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From the Onfinal Document..A * **************************************************1******************** U S DOCUMENT RESUME ED 255 036 FL 014 918 . AUTHOR Jacobson; Steven A.; McGary, Jane, Ed. TITLE Central Yup'ik and the Schools. A Handbook for 'Teachers. INSTITUTION Alaska State Dept. of Education, Juneau. Bilingual/Bicu mural Education Programs. SPONS AGENCY Office of Civi Rights (ED), Washington, DC-. PUB DATE . 84 GRANT G008200907 '1 "" NOTE. 53p.; For related documents, see FL 014 919-920. PUB TYPE Report% - Descriptive (141) -- Guides Classroom Use - Guides (For Teachers)(052) EDRS PRkCE MF01/PC03 'Plu4 Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Alaska,Natives; Bilingual Education; Cultural , Infiuences; Dialects; Enrollment Rate; *Eskimo Aleut Languages; Gr mmar; Information Sources; Instructional Materials; Language Attitudes; *Language Usa e; Linguistic Borrowing; *Minority Groups; Nativ Language Instruction; Nonverbal Communication, Oral Langualge; Phonology; Pronunciation; *Sociocultural Patterns IDENTIFIERS *YUpik; *Yupi 'Eskimos' ABSTRACT This is one ofa series of handbooks designed to assist classroom teachers, bilngual-bicultural education and special education program staff, counslors, and school administrators in instructional services for stuents from native Alaskan language groups. The unique sociocultur1 and linguiitic characteristics of Yup'ik speakers as they relateto'the school setting are addressed in this volume.' Educational resoures such ss recommended readings; a listing.:of school districts enrfling students from this group; and sources of information, materias, and instructional assistance ',are provided. A map shows the distrbution of Eskimo languages throughout the Arctic and a prefatory secton discusses the study of language in general-. Subsequent sections adress theie topics: the Aleut-Eskimo language family and the place ofYup'ik in it, dibiects languages, literacy and educatio in Central Yup'ik, the. Yup'i,k Writing system, bilingual educaton, a comparison of. Yup'ik"anoi. English (phonology, grammar, 1.0c1 English, Igup!ik-influenCed.' English, discourse and nonverbalcommunication, 'linguistic borrowing, the Yup'ik numeral system, and te teacher's role), and the Yup'ik Eskimo culture. A Yup'ik alphabetchart, ti of resources, and enrollment data are.also included (MSE) 1 *** ************************************ * ReproduCtions supplied by EDRare the best that can be made' from the onfinal document..a * **************************************************1******************** U s. OIPANTMINT NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EOUDATiON EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER IFRIC1 )0, This. document hes been reproduced as received IrOm the person or organization originating it kvi Central Yup'ik tlMinor changes have oven made to improve reproduction quality Points of view or opinions stated in this docu menu do not mu immunity represent othcrel NIE and the Schools Position or nolir,v. :'PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY A HandbOok for Teachers,410A0.left 0E$4, TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC)." t, ii' Alaska. