitationsDe this thesis is desidesignedned to discuss only those his- torical events with which markham was directly connected since becoming a member of the church only a very limited amount of space is devoted to Stepscepstephensstephentsstepheneshentshenis life prior to baptism since such information to the writers know- ledge is unavailable the writer is employed by the church as a coordin- ator of the seminary and program 11 institute 0 method of procedure and sources used the chapters will follow in a chronological order dealing with events in the life of stephen markham from his baptism until his death in 1878 stephen markham never kept a personal journal or diary hence this study was based on other sources of in- formation the primary sources include the journal history of the church of jesus christ of latter day saints the history of the church of jesus christ of latter day saints by joseph smith the times and seasons the territorial enquirer the deseret news and other periodicals private journals diaries reminiscences and his- tories of monnonmormon converts were studied extensively 4 valuable information was found in the libraries of brigham young university the genealogical society and the histori- cal department of the church also the writer personally interviewed several descendants of stephen markham chapter 2

EARLY LIFE

birth and family stephen markham was born february 9 1800 in rush later avon livingston county new york he was the second son born to dinah merry and david markham in july 1802 his father a revolutionary soldier was ac- cicidentlydently shot and killed during a celebration approxim- ately two years after davids death dinah married samuel kelsey to them was born the first daughter of the family when sarah was only two years old stephens stepfatherstep father passed away dinah was married a third time to samuel potter of unionvilleUnionville new york by potter markhamsMarkhams mother bore five children for a total of eight they were nathaniel and stephen born to her first husband sarah to the second and samuel whiting elizabeth lucy I1 and edward to mr potter little is known of stephen marhMarkmarkhamsmarkham1shams life before

ljulinajulina crow markham stephenestephennstephen markham in the history of thehe church of jesus Cliristchristchrisc of latter day saints unpublished 1967 5r 6

I1 joiningoi nixicrxich0 the church of jesus christ of latter day saints prior to his affiliation with mormonism stephen met and married hannah hogleboonHog leboon a native of manchester vermont 9 baiebalebaptismt ism through the zealous efforts of a young missionary abel lamb markham was taught the gospel and later bap 3 tizedsized in july 1837 in chester geaughgeauga county ohio stephens mother was greatly concerned over her sontssons accepting Monnonmormonismism his sister sarah felt that either hannah was the cause of her brother following joseph smith the mormon prophet or that he was drugged mormons by the Morcormonsmons she further suggestedC that stephen must have been mentally deranged to have joined such a strange minority christian group 4 stephens baptism came during trying times of the church in ohio the saints with joseph smiths encourage- ment organized a banking institution in an efforaefforeeffofforeoru to give some much needed financial aid to the Morcormonsmormonsmons excited over the future prospects of this kirtland safety societysociety1111 the comptrollers loaned excessive amounts of money without

21bidbid 31bd31bid 41bidbid 7 collecting a sufficient number of outstanding debts the prophet cautioned the bank officers to desist in this practice however his counsel went unheeded causing joseph to withdraw his membership As this financial in- stitstitutionution was struggling for survival the panic of 1837 hit the country which along with the embezzlement of a large sum of money by a cashier brought about the failure of the kirtland safety society anti banking company cries of fallen prophet reverberated throughout the church many felt that if joseph were a true prophet the bank would have been successful apostasy became a major problem which eventually caused five members of the quorum of twelve apostles to leave its ranks the church now faced its first major crisicrisiss persecution of the loyal saints during these trying times caused them to move to missouri

MARKHAM IN MISSOURI

the true convictions of this newly baptized member were demonstrated during the massive exodus of the faith- ful followers of joseph smith in missouri markham was a well to do farmer at the time of his conversion in 1837 upon the request of the prophet he sold his property financed and led the journey of sixty saints from kirtland 8 ohio to far west missouri 5 this proved to be the first of many such events which occurred in less than one year from the time he joined the church As the saints arrived at far west missouri they discovered that conditions among church members were not much different from the problems in ohio the cormonsmormons were being driven from their homes their women assaulted and their property confiscated their plight was further co- mplicated when joseph smith and a number of church leaders were arrested on october 31 1838 at far west and later imprisoned in the liberty jail clay county missouri extermination order in a communication to the leader of anti mormon forces in missouri governor lilburn W boggs expressed his sentiments concerning the strife between the saints and the non cormonsmormons in the text of this communique governor boggs penned his hateful exterminating order thehe mor mons must be treated as enemies and must be exterminated or driven from the state if necessary for the public good 116

51bid 6dhc1HC iliIII111 175 9 the cormonsmormons and representatives of the governor formed several committees to investigate and work out a satisfactory solution to the mormon problem after con- sidsiderableerable deliberation on the matter an equitable settle- ment could not be reached and the cormonsmormons were forced to leave the state 7

REMOVAL FROM MISSOURI

on january 26 1839 a group of saints met at far west and formed a special committee to draft a preamble and resolutions to aid the church to 1 remove its members from the state 2 determine the number of families desti- tute of means to remove 3 ascertain how much money could

Q be raised by the church members 8 this same committee met again on january 29th and adopted the following covenant of removal we whose names are hereunder written do for our- selves individually hereby covenant to stand by and assist one another to the utmost of our abilities in removing from this state in compliance with the authority of the state and we do hereby acknowledacknowledgee

7lbid71bid 2 III111 235238235 238 0 8journaljournal history of the church of jesus christ of latter day saints january 26 1839 located in church historians office hereafter this collection will be referred to as journal history 10 ourselves firmly bound to the extent of all our available property to be disposed of by a committee who shall be appointed for the purpose of providinprovidenproviding means for the removing from this state of the poor and destitute who shall be considered worthy till there shall not be one left who desires to remove from the state with this proviso that no individual shall be deprived of the rirightht of the disposal of his own property for the above purpose or if having the control of it or so much of it as shall be necessary for the removing of his own family and to be entitled to the overplusover plus after the work is effected and furtherfurthermoremore said committee shall give receipts for all property and an account of the expenditure of the same 9 this covenant was signed by 380 members among whom was stephen markham 10

0 markhamsMarkhams duties the removal committee also appointed a special group of seven men to supervise the business pertaining to the exodus on february 1 1839 this number was extended to eleven and included markham and three others 11 during this meeting the committee also resolved that the families of joseph smith and the other prisoners should be removed from the state first on february 7 1839 this newly appointed committee member escorted joseph smiths wife Eemmaigaimalma and her

91bidbid january 29 1839 loibidibid lldhcvHC III111 255 see appendix A for names of committee 11

1 children to illinois 12J he then returned to far west two weeks later february 21 1839 the removal committee again sent markham to illinois to visit the saints there and obtain the power of attorney to sell the lands they lefleftt behind 13 on april 9 1839 stephen was dispatched to visit joseph smith and the other prisoners at gallatin for the purpose of giving the church leaders one hundred dollars markham also carried with him a copy of a recent statute passed by the missouri lelegislatureislature granting joseph and hyrum a change of venue 14 markham left by assignment for independence mis- souri on april 13 1839 to close the business of the church in that area 15 nine days later april 22 he returned to far west blakebiakeblakelybiakelyly episode fearing that joseph smith and the other prisoners would escape from the liberty jail the judge had them escorted to daviess county to await trial while at gallatin the church leaders were visited by stephen

121bid 131bid 111 263 ibid illiiiliilil111 256 ibid 1 illliiiiiili

141bid P 111 309 151bid 1 111 2 319 ibid illiliiii 2 ibid I illiliiiiliilil 12 markham who had been sent by the removal committee dur- ing his april visit a request was made to call him as a witness for the defense this request was immediately re- fused the next day april 11 however stephen was allowed to testify before the court after he had given his testimony a guard named blakely asked markham to talk with him outside upon leaving the courthouse blakely called out you mormon kill you and struck at markham with his fist andillthen with a club markham took the club from him and threw it over the fence there were ten of the mob who immediately rushed upon markham to kill him colonel william P penistonpenis ton captain of the guard being one of the numbern ber but markham told them he could kill the whole of them at one blow apiece and drove them off 16 the ten robbersmobbers went home to get their guns de- terterminedmined to shoot markham when they returned during the night april 11 1839 the prophet saw in vision the danger his beloved brother markhammarkham1111 was in joseph awakened stephen telteitellinctellinatellinglinc him that if he would arise early and not wait for the judge and lawlawyersjersyers he would arrive home far west safely joseph further stated that

161bid 111 9 315 ibid 2 illlillii 13 if he did not do as counseled the mob would shoot him on his way back 17 early the next morning markham did as instructed and rode rapidly toward far west arriving by 900 am during his journey the robbersmobbers pursued him but failed to catch him 181 stephen remained in missouri until april 24 1839 perfoperformingnning his removal duties at which time he left for 1 Q illinois four days after the last saints had left 19

171bid 1 316 181bid ibid I illililiilil111 ibid 191bidibid illlillii111 326 chapter 3

STEPHEN MARKHAM IN ILLINOIS

SETTLING NAUVOO

As the exiled saints removed from missouri they left behind them real and personal property amounting to about 1381004001381004.00138110040013811004.00 1 their forced exodus left them pen- niless without adequate housing and at the mercies of the citizens in iowa and illinois the church now faced the challenge of purchasing land to accomodateaccommodate thousands of refugees any purchase would have to be made without cash or collateral on may 1 1839 joseph smith secured 135 acres from hugh white for 5000005000.00 also a farm from dr isaac galland for 9000009000.00 2 both of these trans- actions were made on a promissory note basis this newly acquired property was located on a prominent bend in the mississippi river in western illinois on this sight the saints built what eventually became the largest city in the state

HC ldhc IV 74 2lbid21bid 111 1 342 2 illlilliiili 14 15 the purchase of commerce and the financial stress attached to the settlement of a new area prompted joseph smith to solicit the aid of various members to raise the needed revenue in a communique directed to the church membership at quincy illinois the prophet commissioned stephen markham as one of these agents from our knowledge of the good sacrifice made by the bearer brother stephen markham in behalf of the welfare of us and the church generally and from the great trust which we have often times reposed in him and as often found him trustworthy not seeking ag- grandizement but rather that of the community we feel warranted in commissioning him to go forth among the faithful as our agent to gather up and receive such means in money or otherwise as shall enable us to meet our engagements which are now about to devolve upon us in consequence of our purchases here for the church and we humbly trust that our brethren generally will enable him to come to our assistance before our credit shall suffer on this account 3 evidently joseph had a great deal of confidence and trust in markhamsMarkhams character and ability to fulfill such an assiqnmentassignment this task could also have been an extension of his activities as a member of the missouri removal committee

journal history may 27 1839 16

MARKHAM IN NAUVOO nauvoo lesionionlon on december 16 1840 eight months after the ar- rival of the church in nauvoo the city was officially chartered by the state of illinois 4 this charter con- tained twenty eight sections regulating the civic affairs of the city section twentyfivetwenty five created a military body known as the nauvoo legion the city council may organize the inhabitants of said city subject to military duty into a body of independent military men to be called the nauvoo legion the court martial of which shall be composed of the commissioned officers of said legion and co- nstitute the lawmakinglaw making department with full power and authority to make ordain establish and execute all such laws and ordinances as may be considered necessary for the benefit government and refutationrefulation of said legion provided said court martial shall pass no law or act repugnant to or inconsistent with the constitution of the united states or of this state and provided also that the officers of the legion shall be commissioned by the governor of the state the said legion shall perform the same amount of military duty as is now or may be hereafter required of the regular militia of the state and shall be at the disposal of the mayor in executing the laws and ordinances of the city corporation and the laws of the state and at the disposal of the governor for the public defense and the execution of the laws of the state or of the united states and shall be e- ntitled to their proportion of the public arms and provided also that said legion shall be exempt from all other military duty 5

4dhcHC IV 239 5ibidbibidbid 9 p 244 17 stephen markham became an officer in this milmiimilitaryiLary

1 Croupgroup on february 1841 he was commissioned as a 6 captaicaptainn three months later may 1 1841 he was promoted to the office of lieutenant colonel in the first regiment first cohort 77 on september 24 1842 he became colonel of 0 the first regiment 8 his last promotion was private briga- dier general of the first cohort which occuredoccurred december 21 Q 1843 9 during the time markham served in the nauvoo le- gion he fulfilled his responsibilities well on numerous occasions he was involved with protecting the freedoms granted the cormonsmormons under the nauvoo charter and after its repeal his involvement increased on one occasion he and his men spent fifteen days quelling the mobs who were burning the saintssaints1 houses barns and grain stacks 10 to defend against the would be thieves in nauvoo members of the legion volunteered Aforeorfor secret service duty As an officer markham became involved in selecting these vol- unteers 11L

V 6lbid61bid v p 295 71bidbid p 353 81bidbid 165 9journaljournal history december 21 1843

lowilliam1owilliamloWilliam H walker journal entry of september 11 1845 11alexander11alexander niebaur journal entry of april 25 1841 0 18 markhamsMarkhams commissioned title of colonel was affectionately attached to him for the remainder of his life many knew him best as the colonel civic involvement although markham was mostly known for his military and frontier leadership he had a limited exposure to civic responsibilities on january 30 1843 the council appointed him the cityscitylscotys market master 12 this appoiappodappoint-I1 nt ment made him responsible to see that the fresh meats and fish on sale as well as the buildings were kept free from disagreeable smells the violation of this ordinance brought with it a fine of five dollars for each offense the nauvoo city council consisted of a mayor four aldermen and nine councilorscouncillorscounci lors who were chosen by qualified voters for a two year term of office on february 6 1843 the colonel was elected to this governing council as an aiderAlderaldermatialdermrmaldermammatimailmaiimrm 13 on fcbrearybruaryfebruary 25 1843 only three weeks follow- ing his election markham resigned 141 the writer could find no reason for this action

12journal12journal history january 30 1843

13 6 ibid 2 februaryI1 I1 1843

141bid 2.5 ibid 9 february 25 1843 19 ecclesiastical activities during the nauvoo period markham had several opportunities to render church service at a meeting held sunday march 21 1841 bishop newel K whitney presiding bishop in the church organized the lesser priesthood or aaronic priesthood Presidenpresidenciescies of the priests teachers and deacons quorums were chosen during this meeting stephen markham was called to be first counselor to samuel rolf priests quorum president 151 markham remained in the aaronic priesthood until april 1843 at which time he received the greater or melchizedek priesthood and was ordained an elder at the time of ordination he was sent on a mission to berlin huron county ohio 1610 one year later april 15 1844 he was commissioned to fulfill a mission in illinois 17i some time after the purchase of nauvoo joseph smith commenced the construction of a temple due to the untimely martyrdom o-orl the prophet he did not see its co- pletmpletionion follofollowing&ingaing the death of joseph the saints worked

15dhcDHC IV 312

16tiniestimes and seasons IV cnauvoonauvoo illinoiseillinois7illinoijs7 april 1843 157 Illinois

171bid V bid 9 april 1844 appp 5046504 6 20 feverishly to finalize the construction to realize this goal various committees were formed others were assigned as agents for the church to raise money for the temple among them was stephen markham bishops newell K whitney and george miller explained the responsibilities of this group stephen markham and forty five others have been appointed by the proper authorities of the church of jesus christ of latter day saints agents to collect donations and tithingstithings for the temple in the city of nauvoonauvop and for other purposes and have complied with all necessary requirements by entering into bonds to our entire satisfaction we hope they will be received as such by all people wherever they may travel dehopewehope also that the brethren will have confidence in them inasmuch as we hold ourselves responsible to credit on the book of the law of the lord for all donations put into their hands to the names of the donors on their tithing inasmuch as this is a very good opportunity and inasmuch as we feel very anxious that all should double their exertions in order to finish the build- ing of the temple the next season that the saints may receive their endowment we hope the saints uni- versallyversally will embrace the opportunity and donate liberally that they may the more speedily receive their reward for great things depend on our finishing the building cfof the temple with speed we have the honor to be your humble servants and brethren in the faith of christ 18

Prophetprophetpophet bodyguard during the turbulent times in nauvoo josephs life became of grave concern to the saints to insure the

tslbid181bid VI appp 780781780 781 21 prophets safety members of the nauvoo legion were chosen to be his special bodyguards 191 stephen markham could have become one of these bodyguards through his involve- ment in the legion however he probably received this assignment as a result of his past experiences of trust with joseph markhamsMarkhams dedication to the church had been tested in ohio when the prophet requested him to sell his farm in missouri he was an active member of the committee for the removal of the saints from that state he person- ally escorted emma smith and her children to illinois while the prophet and other church leaders were in prison several times joseph smith personally recorded his love for the colonel markham took his responsibilities as a bodyguard seriously on many occasions he protected the prophet from the anti mormon forces in illinois

arrest at dixon from april 1838 to april 1839 joseph smith and several other church leaders had been confined to jails in missouri on charges of murder treason burglary and

19the wawasp nauvoo illinois may 14 1842 22 theft because of a change in venue on april 15 1839 joseph and the other prisoners were transferred under heavy guard from one county to another past experience with the courts of law convinced the prophet that justice would not be satisfied in their behalf consequently during their journey to boone county the prisoners decided to escape and flee to illinois they got us a change of venue from daviess to boone county and a mittimus was made out by the pretended judge birch without date name or place they the court officials at gallatin fitted us out with a two horse wagon a horse and four men besides the sheriff to be our guard there were five of us that started from gallatin the sun about two hours high and went as far as diahmandichman that evening arandlidridkid stayed till morning there we bought two horses of the guard and paid for one of them in our clothing which we had with us and for the other we gave our note we went down that day as far as judge morins a distance of some four or five miles there we stayed until the next morning when we started on our journey to boone county and traveled on the road about twenty miles distance there we bouchtbought a jug of whisky with which we treated the company and while there the sheriff showed us the mittimus before referred to without date or signature and said that judge birch told hinhim never to carry us to boone county and never to show the mittimus and said he I1 shall take a good drink of grog and go to bed and you may do as you have a mind to three others of the guards drank pretty freely of the whisky sweetened with honey they also went to bed and were soon asleep and the other guard went along with us and helped to saddle the horses two of us mounted the horses and the other three started on foot and we took our change of venue for the state of illinois 20

20drcDHC IV 312 23

four years after the escape john C bennett an apostate church member was successful in convincing governor thomas reynolds of missouri that since joseph smith had escaped from the missouri authorities before being properly tried he should be indicted again the in- was on june 13 1843 governor dictment obtained and 3 reynolds issued a requisition on the illinois state governor thomas ford for the extradition of the prophet joseph H reynolds was assigned as the agent of missouri and harmon T wilson of illinoisillinoislillinoise was given the res- ponsibility of serving the prophet with the warrant of arrest 21 word of the intended arrest soon reached nauvoo however joseph had left the city to visit relatives named wasson near dixon lee county some distance to the north of nauvoo concerned for the safety of their leader hyrum smith dispatched stephen markham and a fellow companion on june 18 to warn president smith of the impending danger 22 the urgency of the message caused them to travel the 212

alb2lb21b H roberts A comprehensive history of the church of jesus christ of latter day saints salt lake city deseret news press 1930 II11 166 hereafter cited as CHC

22d11cvDHC v9vaV 435 24 miles in 66 hours when markham and his companion deliver- ed their information the prophet replied 1 I have no fear I1 shall not leave here I1 shall find friends and the missouriansMissourians cannot hurt me I1 tell you in the name of israels god 1231.2323 on june 23 sheriff reynolds of missouri and con- stable wilson of carthage illinois arrived at dixon dis- guised as mormon elders at dixon they hired a man and team to take them to the cassonswassonswas sons to see the prophet concerning this meeting joseph said I1 was in the yard going to the barn when wilson stepped to the end of the house and saw me he accosted inelneme in a very uncouth unentlemenlyungentleungentlemenlyungentlemanlymenly manner when reynolds stepped up to me collared me then both of them presented cocked pistols to my breast without showing any writ or serving any process reynolds cried out G d you if you stir shoot G d if you stir one inch I1 shoot youill be still or shoot you by G if you have any legalillprocess to serve I1 am at all times subject to law and shall not offer resistance reynolds replied itoilgG d you if you say another word I1 will shoot you by G I1 answered shoot away I1 am not afraid of your pistols t124 at this juncture stephen markham walked deliber- ately toward the officers whereupon they turned their pistols on him and threatened to take his life if he came closer when reynolds and wilson saw that their threats

24bibid 23lbid231bid 439 2ibidibid 1 44 25 went unheeded they again turned on the prophet jamming their pistols into his side they instructed markham that joseph would be a dead man if he advanced further the officers then hurriedly took the prophet to their wagon without honoring a request that he be giveniven time to secure his clothing and bid his family goodbye disturbed over the denial of josephs request markham seized the horses by their bits and held them until emma could bring a hat and coat to her husband irritated by the colonels action the officers aagainainaln threatened to shoot the colonel As reynolds and wilson finally sped off in their wagon joseph instructed markham to ride into dixon and secure a writ of habeashabeus corpus that afternoon a writ was obtained from a justice charging the two officers with threatening josephs life whereupon reynolds and wilson were taken into custody by the local constable on june 25 the prophet sent markham with a letter directing general wilson law officer in the nauvoo legionC to meet him at Morumonmouthnouth with sufsufficientficientscient troops to prevent his being kidnapped into missouri after the colonel re- turned he overheard reynolds and wilson discuss their kid- napping plans their intent was to raise a company of 26 volunteers to take joseph smith by force to the mouth of rock river on the mississippi where a company of men were ready to take him across the river into missouri markham alerted the sheriff of lee county and a guard was placed outside the building to ensure that no one passed in or out of the house during the night through the efforts of stephen markham and others this twelve day ordeal ended and joseph smith returned to nauvoo to be among his friends

personal sacrifsaarifsacrificeice because of the many anti mormon forces at work in nauvoo and the surrounding counties the prophet wascomwas co- mpelled to continually hire lawyers to defend himself against their charges these experiences were both time consuming and extremely expensive many of the saints co- trintributedbuted large sums of money to help joseph pay for these burdensome court costs among them was stephen markham shortly before the martyrdom markham sold his only house which he had just completed and gave the entire proceeds to the prophet the revenue raised through this sale amounted to 1200001200.00 25 he then moved his family into a

25territorial25territorial ensiuirenquirerer spanish fork utalutaiutah march 21 1878 27 tent until another lodging could be constructed while living in nauvoo stephen and hannah lost their only daughter dinah age thirteen 262 they were now lefleftt with three sons warren whiting and david

UNREST IN NAUVOO

riot charge on june 7 1844 the first and only issue of the nauvoo expositor was circulated in nauvoo this newspaper was printed by several apostate members of the church and was designed to reveal the ledgedalalledged illegal activities of joseph smith at a special meeting june 10 the city cou- ncil reviewed the contents of the nauvoo expositorex ositorrositor after hours of deliberation this paper was declared a public nuisance joseph smith mayor of nauvoo ordered the city marshall to take immediate action later that evening the printing press was taken into the street and destroyed on 17 markham june 1 joseph and hyrum smith stephen and thirteen others were arrested and charged with lotbiotiotriot for destroying the printing press those so charged were examined by the justice of nauvoo during this examination

26journal26journal history november 1839 28 markham and others were charged with carrying the press and type into the street 279 7 after hearing the evidence the justice released the prophet and his associates

martial law declared news of the destruction of the expositor was soon circulated throughout the state anti mormon sentiment be- gan to increase and many non cormonsmormons felt that they should march into nauvoo immediately and exterminate the latter day saints this attitude was verified by an affidavit sworn by stephen markham on the 17 day of june 1844 came stephen markham before me willard richards recorder of said city and after being duly sworn desposethdesposeth and saith that from the public papers especially the warsaw papers and from reports from the various precincts a mob may be expected to make an immediate attack upon the citizens and city of nauvoo on account of the gatherings of the various precinctprecinctsand58sandand threats to exterminate the latter day saints to combat the information sivenalvengiven by the colonel and otherslotheralothersochers joseph called out the nauvoo legion to protect the citizens markham the commcommanderander of the picket guard was instructed to post a guard on all the roads leading out

2727dhc3WC VI 489 28journal28journal history june 17 1844 29 of the city 29 other commanders were given similar orders to help secure the premises against possible mob attack the martyrdom while preparing to defend the city of nauvoo the prophet received a letter from governor ford charging the city council and the mayor with gross misuse of their civil powers after reading the governors letter joseph stated there is no mercy no mercy here 113030 venting his feelings further the prophet said I1 told stephen markham that if I1 and hyrum were ever taken again we should be massacred or I1 was not god 1 a prophet of I want hyrum to live to avenavenge11e my blood but he is determined not to leave me believing that the church members would be safe if he were to leave nauvoo joseph decided to go to the rocky mountains his plans were changed however after receiv- ing word that elueimelmemmana wanted him to submit to the law and that some of the saints were calling him a coward for leaving disappointed over news from emma and the saints joseph elected to return and face the charges on the morning of june 25 1844 the prophet his brother hyrum stephen markham and those men who had been

29dhc29phc VI 301bid 545 311bid 546 505 ibid sbidabid 2 30 charged with ifriotariotriot11 over the destruction of the nauvoo Exposiexpositortorcor voluntarily surrendered themselves to the con- stable at carthalcarthabcarthagee illinois that same day the prisoners appeared before justice robert F smith after hearing the evidence bond was set at 5000050000500.00 for each defendant to the surprise of those present the bond was posted the prisoners were instructed to appear at the next term of the circuit court in hancock county illinois 32 while still at carthage the constable arrested joseph and11yrumand hyrum for treason against the state of illi- nois for declaring martial law in nauvoo justice smith issued a warrant to jail joseph and hyrum when the arresting officer arrived at the hamilton hotel with his company of carthage greys the prisoners voiced concern that a transfer at that particular time would be exposing them to undue danger in spite of the prisoners concern over the feeling of mobocracy at carthage the transfer was carried out of this experience one of the prisoners explained now the rush of heavy treads up the stairs drew our attention and the stentorian tasiczsics ic1 voice of an

32journal32journal history june 25 1844 s-

31 officer demanding the prisoners when willard richards met him in the door which was actually too narrow for 1 c1ca any but myself mr reid their counsell Iasiczsic1icaic7 also mr taylor hyrum smith judge phelps col markham and all remonstrated against such as unecesaryunecesary icsiq7 exposition of the defendentsdefendants lives until they de sistedaisted it was then that justice smith made out a mittimus and the carthage grays escorted them to prison col markham was7wasa on one side with a hickory club while I1 was on the other outside the guard and parrydparrys wardedawardedwarded77 off the guns and bayonets of the drunken rabble who tried to break the ranks and stab them josephljosephcjoseph and hyrumhyrurp7 33 again the following day the colonel helped protect the prophet as he was escorted from the jail to the court house for trial 34 markham stayed with joseph during the carthage jail episode he held a pass from governor ford which allowed him to enter and leave the jail at will because of this privilege the colonel was frequently asked to deliver messages and take care of business for the prisoners on the morning of june 26 joseph sent him and two companions governor 35c with a message solicitingC an interview with the at 130 pm june 27 stephen markham was asked by the prophet to secure medicine for one of the prisoners upon

33dandan jones letter book p 5 june 25 1844 located in church historians office bibid3ibid341bid p 8 june 26 1844 35journal35journal history june 26 1844 32 leaving the jailjall the carthage greys forced him from the city at bayonet point stephen marahmarkhmarkham being seen on the streets in the afternoon I1 a number of CartcarthacecarthagehaceCD greys captured him put him on his horse and forced him out of tonatown at the point of a bayonet 1 notwithstanding he held a governor 0 pass from the to Cgo3 in and out of the jailjalljaliailallali at pleasure 3630r the scars of this experience stayed with the col

s onel the remainder of his life 377 they stood as a constant reminder of his love and devotion to joseph smith one and one half hours after markham was forced from carthage the hostile mobs broke into the jail and martyredmartyred joseph and hyrum smith early the next day june 28 1844 emma smith stephen markham and two other individuals in nauvoo re- ceived official word from the sursurvivinasurvivingvivina prisoners advising them that the prophet and his brother had been killed that same day the bodies of the deceased were taken from carthage to the mansion house in Natinauvoovoo upon their arriv- al stephen markham and six others addressed an anxious

36thethe contributor salt lake city the deseret news company 188718817 lixtixIIX p 406 37andrew37Andrew jenson latter davday saints biographical encyclopedia salt lake city the andrew jenson history co 190119361901 1936 p 676 33

QO crowd of eight to ten thousand grief stricken followers 38 what these men talked about is not known however they

must hhave1ave discussed their involvement at carthage and their feeling concerning the martyrdom of their beloved prophet leader for the next two years stephen markham would be called many times to help stop the anti mormon agressionegressionagression in nauvoo

38dhc38phc VI 626 chapter 4

WESTWARD TO THE ROCKIES

EXODUS FROM NAUVOO

six weeks following the martyrdom of joseph smith the latter day saints met and accepted the quorum of twelve apostles with brigham young as their president to lead the church many had expected that the mormon prob- lem would be solved with the deaths of joseph and hyrucyruhyrumn smith this however was not the case the anti mormon forces continued to gain momentum the peace and tran- quility once enjoyed by the nauvoo residents were now only a dream civil disorders house burnings and killings were becoming more commonplace in january 1845 the illinois state legislature repealed the nauvoo charter leaving the cormonsmormons without an officially recognized force with which to defend them- selves to suppress these turbulent conditions president brigham young relied heavily upon the old and new police the former under the leadership of hosea stout

34 35 and the latter under stephen markham the nauvoo leaionleolonlegion was also used extensively to maintain law and order in the city on many occasions the colonel was called upon to rout or capture anti mormon intruders as evidenced in the followinsollowinfollowing account president brigham young went in council at elder john taylors in nauvoo with the twelve and others including col markham as the mob had driven the postmaster from warsaw the evening before and that he had said frank warrell was shot the day before while in pursuit of the sheriff frank warrell was one of the officers of the guard at the jail when joseph and hyrum were killed the same day stephen markham started south to hancock county with about eighty men to stop the mob from burning the homes and property of the saints 2 attempting to stop the anti mormon conflict and

restore order to his state the governor wrote to brihambribrigham0ham

young 11 asking the church leadersleaders11 to consider movingCD from illinois he further explained that joseph smith had in- dicated an eventual removal of the cormonsmormons to the rocky mountains and since this was the feelingfueling of their former leader perhaps a move westward could be carried out soon when the anti mormon forces heard of the governors letter their aggressiveness decreased

111osealosea stout journal entry of october 4 1844 journal history september 17 1845 36 brigham young petitioned for help in behalf of his followers in a memorial to the president of the united states he explained the plipilplightht of the saints and asked for protection to the disappointment of this christian group the petition was never answered on may 30 1845 an illinois jury acquitted the accused murderers of joseph smith at once the smoldering anti mormon feelings ignited A settlement not far from nauvoo was burned and a mormon killed several other outlying towns were fired within a week 200 houses

Q shops and sheds were destroyed 3 in an effort to stop this new burst of trouble governor ford sent general john J hardin and his troops to nauvoo several state officials accompanied general hardin these men met with the mormon leaders during which time an agreement was reached the latter day saints contrary to their will were to leave the state the follow- ing spring 4 most cormonsmormons however left in february 1846 the reasons for this earlier departure included 1 rumors

30rsonrson F whitney history of utah salt lake city george Q cannon and sons co 1892 I1 24445244 45 41bidbid p 247 37 aboutaboul the federal Governmentgovernment1governments1 s plan to interfere with their leaving 2 0uieutethechete grecreatit number of warrants for the arrest of church leaders 3 the pressure from their enemies and 4 the fact that nearly all worthy adults had already received their temple endowment blessings 35 preparations and problems in preparation for their exodus brigham young in- structedstruc ted each family to take a prescribed list of supplies anichvnichwhich were to outfit five persons for eighteen months 6 for fear of being left behind however many did not take time to prepare themselves for the journey as instructed and did not have sufficient provisions to last more than twenty four hours others failed to secure adequate cloth- ing for their needs on february 4 1846 the first saints crossed over the mississippi river unaware of the troubles and heart- aches they would be called upon to endure

russellmussell R rich ensign to the nations provo brihambribrighamham young university publications 1972 686 8

ab6bB 11 roberts A comprehensive history of the church of jesus christ of latter day saints salt lake city deseret ncennenewss press 1930 II11 539 hereafter cited as CHC see appendix B for complete list 38 the premature exodus of the cormonsmormons made it nearly impossible for the leaders to adequately organize such a massive removal in the original organization twenty- five captains of one hundred were appointed to assist in the exodus each captain was authorized to select one hundred families his responsibility was to see that these families were prepared for their journey the captains of hundreds were further instructed to select captains of fifties and of tens with clerks and auardsguards the mormon leaders expected that such an organization should adequate- ly take care of this massive removal but numerous problems arose mauvmany leaders eager to get the exodus started assisted others to cross the river but then had to return to nauvoo for their own families later on members of these companies would be scattered even more because of storms bad roads and the need for the men to go out in search of employment

sugar creek day after day the numbers of refugees increased as the exiles from nauvoo arrived within a monthmonthy 5000 cormonsmormons were encamped upon the west banks of the missis- sippi river at sugar creek iowa not only were these exiles ill prepared they also feared that robbersmobbers might 39 cross over the river and infinflictlictlica additional punishment upon them anticipating these and other problems brigham young organized two groups february 17 1846 the police 11 and the pioneers 11 the former was given the

responsibility of Cguarding the camp day and night and was captained by hosea stout no one was permitted to leave the area after dark without officially signing a permit the latter was placed under the supervision of captain stephen markham and instructed to defend the exiles against any anti mormon aggression on various occasions the 11 pioneers11pioneers also helped guard the camp stout recorded in his journal that his group was given the responsibility of guarding the east side of the encampment sugar creek while markhamsMarkhams men watched the west fourteen men were required for each two hour shift the total manpower for a was men 77 ninights9htsats guard eighty four alongC with their military duties markhamsMarkhams group was responsible for secur- ing food for the needy campers forage for the cattle suitable camp locations and blazing the trail for those who followed 80

7hoseahosea stouttstoutystout journal entry of february 17 1846 journal history february 18 21 22 23 1846 40 As the spring rains came the constant travel over the muddy roads made them almost impassable A rugged mor- mon frontiersman stood by the roadside with a team of oxen helping the wagons that were bogged in the mire the presence of this helper was not an uncommon sight many witnessed his aid during two years of persecution when on various occasions as an officer in the nauvoo legion he led the mormon militia against the robbersmobbersmobbers they recalled his standing before them speaking at the funeral services of their martyredmartyred prophet stephen markham would be seen many moremor times during the trek givinagiving aid and instruc- tions to the pioneers as they sought a new home communication with the church leaders and those aiding young in the removal of the saints was particularly imperative during the early stages of the exodus to ac- complishcomplish this the following method was devised by this prophet leader when brigham young wanted the brethren to assemble a white flag was to be hoisted and when the captains were to assemble a blue or colored flag would be raised the captains of hundreds were instructed to form their companies in circles without the circle surrounding the stand captain hosea stout formed the police and captain stephen markham the pioneers 9

91bidbid 1 18 41

TREK ACROSS IOWA richardsonsrichardsonbRichardsons point on march 1 1846 five hundred wagons broke camp at sugar creek and started their grueling trek in search of a new home travel was slow on the snow packed ground but spirits were high each day as this christian group started their line of march they were preceded by one hundred trail blazers the pioneers and escorted by a company of riflemen and mounted police in addition to these one hundred men with a cannon as part of their artill- ery kept the group safe from any feared intervention by the federal government or those who would be hostile toward them

by march 7 the saints reached a location called richardsonsrichardsonbRichardsons point a distance of fifty five miles from nauvoo this became their second rest camp heavy rains necessitated a longer delay than anticipated during this encampment the leaders decided to lilightenhtenahten the loads of the artillery by burying the ball and shot in the ground 10 this indicated that the leaders no longer concerned them

R provo russeli1orussellrussell rich I1 elsianensianensigna to the nations brigham young university publications 1972 13 42 selves about being detained by federal troops nor attacked by mob forces furthermore they released thirty guards these men together with seven men of the artillery and nineteen pioneers 1 were allowed to return to nauvoo for their families since the teams and wagons belonging to this group were needed by those who remained in the camp colonel markham and a companion appraised their value and payment was made 11

chariton river by march 27 1846 the exiles reached shoal creek in the chariton river region at this point in their tra- vels young more thoroughly organized the camp up to this point the saints not including those who stayed at sugar creek traveled under a rather loose organization with the apostles acting as captains of companies and the ex- ploration and protection being provided by the pioneerspioneers1111 and the police during a meeting held at a members tent an is- raelitish organization was put into effect this re- alignment of responsibility called for a camp superinten-

dent historian clerk and camp commissary CDgeneralaeneral the

ilhoseahosea stout journal entry of march 13 1846 43 balance of the group was then divided into three companies of fifty each company of fifty was staffed with a presi- dent captain issuing commissary contracting commissary

1 0 and clerk 121 the camp was further divided into tens with a captain guard herdsman and whatever other officers the captain of fifty desired 131 3 under this new organiza- tion markham became a captain of fifty

601Golgoiboldensgoldensgolden1sdens point incident markhamsMarkhams reputation as a leader and military man can best be exemplified by an incident which occurred at boldensgoldensGoldens point the captain was sent back to nauvoo june and july 1846 to secure some church property A large body was preparing to march into nauvoo but learned that the new citizens who had purchased property from the exiles were unwilling to allow the mob forces to enter the city with this unexpected opposition the mob militia marched to boldensgoldensGoldens point a distance of about six miles down the mississippi river at this juncture a rumor spread among the anti cormonsmormons that markham had returned with a large

121bidibid march 13 1846 see appendix C for names and positions 13chc13cf1cv illIII111 52 44 body of men is several hundred completely armed prepared and determined upon fighting as markhamsMarkhams name was a terror among the enemies of the saints the mob took flight 14 this incident further amplifies the fact that markhamsMarkhams activities of defending the cormonsmormons in nauvoo were well known and respected garden grove by april 19 1846 brigham youngs advance group had arrived at a place located on the east fork of the grand river approximately one hundred and forty five miles from nauvoo the exiles decided to make this place gar- den grove a permanent settlement where those who followed later could stop and replenish their supplies for the continued trek soon after the saints arrived at garden grove numerous assignments were made to the pioneers and others of the 359 laboring men who were called 100 were selected to cut trees and make rails under the direc- tion of charles C rich stephen markham L C wilson and james pace 10 were assigned to build fences 49 were to construct housesllotioilouses 12 to dig wells 10 to construct bridges and 180 were assigned to clear the land plow and plant

141bid 5 6 ibid I1 illiliIII111 56 45 the crops 151 As well as being in charge of making rails for fencing in garden grove the colonel was a foreman in the building of four houses on the west side of the town 16

cutler park by september 22 1846 the camp of israel had crossed the missouri river and had proceeded some distance westward to cutler park because they were passinopassing through savage country and to prepare for going over the mountains to the great basin the cormonsmormons changed from the israel itishibishitish11 to a military organization under this organiza- tion brigham young became the lieutenant colonel of the company and markham the commander the regiment was com- posed of four battalions three of which were infantry after the reorganizing was completed lieutenant colonel young ordered stephen to raise a company of mounted men to explore for good land and water 17

russeli15russell15 russell R rich ensign to the nations provo brigham young university publications 1972 17 16journal16journal history may 9 1846 17hoseahosea stout journal entry of september 22 1846 see appendix D for full organization 46 winter quarters at this juncture the united states government re- quested the cormonsmormons to provide recruits to join the army in the war against mexico more than 500 responded the lateness of the year the time employed in raising this mormon battalion and the reduced manpower due to the governments call made it impractical for the cormonsmormons to continue their trek to the great basin that year 1846 consequently the pioneer company decided to return to establish winter quarters on the banks of the missouri river and remain until the following spring 1847 to secure the premises against intruders the saints elected colonels hosea stout and stephen markham to head the night

i p or picket guard 1810 the remuneration for these services was seventy five cents per tour of duty which was helf the night and seventy five cents per day for the captain 19 not only was the picket guard responsible for mai- ntaining law and order but the military organization established while traveling through cutler park see appendix D was employed during the winter of 1846 and the

18journal18journal history october 18 1846 see appendix E for duties 19hosea stout journal entry of november 29 1846 47 early spring of 1847 it is a matter of history how this christian group suffered during the winter months of 1846 while camped in nebraska during their stay at winter quarters preparations were being made for the continuation of the trek to the great salt lake As early as january 1847 brigham young announced this intended trek and word was sent to the various encampmentsencampments givingqiving instructions to those chosen to constitute the camp of israel 112020

EXODUS TO THE GREAT BASIN

on monday april 5 1847 under the direction of the leaiealeadersdersY six wagons traveled four miles west of winter quarters to cutler park two days later president young joined the trek for the great basin

elkhorn river shortly after brighamyoungBrighabrigham youngmYoung joined the camp of is- rael he received word that several church leaders had recently returned from missions in england anxious to hear their report the group camped on the banks of the

20thethe Docdoctrinetrindtrino and covenants salt lake city the church of jesus christ of latter day saints 1960 1361 6 48 elkhorn river thirty five miles from their winter home while staying at elkhorn young effectuated two organiza- tions which he used throughout the westward journey one a military 11 the other israelitish 11 under the mili- tary he was chosen lieutenant general of the entire camp and colonel markham as second in command with subordinate officers in the israelitish camp markham was elected as captain of one hundred 21 in addition to these two positions held by the colonel he continued as captain of the night guard 2299 concerning this guard one author said the sentries were selected from a body of fifty men with stephen markham as their captain twelve guards were on duty at a time and the night was divided into two watches these guards were not to leave the vicinity of the wagonsC whenever it became necessary to stake out the horses and cattle to orazegraze at a distance from the camp an extra guard was provided the stock however were generally kept inside the enclosure formed by corralling the wagons according to the custom of the plains in forming the corral the tongues of the wagons were placed outside with a fore wheel of each vehicle locked in a hind wheel of the one ahead at one or both ends of the circular or oblong enclosure thus formed an opening would be left these gateways were carefully guarded sometimes near a lake or river the camp would form a semicirclesemi circle resting on the bank 23

2lhowardhoward egan diary entry of april 17 1847 see appendix F and G for complete organization of military and israelitish 22journal22journal history april 17 1847 230rsonorson F whitney history of utah 1 305 49 no guns no hat the toils of the day made it difficult at times to successfully dispatch additional camp duties such as guard- ing the camp at night even the leaders faltered occasionally there was considerable joking this morning on account of two of the picket guards having their guns stolen and colonel markham having his hat stolen the owners were found asleep while on guard and those who found them so took their guns to be a lesson to

them 4 24 markham was reminded frequently of this incident as the camp faced the rigors of their westward move

scottscotts bluff the experiences of the past year taught the cormonsmormons a great deal about pioneer travel and organization As the camp of israel journeyed the problems with the indians terrain and weather were readily surmounted however at scottscotts bluff a different type of problem arose and president younyoung called a special meeting with all the men during this meeting he chastisedchastized them for their lightwindlightmind edness card playing checker playing dominoesdomdomingesinoes and quarreling attitude he placed special emphasis upon the failure of the men to honor their priesthood

24willianiwilliam clayton journal entry of april 22 1847 50

at the conclusion of briohambrinhambrigham0 youngs talk colonel markham told the group that he knew he was doing wrong and apologized01 for his actions during his remarks he wept like a child and said he hoped the brethren and god would 25 forgive him though0 stephen was a rough mountaineer he nevertheless was a humble compassionate man who desired to uphold his commitment to his heavenly father

Enenterinoanterinoenteringterino the great basin As the camp of israel reached the head of echo canyon july 1847 a meeting was called in order to look for and build roads the leaders decided to form an advance company of forty two men and twenty three wagons orson pratt became the commander of this group and markham or was selected as his aid 260 these scouts blazed the trail so the colonel was one of the first to enter the great basin on july 24 1847 the camp of israel entered the salt lake valley bringing to a climax an historical event only one year earlier lifeilfe in the great basin was but a

251125howard2511oward25owardHoward egan diary entry of july 19 1847 261bidibid p 95 see appendix H for full organiza- tion 51 dream in the minds of a homeless people this monumental trek was made possible by the efforts of many individuals who like colonel markham proved to be men of valour men who were willinwilling to sacrifice time money and a comfortable home to pursue their religious convictions almost immediately the camp of israel commenced plowing planting damming ofofff streams and building houses in this new land by july 31 just one week after arriving markham reported that the following work had been accom- pliplishedshed three lots of land aggregating fifty three acres had been plowed and planted with potatoes peas beans corn oats buckwheat and garden seeds etc about three acres of corn was already up about two inches and some beans and potatoes were already beginningbe inning to sprout thirteen plows and three harrows had been worked during the week and various repairs made to broken implements the valley had been explored the several canyons visited and a road made to the timber A saw pit had been also constructed and a large pine lo10log0 brought down from the mountains for that purpose and converted into lumber for a boat 27 the fact that markham gave this report indicated that he had again recelreceivedd leadership responsibility

27journal27journal history july 31 1847 52 the return afafterter one month in the valley some of the saints on august 26 1847 left the great basin in order to return and lead other groups from winter quarters four days later august 30 these church leaders organized themselves for the return trip to nebraska colonel markham was named a captain of one hundred to preside over the whole group immediately under the direction of brigham young 280 for the next several years these men made many trips super- vising the westward movement of literally thousands of saints whocrossedwho crossed the plains to make their home in the rockies

281bidibid august 30 1847 see appendix I1 for complete organization chapter 5

MARKHAM IN THE GREAT BASIN

RETURN TO THE GREAT BASIN

little is known of stephens activities from his return to winter quarters in 1847 until 1850 when he led a group of saints to the great basin numbered amonaamonoamong the saints in this train of fifty wagons were his wife hannah and their three sons warren whiting and david like others they looked forward to a feeling of permanence which the markham family had not enjoyed since stephen was baptized thirteen years earlier traveling in this group of pioneers was a young lady whose husband passed away leaving her alone with an infant son stephen graciously consented to watch over her and the infant until his company reached its destination during the weeks that followed markham and mary houghton saw a great deal of each other as the saints met the

journal history april 20 1850

53 54 problems of prairie life through this acquaintanceship there developed a feeling of concern and a genuine interest for each other which eventually blossomed into love con- sequently on october 6 1850 five days after the company 2Q arriarrlarrivedved in the valley mary became stephens plural wife this was not an unusual occurrence since during this era of the church many of its members were allowed or called to practice plural marriage thirteen children were sub- sequently born to this union soon afterwards the colonels families moved to 3 davis county where they lived for a year and a half little is known of their activities except that they worked on a church owned farm

THE SPANISH FORK AREA

typical of the practices of the church following its arrival at the great salt lake stephen markham was called by president young to fulfill a colonizing mission 4

2familyfamily group records of stephen markham filed in the patrons section church records archives genealogical society 3censuscensus of utah 1851 located in census bureau washington D C 4writerswriters program utah provo pipioneerI1 aneeroneer mormon city portland binfordsBinfords and lortmort 1942 p 169 55 during the fall of 1851 this frontiersman and his families loaded their wagons for a sixth move this time they were to start a mormon settlement in utah valley fifty miles south of salt lake city several groups had preceded this colonizing mimissionI1 ssiI1 on to spanish fork earliest of these were the ute indians who had lived in this area for years dwelling in caves willow huts and wigwams the first white men to view the present site of spanish fork were two franciscan friars fathers sylvester velez de escalante and francisco atanacio de dominquez who passed through on september 23 1776 dur- ing their quest for a direct route from santa fe new mexico to monterey california the fathers were followed by furmen and hunters who trapped along the streams flow- ing into the utah lake as early as 1810 5t markham was preceded one year by enoch reese one of the earliest marchantsmarchandsmarchants in utah reese laid claim to about 400 acres of land in the fall of 1851 he hired two men to commence fanninfarming his acreacreageaaeaoe 60 it was at this same time that Markmarkhamsmarkham1shams group began settling this area

5eiishelish vamervarnerwamerwarner history of spanish fork spanish fork spanish fork press co 1930 pop 25025 61bidbid warner p 28028 56 branch organized shortly afafterter their arrival the settlers on the spanish fork river met and organized a branch of the church on sunday december 21 1851 in a communication to president brigham young john H reed clerk of the spanish fork branch recounts this organization we the settlers of spanish fork and members of the church of jesus christ of latter day saints met ac- cording to previous appointment our meeting was opened by singing and prayer was offered up by brother markham then followed a very interestininteresting discourse from brother markham who admonished the brothers and sisters to continue faithful and try to live the lives of saints and discharge their several duties he also made many interesting remarks upon principles and doctrine we then proceeded to organize a branch of the church as follows viz john H reed was appointed clerk of the branch and stephen markham president he made choice for his two councilorscouncicouncillorslors john holt and john reed 7 signed john H reed clerk of said branchbranchabranch7

palmyra settled by the summer cfof 1852 there were sufficient settlers to form a town in august george A smith a member of the quorum of twelve apostles located the tow- nsite of palmyra about three miles west of the present site of spanish fork the name palmyra was given in honor of palmyra new york the scene of many incidents in early

7journaljournal history december 21 1851 57 latter day saint history in a letter directed to the editor of the millennial star george A smith wrote I1 have sought out the location of the city of palmyra on the spanish fork utah county and pro- cured the survey of 360 lots containing one hundred rods of ground each a temple square of thirteen acres and four school squares of two and a half acres each streets six rods wide the public square commands a view of all the settlements in utah valley except mountain ville and is one of the most delight- ful spots in the mountains it is sixty miles from great salt lake city and now contains sixty families stephen markham presides 8 by the close of 1852 seventy five families lived in palmyra a sufficient number to charter the settlement A petition was presented to the territorial legislature and the charter was granted A city council was formed in which stephen markham was elected one of the towns counccoonc ilorsalors under this new charter a company of home guard was also organized for the purpose of defending the citizens and their property against indian raids the leadership of this guard consisted of a major two captains and a lieutenant once again the colonel was called to serve his people as they elected him the commander or major of the guard 9

8millennialmillennial star liverpool england april 30 1853

ellshafelisha9elishaelisha varnerwamerwarner history of seanispanispanishI1 sh fork p 35 58 one of the immediate concerns of the saints was to insure land productivity to accomplish this an irrigation and ditch committee was formed to supervise the project of bringing the much needed water on to the lands this special committee consisted of three members one of whom was stephen 10 under their supervision the south ditch was completed although irrigation water was now available to the

people they did not have the revenue to pupurchasei lchaserchase the seeds for the planting of their crops president markham used his own money plus all he could borrow bought the seeds and loaned them to the settlers until harvest time the following fall 11

living conditions houses in this area were far from the best the scarcity of building material forced the saints to make shelters known as dug outs in the ground one writer described these living quarters as places dug in the ground usually four or five feet deep with steps leading down into the room from each

ibid warner p 33 ilandrewalandrewandrew jenson manuscript history of spanish fork 185118911851 1891 located in church historians office 59

end and a roof usually made of willows and mud the dugouts were quite warm and comfortable during the winter there being a fireplace in the end opposite of the entrance they were generally without windows so in order to get light the door must be left open or the open fire depended upon for illumination some of the settlers were able to provide candles 12 the first dugout in palmyra was constructed by stephen markham and was typical of this type of dwelling A boarder in his home reviewed what her living conditions were like his Markmarkhamsmarkham1shams home was a dugout it was a very large room built half underground there was a large fireplace in one end with bars hooks frying pans and bake ovens where they did the cooking for the large family and boiled fried baked heated their water for washing there was a long table in one corner and pole bedsteads fastened to the wall in the three other corners they were laced back and forth with rawhide cut in strips and made a nice sprispringyngy bed there were three trundle beds made like shallow boxes with wooden wheels which rolled under the mothers bed in the daytime to utilize space there was a dirt roof and the dirt floor was kept hard and smooth by sprinkling and sweeping the bed ticks were filled with straw raised in palmyra 13 community developmentevelo t in keeping with the churchschurche belief that education is an integral part of religion the first public building

12elisha121 elishaellsha waberwamerwarner history of spanish fork p 38 13catecate B carter our pioneer heritage portland binford and mort publishers 1951 XIV p 285 60 completed was a school house on january 1 1853 at a special meeting of the townspeople president markham dedicated this structure 14 for the next three years the school became the meeting house for many public and religious gatherings in the community ward divided by march 22 1853 numbers had grown to the point that the saints met to form two ecclesiastical units A bishop was appointed to preside over the ward at spanish fork and stephen markham became bishop over the palmyra

t ward with a membership of 404 15 included in this membe- rship were ten high priests thirty two seventies seventeen elders eleven teachers and twenty two priests

unfortunately there beganC to be trouble between the citizens of spanish fork and palmyra partly due to the cattle doing damage to the fields to placate this problem the governor advised that the latter town be abandoned and its inhabitants relocated in spanish fork 16

ellsha14elisha14elisha warner history of spanish fork p 208 15andrew15andrew jenson manuscript history of spanish fork 185118911851 1891

ellsha16elisha16elisha wamerwarner lulluiILlhistorystory of spanishSP ish fork p 58 61

by the spring of 1856 the town of palmyra was entirely vacated thus ending Markmarkhamsmarkham1shams service as a bishop it was not an easy thing for this palmyra coloniza- tion leader to accept the idea of leaving the land hehadchehadhe had given his all to for the past fivefivelve years he did however move to spanish fork for a short time but soon returned to his 640 acre palmyra homestead to squelch the many rumors about his trying to discourage the evacuation of palmyra markham solicited the aid of a fellow church worker to pen a letter to governor young stating that he never made any attempt tocounterto4counterto counter the governors instructions to the saints 17

walker war the stronger utah indian tribes had the custom of kidnapping the children of the weaker bands and selling them to the mexicans to be carried into new mexico and even as far south as mexico itself where they were sold into slavery in a message delivered to the territorial legislature governor brigham young expressed his dis- approval of this type of slavery an editorial in the

17stephen17 stephen markham letters MSS in church historian office letter dated april 3 1856 see appendix J for entire letter 62 deseret news stated that the stealing and selling of indian children was kidnapping in the eyes of the united states law and ought to be treated as such 181 to lash back at the laws prohibitinprohibitionprohibiting the indian slave traffic many of the traders poisoned the minds of the indians against the whitemanwhiteman1111 by convincing them that they did not receive sufficient compensation for their lands that the settlers stock should be as free to them as the game in the mountains and that the settlers would not allow them to trade off their children as was the custom the pressionsupressionsuppressionsu of the slave trade among the utah indians caused a feeling of agitation and unrest between the settler and the redman this agitation culminated in an incident which occurred near sprinaprinspringvilleSpringville utah a few miles north of spanish fork which some writers feel was the direct cause of the indian war of 1853 an indian was punishing his misbehaving squaw by beating her which was in keeping with their custom mr ivey a white man became enraged over the incident and struck the indian

1 A 18blo10 H roberts A comprehensive history of the church of jesus christ of latter day saints salt lake city deseret news press 1930 IV 37 63 bringing about his eventual death before dying however the brave managed to reach the indian encampment of chief walker and his brother araleenarapeen on Peteetpeteetneetneet creek near payson in utah county incensed by the report araleenarapeen and a number of indian braves visited payson in an apparent spirit of peace but upon leaving the settlement shot and killed a guard who was on duty 19 from this time until may mormon of 1854 17 the settlers were recipients of repeated indian attacks the town of palmyra found itself in the middle of the indian uprising in a letter to brigham younyoung dated october 4 1854 bishop markham indicated that the indians were very hostile in their feelings and actions toward the settlers they would turn their horses into the pioneerspioneers11 grain fields without permission whenever they were cautioned about their action their reply would always be it is our land and we have a right to it the indians constantly stole and carried off any amount of corn they desired on numerous occasions these marauders cut up and destroyed the saints gardens it was not uncommon for horses to be stolen from the settlerssettlers11 corrals in the

19lbid191bid 2 ivaiv3IV p 33 s-

64 communication to president young stephen mentioned seeing an indian named squashsquash1111 and his followers all painted up passing through palmyra enroute to payson some time later during their return the renerenegadesgades shot and killed two head of cattle belonging to the palmyra saints they also rode their horses through a garden cutting and slashing everything before them 20 at the conclusion of the bishops letter he told brigham young we see no other way than to fight them we have tried every other means we believe and it appears to do no good but make Z tthemathem7hem7 more soucy Z sic7 and they say we are squadssquaws and are afraid licz10110asio5sio of them but we do not want to get into a fightfight with them unlefunlefsunlessunleafs ssicasic7ic7 you say so 1 probably if there was a company of the united states troops stationed in this part of the vally icsicasic77 some where it might have an flunceinflunceininfluence sicasicsic77 to allay their depredations 21 during the early stages of the walker war a num- ber of indians attacked a group of families at the peteet neet saw mill when word of this attack reached the payson settlement a group of volunteers was immediately organized to defend the saw mill settlers this group was dismissed

however upon hearingC that colonel stephen markham major

20stephen20stephen markham letters MSS in church historian office letter dated october 4 1854 21ibidibid see appendix K for entire letter 65 of the home guard in spanish fork with one hundred fifty men was in pursuit of the band who made the Peteetpeteetneetneet attack 220 0 this home guard major was called upon many more times to lead groups against the indian agressionsaggressionsagres sions the colonel commanded a body of men during battles at manti utah july 19 1854 and at the salt creek canyon utah september 26 1854 during the first few weeks of the walker war stephen served under colonel peter W conover in leading expeditions against the utah indians on july 21 1855 lieutenant general brigham young ordered conover markham and the military district commanders to return to their various settlements and locations 23 this order brought the colonel back to palmyra where he remained during the balance of the indian war which terminated in august of 1854 during the walker war era stephen also supervised the building of a fort and tithing house in palmyra A

22lorenzo22lorenzo brown journal entry of july 24 1853 2323joumal23journaljournal history july 21 1853 66 task completed while men stood guard against indian raids 24

fort supply during the october 1853 general conference of the church orson hyde was called to supervise a colonization mission to green river wyoming the location settled by hydes group eventually became known as fort supply 25 the fort was strategically located to 1 give aid to the emigrants who were passinpassing over the california oregon and mormon trails 2 provide shelter for the sick and those who suffered from the stresses of such an arduous journey and 3 to give the saints an additional agricul-

tural settlement because of the extremely short growing0 season in that area the crops were not able to mature properly the settlers struggled courageously to make their mission successful they succeeded in building a saw mill and grist mill which they used extensively although the saints tried desperately to make the settlement a success it became apparent that they needed more help

24andrew240 andrew jenson manuscript history of spanish fork 185118911851 1891 250rsonorson F whitney history off utah salt lake city george Q cannon and sons co 1892 I1 p 529 67 on february 24 1856 the church called additional families to move to fort supply to make the mission produc- tive and reach its intended goals among those called were bishop markham and two other families living in palmyra utah 26 the colonel spent approximately one and one half years managing an express station which was part of the newly organized XY express company that had been awarded the U S mail contract very little is known concerning Markmarkhamsmarkham1shams involvement in wyoming except that several emigrants indicated in their diary accounts that they spent the night at a place called markhamsMarkhams stationstation121227 A missionary after landing in liverpool england wrote the following

11 1 the night of the 16 october we spent at markhamsMarkhams station upper crossing at the upper 28 crossing of the sweet water sweetwater 11 due to the impending danger posed by the approach of a hostile US army commanded by general albert sydney

26andrew26Andrew jenson the utah genealogicgenealogicalal and histori- cal magazine salt lake city deseret news press 1913 I1 p 36

27william27william H walker journal entry of april 1 1856 28journal28journal history october 3 1857 68

johnston theL he cormonsmormons were forced to abandon fort supply during september of 1857 As they left however they burned everything to the ground shortly thereafter the troops took possession of the fort in the name of the united states government total financial losses incurred by the saints responsible for fort supply were approxi- mately 3000000029300000.002930000000300000.00 viewed by some as a financial disaster the settlement dialdidldid however aid hundreds of saints as they crossed the plains for the great basin from the viewpoint of the church ieleadersaders the colony in large degree fulfilled its purposes with the abandonment of fort supply stephen mark- ham returned to his utah farm located one mile west of spanish fork where he remained for the next twenty years in semisemiretirementretirement

STEPHEN MARYdMARKHAMbamLAM THE MAN

on one occasion a camp of indians came to the colonels palmyra homestead the chief of the band offered to trade a baby girl in return for a horse mark- ham told the chief that helielleile did not need the baby girl as

29andrew29andrew jenson the utah genealogical and histori- cal mamafiasmaciassazinebazinesazinein e I1 p 39 69 much as he needed the horse disturbed with the answer he received the chief tooltook the baby by her heels and started to dash hertierllerlierhey head against a nearby post seeing that the indian was intent in his action stephen accepted the pro- posed trade the indian girl was reared to maturity as a member of the colonels family being taught the same as the rest of the children while living with the colonels family she met and married a spanish mexican who came to the community some time after their marriage her husband decided to take her and their baby boy back to his home town in new mexico As they traveled near the present site of marysvaleMarysvale utah they were attacked by a group of indians during the skiskirmishanishnnish he was killed heartbroken and dispirited over his death this young mother returned to spanish fork utah within a few months of her return her baby boy died and unfortunately two years later she too followed her husband and child in death leaving no posterity 30 thomas and priscilla evans two members of the ill fated handcart trains of 1856 stayed at the markham hom- estead for one year assisting the colonel in his usual farm

30statement30statement by fred L markham provo utah person- al interview august 3 1974 70

duties durinoduringCD this time steptstephenen gave them two acres of land in the northeast corner of the farm to set up their own household concerning markhansmarkhamsMarkhanshams hospitality prisilla stated ll11 bigheartedbig hearted generous stephen markham took us into his large familyfamily and made us feelfeel like one of them 1131113.1 in his autobiography john henry hayes recounted that in the fall of 1864 while his father worked at the utah state penitentiary supervising an inmate state road construction crew stephen markham offered him a job on his farm he accepted the offer six months later the

colonel bought the hahaeshayesJ es family a lot in town spanish fork on which they lived for the next 73 years typifying the colonels character john states llelieheile was a very kind employer a man who wanted to help his fellow beings flour was 2400240024.00 per hundred but the tithing credit was six dollars per hundred and that was all he would take from father 113232 incidents of this type were undoubtedly repeated many times over as this palmyra colonizer aided the needy settlers

31catecate B carter our pioneer lierlfleriheritage XIV pp285285 32ibid321bid carter XIII p 440 71 orator storstostorytellerteilerteliertoller on march 9 1863 the citizens of the area met at spanish fork to discuss their disapproval of the conduct of governor stephen S harding and associate justices waite and drake during this meeting colonel markham delivered a spirited patriotpatrioticx address after which those present voted to dismiss the governor and associate justices and ask them to leave the territory immediately 33 when news of the death of heber C kimball member of the churchschurche first presidency reached spanish fork the saints held a special memorial service in his behalf bishop markham and two other men gave major addresses tes-

Kim 34 tifyingtidyingC to president kimballsballs faithfulness on one occasion this prophet bodyguardbodyguard11 spoke to a group for over two hours recounting eyewitnesseye witness events which transpired during themissouritheche missouri and illinois persecutlonspersecutions 35

stephen i aloyediijoyedloyedaioyed sharing with his associates his ft personal experiences with joseph smith many testimonies

331ournal33journal history march 9 1863 34ibid341bid june 24 1868

35lsaiah351saiah moses combs journal entry of january 4 1869 72

were strengthened by these accounts one young man expressed his reaction to such experiences when he said I1 loved at that early period of my life to sit at his markhamsMarkhams feet and hear him relate his ex- perienperiencesces with the prophet joseph smith and it left an impression on my mind that has never been forgotten his experiences have been an anchor to my soul his testimonies to me have been everlasting they have strengthened my faith in the gospel of jesus christ they have left a bond of love in mgmy heart for him that I1 hope I1 shall never forget 336 over the years bishop markham became a symbol and constant reminder to the saints of the historic exodus to the great salt lake valley an event which the church celebrated each july 24th stephen was often called upon to speak on these occasions as well as lead the traditional pioneer parade in spanish fork 37

family during his lifetime stephen markham was sealed married to nine women hannah hogleboonHog leboon prudence tenner mary curtis anna matthews martha jane boyce lidia lydia marie macomber lucy ann bellows eliza jane

36cate36catc carter our pioneer heriherlheritage XIII p 440 37journal37journal history july 24 1865 73

shepherd and mary hulon 38000 all of these women were sealed 1 to him for time and eternity except mary curtis and mary hulon who were his wives for time only during lifetime 39 hannah hogleboonilogleboonIlog1109Hog leboon stephens first wife left him she and their three sons warren whiting and david journeyed to chico california where they laid claim to a honihonlhomesteadestead 400

DEMISE

on march 15 1878 the deseret news reported the news of the death of the venerated founder of palmyra utah well known citizen we observe from the terri- torial enquirer that elder stephen markham an old and well known citizen of utah died last sunday at spanish fork he had reached the age of seventy eight years the funeral services over the remains were conducted at the meeting house of the settlement last tuesday beloved and respected by all who knew him stephen markham died at spanish fork march 10 1878 he was

38family38Family group records of stephen markham filed in the patrons section church records archives genealogical society see appendix L for complete information on sealingsdealingssealings etc 39lbid391bid 40statement40statement by ira J markham concord california personal interview september 12 1974 74 one of the greatest pioneers of this western country a practical advocate of religious liberty and a friend of humanity he was very charitable to the poor and unflinching in his integrity to the cause of the great latter day saints work having lived a most active and useful life he passed away in peace in the midst of his family and friends at the age of 78 years and 1 month 41 thus ended the life of a great patriot statesman frontiersman trailblazer colonizer and military leader one who gave his all in the service of his felfellowmenlowmen

4ldeseretdeseret news saitmaitmaltsalt lake city utahsutah3utah march 15 1878 chapter 6

SUMMRYSUMMARY AND CONCLUSconclusionslonsIONS

stephen markham joined mormonism during a time of major crisis for the church in ohio almost immediately he demonstrated his depth of conversion when joseph smith requested that he sell his highly productive farm the revenue fromicom this sale was used to financefinancecnance the trek of a group of faithful cormonsmormons from ohio to far west missouri upon arrival in missouri markham continued his service to the church as a member of a committee of eleven respon- sible for the removal of the church membership from missouri to illinois he personally escorted emma smith and her children to their new home in the neighboring state a task accomplished under great duress in nauvoo stephen became one of the prophets personal body guards this committment was faithfully dispatched on one occasion markham rode 212 miles in less than three days to alert joserhjoseph of a plot to arrest him on another occasion he sold his newly built home and gave the money to joseph then moved his own family into a tent

75 76 during this same period he heldheidhold several distinguished ofofficesfices reaching the rank of colonel and brigadier general in the nauvoo legion the colonel was present when the prophet and several church leaders were arrested and turned themselves in to the carthage authorities in connection with the destruction of the nauvoo expositor stephen stayed with joseph on this occasion taking care of various errands for the prisoners he was allowed to come and go at will by virtue of a special governors pass one hour and a half prior to the martyrdom of the prophet stephen was forced to leave when the carthage greys jabbed his legs with the points of their bayonets by the time this pro- phet body guard reached nauvoo his boots were filled with his own blood As the historic journey to the great salt lake was made the colonel played a major role he provided leader- ship for a group called the pioneerspioneers1111 who were responsible for blazing the trail westward and providing food for the mormon emigrants he captained the night guard which protected the saints as they camped each evening markham was second in command under president brigham young as the camp of israel journeyed from winter quarters nebraska to the great basin 77 in the mid lsoos1800selsoos thecheuhe colonel was sent to palmyra utah on a colonizing mission during thetlletile twentyfivetwenty five years that he lived in palmyra he served the church members as a bishop town councilman and home guard major he was especially known for his many acts of generosity never was he too busy to help a brother in need stephen knew sorrow during his lifetime he lost a daughter in death and a wife and three sons through divorce one of markhamsMarkhams favorite pastimes was to recount his personal experiences with the prophet joseph smith many church members young and old spent hours listening to him as he bore testimony of the divinity of the man he had been privileged to know and protect during the years of persecution in missouri and nauvoo markham never kept a journal therefore the material for this account comes from other complimentary accounts he did not receive a formal education he never learned how to write or do many of the other things which come from a classroom experience he was a rugged frontiersman well educated in the art of pioneer living he knew how to make the best out of situations which many would tenatennterm impossible in times of danger and hardship 78 men seemed to feel secure under his leadership although stephen Markmarkhammarkliamliamilam was not one of the general authorities or top church leaders he made many valuable contributions throughout his lifetime he was committed to a conviction and did his best to fulfill it on many occasions he endured personal sacrifice as a visible proof of his love and devotion for the church the writer feels that the life and contributions of other secondary leaders should be brought to the awareness of the people so that a more complete picture of the history of the church will be seen one of these leaders could be albert P rockwood SELECTED bibliography

79 SELECTED bibliography

A PRIMARY SOURCES

barney lewis journal special collections library brigham young university provo utah

bigler henry W journal special collections library Brigbrighamhain young university provo utah brown lorenzo journal LDS church historians office salt lake city utah bullock isaac papers MSS in LDS church historians office salt lake city utah bullock thomas journal LDS church historians office salt lake city utah clayton william journal special collections library brigham young university provo utah crow julina markham stephen markham in the history of the church of jesus christ of latter day saints 11 provo mimeographed 1967 egan howard diary special collections library brigham young university provo utah jenson andrew day by davday with the utah pioneers 1847 salt lake city D asereteseretdeseret book company 1899 manuscrmanusarmanuscriptip history of spanish fork LDS church historians office 185101891 salt lake city utah jones dan letters LDS church historians office salt lake city utah

80 81

Jourjournalkiallyaleyal history of the churclchurchi of jesus christ of latter day saints 183018781830 1878 LDS church historians office salt lake city utah niebaur alexander journal LDS church historians office salt lal-lakee city utah pratt orson journal LDS church historians office salt lake city utah rockwood albert P journal special collections library brigham young university provo utah smith joseph historbistorhistory of the church of jesus christ of latter- dayaa Ssaints ed B H roberts vols II- IV ad2d ed rev salt lake city deseret book company 195919601959 1960 0 stout hosea journal special collections library brigham young university provo utah the doctrine and covenants salt lake city the church of jesus christ of latter day saints 1960 walker william H journal special collections library brigham young university provo utah young brihambribrigham0ham journal LDS church historians office salt lake city utah

B newspapers AND periodicals deseret evening newsN ewsaws saitsalt lake city utahutahsutah7 1878 territorial enquirer spanish fork utaiutahsutah7 1878 the times and seasons INnauvoonauvooauvoo illinoiseillinois7illinois 7 1843 the wasp nauvoomauvoonauvoo illinoiseillinois7illinois7 1842 the latter day saints millennial star Lfliverpootjliverpool 1853 82

C SECONDARY WORKS arrington leonard J great basin kingdom cambridge harvard university press 1958 barrett ivan J joseph smith and the restoration provo brigham young university press 1968 berrett william E and burton alma P readings in LLDSD S church histhistory vol I1 salt lake city deseret book company 1967 carter categate B our pioneer heritagheritage vol XIV portland binford and mort publishers 1951 crawford jackie newton fort supply or wyomingsWyomings first agricultural settlement u unpublished masters thesis university of wyoming 1935 gentry leland A history of the latter day saints in missouri from 1836 to 1839 u unpublished doctors dissertation brigham young university 1965 godfrey kenneth causesiusesauses of the mormon and non mormon conflicts in hancock county illinois 183918461839 1846 tl unpublished doctors dissertation brigham young university 1967 jenson andrew the contributor vol IIX salt lake city edited by junius F wells 1887 latter daday saintsints Bbiographicalraphicalraphgraphicalical encyclopedencyclopediaa salt lake city the andrew jenson history co 1901 tto0 9361936L the utah genealogical and historical magazine vol IV salt lake city deseret news press 1913 nibley preston exodus to greatness salt lake city deseret news press 1947 parkin max H the nature and cause of internal and ex- ternal conflicts of the cormonsmormons in ohio between 1830 and 1838 n unpublished masters thesis Brighbrighambrighcimcimulm young university 1966 83

rich russell R ensign to the nations provo brigham young university publications 1972

roberts brigham H A comprehensive history of the church of jesus christ of latter daxday saints vols IIIVII IV salt lake city deseret news 1930 the rise and fall of nauvoo salt lake city deseret news 1900 wamerwarner elisha history of spanspanishish fork spanish fork press company 1930

whitney orson F history 0off utah vol I1 salt lake city george Q cannon and sons co 1892 writers program utah provokioneerprovo pioneer mormon Ccity portland binfordsBinfords and mort 1942 tf appendixes

84 85

APPENDIX A

MISSOURI REMOVAL COMMITTEE

general committee appointed january 26 1839 john taylor alanson ripley brigham young theodore turley heber C kimball john smith don C smith chairman john smith secretary eliaseilasellasEHELS smith subcommitteesub committee appointed january 29 1839 william huntingtonhunting ton charles bird alanson ripley theodore turley daniel shearer shadrach roundy jonathan H hale subcommitteesub committee expanded appointed february 1 1839 elias smith erastus bingham stephen markham james newberry

t DHCIDHC illlilIII111 255 note the writer has corrected the misspelled words where- over necessary 86

APPENDIX B

BILL OF particulars

I11 good strong wagon well covered with a light box 2 or 3 good yoke of oxen between the age of 4 and 10 years 2 or more milch cows 1 or more good beefs 3 sheep if they can be obtained 1000 ibslbs of flour or other bread or bread stuffs in good sacks 2 iblb mustard 10 do rice fforor each family 1 do cinnamon 2 do cloves 1 doz nutnutmegsmegs 25 ibslbs salt 5 ibslbs saleratus 10 do dried apples 1 bush of beans 15 ibslbs iron and steel A few ibslbs of wrought nails one or more sets of saw or grist mill irons to company of 100 families ten extra teams for each company of 100 families 1 good musket or rifle to each male over the age of twelve years 1 iblb powder 4 ibslbs lead 1 do tea 5 do coffee 100 do sugar I11 do sugar 1 do cayenne pepper 2 do black do I11 good seine and hook for each company 2 sets of pulley blocks and ropes to each company for crossing rivers from 25 to 100 ibslbs of farming and mechanical tools cooking utensils to consist of bake kettle frying pan coffee pot and tea kettle tin cups plates knives forks spoons and pans as few as will do A good tent and fuifulfurnitureniturekiture to each 2 families clothing and bedding to each family not to exceed 500 pounds 87

APPENDIX C

israelitish organization forffcorffFORMEDD MARCH 27 1846 AT CHARITON RIVER camp superintendent brigham young camp clerk william clayton camp historian willard richards camp commissary general henry sherwood first hundred brigham young heber C kimball first hundred captain ezra T benson brigham young president of fifty albert P rockwood captain of fifty chase kenada issuing commissary H G sherwood contracting commissary john D lee clerk heber C kimball president of fifty stephen markham captain of fifty J 11 orantgrantgrangranct issuing commissary david yearsleyyears ley contracting commissary john pack clerk second hundred parley P pratt peter haws second hundred capcaptaintain father john smith parley P pratt president of fifty johnjolin harvey captain of fifty nathan tanner issuing commissary lorenzo snow clerk peter haws president of fifty howard egan captain of fifty orson B adams issuing commissary ceorgegeorge hales clerk 88 third hundred john taylor george miller third hundred captain samuel bent john taylor president of fifty C C rich captain of fifty james alienallenailen issuing commissary joseph warthan contracting commissary john oakley clerk george miller president of fifty charles crisman captain of fifty isaac allred issuing commissary samuel cullygully contracting commissary asahel lathrop clclerk1.1 erkerw note the police and pioneers were distributed equally among the groups of fifties

13 hosea stout 5 journal entry of march 1846 89

APPENDIX D

MILITARY organization 1I BRIGHAM YOUNGS COMPANY

SEPTEMBER 22 3 1846

lieutenant colonel brigham young regimental commander colonel stephen markham first battalion commander lt colonel hosea stout 13 infantry second battalion coiCormandercommander colonel john scott artillery third battalion commander lt colonel henry herriman infantry fourth battalion commander major john S gleason infantry adjutant to colonel markham major john bills

sergeant major J B nobles

hosea stout journal entry of september 22 1846 90

APPENDIX E

RULES OF THE CITYCITY GUARD issulessulISSUEDD BY COLONELCOLONEIL STEPHEN MARKHAM hosea stout journal entry of october 10 1846 omaha nation lieut col winter quarters hosea stout regimental orders you are hereby required and october loth 1846 commanded to keep up a city guaguardrd as follows firstly the guard must beliebie put on duty at or before 8 oclock in the evening and not released until the people are generally up in the morning secondly to keep on duty 4 men at a time each man to re- main on duty one half of the night thirdly to post two men on the north and two on the south of the public or council lot fourth by their duty shall be to guard the city against fires or any accident which may happen to occur to inter- rupt the peace or destroy the property of the citizens fifthly to make report hereof to me in writing when all the men under your command shall have done each one tour of dutyduttydulty noting the names of the persons who does duty & the time when it is done john bills stephen markham adjutant 91 APPENDIX F

CAMP OF ISRAEL israelitish organization APRIL 16 1847 directing division I1 the tens 171 7 brigham young directing division II11 ilaetheilie tens 8148 14 heber C kimballKiniball captain of one hundred stephen markham albert P rockwood captain of fifafiffiftyty addison everett tarlton lewis james case john pack shadrach roundy captain of ten see organization listed below camp clerk thomas bullock camp historians willard richards william clayton

FIRST TEN THIRD TEN 1 wilford woodruff capt 21 phineas 11 young capt 2 john S fowler 22 john Y greene 3 jacob D burnham 23 thomas tanner 4 orson pratt 24 brigham young 5 joseph egbert 25 addison everett 6 john M freeman 26 truman 0 angell 7 marcuismarcus B thorpe 27 lorenzo D young 8 george A smith 28 bryant stringham 9 georgeoregeorgee wardle 29 joseph S scofield 30 albert P rockwood SECOND TEN 10 kzraezraazra T benson capt FOURTH TEN 11 thomas B grover 31 luke S johnson capt 12 barnabas L adams 32 john 0 holman 13 roswell stevens 33 edmund ellsworth 14 amasa M lyman 34 alvarusalvadus hanks 15 sterling 0 driggs 35 george R grant 16 albert carrington 36 millen atwood 17 thomas bullock 37 samuel B fox 18 george W brown 38 tunis rappleyeerappleyenRappleyee 19 willard richards 39 elieilelliallalfialbial1 harvey pierce 20 jesse C little 40 william dykes 41 jacob weiler 92

FIFTH TEN EIGHTH TEN 42 steiStelstephenhen ii goddard capt 74 seth taft capt 43 tarlton lewislowis 75 horace thornton 44 henry C sherwood 76 stephen kelsey 45 zebedee coltrin 77 john S eldredge 46 sylvester H earl 78 charles D barnumbarndarn urnurmumm 47 john dixon 79 alma M williams 48 samuel H marble 80 rufus alienallenailen 49 george scholes 81 robt T thomas 50 william henrie 82 jas W stewart 51 william A empey 83 elijah newman 84 levi N kendall SIXTH TEN 85 francis boggs 52 charles shumway capt 86 david grant 53 andrew P shumway 54 thos woolsey NLNTHNINTHr TEN 55 chauncey lovelandloveland 87 howard egan capt 56 erastus snow 88 heber C kimball 57 james craig 89 william A king 58 wm wardsworth 90 thomas P cloward 59 wm P vance 91 hosea cushinggushing 60 simeon F howd 92 robert byard 61 seeley owen 93 george V billings 94 edson whipple 95 philo johnson 96 william clayton

SEVENTH TEN TENTH TEN 62 james case capt 97 appleton M harmon capt 63 artemas johnsonjohns on 98 carlos murray 64 wm C A smoot 99 horace K whitney 65 B F dewey 100 orson K whitney 66 wm carter 101 orrin P rockwell 67 franklin G losee 102 nathaniel T brown 68 burr frost 103 R jackson redding 69 datus ensign 104 john pack 70 franklin B stewart 105 francis pomeroy 71 monroe frink 106 aaron F farr 72 eric glines 107 nathaniel fairbanks 73 ozro eastman 93

ELEVENTH TEN thirteenth TEN 108 john S higbee capt 127 john brown capt 109 john wheeler 128 shadrach roundy 110 solomon Chanchaniberlchamberlainiberliberi linainiin 129 levi jackman illiiiili111 conrad kleinman 130 lyman curtis 112 joseph rooker 131 hans G hansen 113 perry fitzgerald 132 matthew ivory 114 john H tippetts 133 david powers 115 james davenport 134 hark lay colored 116 henson walker 135 oscar crosby colored 117 benjamin roiferolfe TWELFTH TEN fourteenth TEN 118 norton jacobs capt 136 joseph matthews capt 119 charles A harper 137 Gilbgilbroidroid summe 120 george woodard 138 john gleason 121 stephen marmarkhamkham 139 charles burke 122 lewis barney 140 alexander P chessleychess ley 123 george mills 141 rodney badger 124 andrew gibbons 142 norman taylor 125 joseph hancock 143 green flake colored 126 john W norton 144 ellis ames returned to winter quarters became ill

WOMEN AND CHILDREN I11 harriet page wheeler young 2 clara decker young 3 ellen sanders kimball isaac perry decker lorenzo sobieskisobicski young

howard egan diary entry of april 17 1847 94

APPENDIX G

CAMP OF ISRAEL MILITARY organization APRIL 17 1847

lieutenant general brigham young

C adjutant 0 jesse little

colonel 0 stephen markham

0 majors john pack shadrach roundy captain Artilleryofartilleryof thomas tanner captains of tens same as those in the sraelitishisraelitish organization captain of the guard stephen markham note artillery consisted of one cannon carried at first in a wagon later mounted on a separate pair of wheels and eight men to handle the cannon the purpose for taking the cannocannonL was to overawe any hostile indians and for any serious need of defense

howard egan diary entry of april 17 1847 95

APPENDIX H

ADVANCE expedition COMPANY AT ECIIOECHO CANYON JULY 133113 1847

commander orson pratt

commandersC ommander s aid stephen markham first division fifteen men seven wagons second division twenty seven men sixteen wagons

PERSONNEL

0 P rockwell john brown A P chessley jack redding shadrach roundy seth taft nathaniel fairbanks hansharts C hanson horace thornton joseph egbert levi jackman stephen kelsey john S freeman lyman curtiscurtis james W stewart marcus B thorpe david powell C D burnham robert crow oscar crosby colored john S eldredge ben B crow hark lay colored elijah newman john crow joseph matthews francis boggs W 11 crow Gilbgilbroidroid summe levi N kendall walker H crow green flake colored david grant george W thirlkill john S gleasongleas on robert thomas james chesney chcharlescharieslrlesiriesirlesarles burke lewis B myers nomannorman taylor total 42 men

howard egan diary entry 96

APPENDIX I1

organization FOR returnRKTURN TRIP TO WINTER QUARTERS AUGUST 30 1847 company commander brigham young company clerk thomas bullock captain of one hundred stephen markham captains of fifty barnabas L adams captains of ten brigham young john brown howard egan george clarke george wilson erastus snow thomas tanner charles A harper orson K whitney

FIRST TEN SECOND TEN I11 brigham young 23 john brown 2 john Y green 24 barnabas S adams 3 albert P rockwood 25 thomas harron 4 joseph S scofield 26 lamiel gould 5 stephen H goddard 27 jabez T nowlin 6 heber C kimball 28 james W stewart 7 hosea cushinggushing 29 T tanner 8 orson pratt 30 M B thorpe 9 joseph egbert 31 joel J terries 10 willard richards 11 thomas bullock THIRD TEN 12 harvey pierce 32 thomas tanner 13 benjamin richmond 33 addison everett 14 wilford woodruff 34 nolan atwood 15 dexter stillman 35 sidney A hanks 16 george A smith 36 john houman 17 amasa lyman 37 george grant 18 albert carrington 38 D T sahghzin 19 A T chessley 39 W dykes 20 ezra T benson 40 D grant 21 matthew rury 22 david powell 97

FOURTH TEN SEVENTH TEN 41 george S darkclarkmark 73 orson K whitney 42 hayward thomas 74 horace K whitney 43 thomas woolsey 75 stephen markham 44 samuel fox 76 george miles 45 charles shumway 77 conrad klineman 46 andrew shumway 78 william jerrill 47 william carter 79 monroe frick 48 burr frost 80 ozzo eastman 49 lucus hoagland 81 levi N kendall 50 franklin dewey 82 toral N treston

FIFTH TEN EIGHTH TEN 51 erastus snow 83 charles A harper 52 george brown 84 nathaniel fairbanks 53 wm mclntyremcintyre 85 perry fitzgerald 54 john P wriston 86 orin P rockwell 55 charles barmin 87 joe chamberunChamberun 56 stephen kelsy 88 william gifford 57 william wardsworth 89 peter T meshick 58 dalus insign 90 william roe 59 john discon 91 chariladcharidadCharilad C roe 60 simeon howd 92 james davis 93 jamesjaines cawkins

SIXTH TEN NINTH TEN 61 howard egan 94 george wilson 62 wm A king 95 arza E hinkley 63 carlos murray 96 john brimhall 64 andrew gibbons 97 wm W rust 65 george billinbillinsbillingss 98 jesse W johnston 66 ralph douglas 99 rodney badger 67 ed holden 100 james camp 68 thurston dawsomsawsom 101 william A tarhcarh 69 james case 102 joseph matthews 70 abel M sarjent 103 benjamin stewart 71 jamesjanies C lake 104 john crow 72 judson person

journal history august 30 1847 also found in egan diary august 30 1847 98

APPENDIX J

palmyra april ad3d 1856 presidente fsiczsic brigham young dear brother we write you these few lines to let you know something of the state of affairs in this place being aware of what we can hear that there are many misrepresentations gone abroad concerning the ethernbrethernbretherdbr sicacsic7csicksic7 that they are not going to get out of this place cpalmyra7palmyra & c we take this method to inform you that we know of none but what age asiccsicsic going to get away as fastetaste riqisicsiq as their circumstances will acmiteadmite sic off many of the ethernbrethernbretherdbr sicasicsic7 are out of bread and more will be in a shorte sicasic7sic time teams are poor and weak and some have no teams at all beincrbeinarbeing defendentedependentedependente sicasic7 on their neighbors for them there are a great many sick with the measles and mote csiq7sic likely those that have note sicasic7 got them if they have not had them will have them the spring is late and the bretethernbretherdbrethernbrettiernbr tiern sicasicsic7 getting along very slow in putting in their crops under these circumstances the ethernbrethernbretherdBr Z sicsicasic7 many of them feel like getting in something early here not haleinghaveing sic gardens fenced at the upper 99 settlement nor poles or stuff to fence with that they may have soisolnethingsomething growing to sustain life bute sic intend putting up houses in the upper settlement juste sic as

faste Ssicicaic7 as they can and not interfere with their crops but there are some who should be men of example trying to get the people out immediately to turn them- selves out of doors bebeforebecoreforecore they get crops in or houses builte J sic also misrepresmisrepresentationsentatenhat ionslons are going abroad so we hear thate icaalicyasicyic7 we are trying to hold the brethebrethea rn sic back from going to the upper settlement and many more misrepresentations comeing sic from men that ought to know better we have told the Brethernbrethembretherdbrethern sic continually to fix up their fences and pute sic in their crops and then go to work and build up at the upper settlement as faste sic as they could and get out of this place but that does not satisfy some men they are for turning all the Brethernbrethembrethernbretherd icafsic7ic7 out of doors sick or well house or no house also some bodies have been a round nights pushing and tearing down the fort walls which is needed for fence if nothing else while we do stay threats so the ethernbrethernbretherdbr 1417sic tell us have been made to tear their houses down over their heads if they donte fsasfsicjiclacl get out of this place verry cicsic7.7 soon such seems to be the state of things 100 and if you feel like giving any instructions in these matters the Brethernbrethea csickcsic2asicsi cj with ourselves will be verry dissicadigsicj7.7 glad to receive them yours in the new and everleverieverlastinaeverlastingastinaastino0 covenant stephen markham silas hillman

stephen Marmarkhamkharn letters MSS in church historian office letter dated april 3 1856 101

APPENDIX K

palmyra acteocte 4 1854 prespros brigham young dear brother we wish to inform you by this of the situation of affairs in this place andaladatad around it the utah indians are very hostile in their feelings as well as their actions they turn their horses into our grain and when we talk to them about it they say its their land and they have a right to do it and we cannot get them to take care of them with- out a fufsfues s ij likewise they are stealing corn and packing it off cutting up and destroying all of our squaskessquashes Lssicasicjicaic7 and mellons jsicj it seems they are deter- mined to destroy all they can A young man went down to their encampinenteencampmenteencampmente Cssicasicji J that lives in our place to get a horse tthatat belonged to one of the ethernbrethernbretherdbr sicasicjcs4c7 and ffound

and tsicasic7i 1 I indian on it he wanted the indian to get off and give him the horse but he would not and also threaten- ed to shoot the young man he came back to the fort and the indian followed up riding the horse bro berry and some others told him to get off and he would not do it 102

bro berry took hold of him and twitched fsassiq7ic 7 him ofofff he drew his bow to shoot but some of the Brethernbrethembrethernbretherd rssicicaic7 stopedscoped csickcsic7sic him bro markham handed his his lasso and he struck at him with it but he cockednocked rsiq7hicbicvic most of the blow off directly we had all the indians about to our fort who came riding and charging up and tried one in particular to ride over some off rsic7sic our ethernbrethernbretherdBr sic they talked very soucy sic and impidentimpudentimp ident iasici7 but finallyanallyfinally they went off again to day squash and his indians went through here to payson all painted black and on their re- turn from payson they shot down 2 head of cattle 1 ose icasicicj and one young creature cut the tall I1 sic 7 off the ose 1 Ssicicaic7 brought it along leaving the ballance sic where they were shot when they got back to our place they rode into a garden with their horses cutting and slashing every- thing before them we have given you a few sketches of their doings in our place and from what we learn from other places they are doing no better if we make them stop their depredations we see no other way that sic to fight them we have tried every other means we believe and it appears to do no good but make them more soucy sic and they say we are squadssquaws andareand are afraid of them bubutt we

do not want to get into a fight with them unlefsunless Ssicy you say so to make them behave we are on hand to do as you 103 say probably if there was a company of the united states troops stationed in this part of the vally sicafsiosic7asio some anerewnere it might have an infflunceinflunceininfluencelunceiunce c3icjsic to allay their depredations we send you these and await your instruc- tions yours in the new & everlasting covenant stephen markham per silas hillman

stephen markham letters M-MSSS in church historian office letter dated october 4 1854

4 APPENDIX L

WOMEN SEALED TO STEPHEN MARKHAM name birth place where uhenwhen hannah hogleboonHog leboon manchester vermont nauvoo temple 30 january 1846 prudence tenner phintonrophintonhophintonRoHo vermont nauvoo temple 30 january 1846 mary curtis oakland michigan church ofofficefice 5 october 1850 salt lake city utah time only anna matthews califhalifhalifaxax vermont church office 11 october 1852 salt lake city utah martha jane boyce loughboro canada church office 2 march 1852 salt lake city utah lidia marie macomber richmond maine markhamsMarkhams house 12 april 1852 palmyra utah lucy ann bellows morgan illinois priests office 22 april 1856 salt lake city utah eliza jane shepherd wayne indiana endowment house 30 november 1867 marvmary hulon oakland michigan endowment house 30 november 1867 time only STEPHEN MARKHAM MAN OF VALOUR

mervin leroy gifford department of church history and doctrine MA degree august 1975

ABSTRACT this study is a biography of the life and activ- ities of stephen markham betwebetgebetweenen the years of 1837 to 1878 during the nauvoo period markham served as a body- guard of joseph smith and held several commissioned offices in the nauvoo legion he played an important role during the exodus of the saints to the great basin commanding a group responsible for providing food lodging and protec- tion during the trek to the rockies while living in the great basin he supervised the settlement of palmyra located near the present site of spanish fork utah served as a bishop of a ward became the leader majmajoror of a home guard which protected the area against indian raids and was involved in the civic affairs of the community throughout his life stephen markham was known as tithelithethe colonel 11 his generosity to the many homeless saints was recognized as one of his strong qualities at the time of his death he was a strong advocate of the cause he had espoused in ohio P f 9 COMMITTEE APPROVAL raczrhczrh CZ cntcry richard 0 cowan committeecrtchairman

v meivinmclvinmelvln avJ pepersonrson committee member

jpylwyL r r Y C porter acting dept citCliairmanchairman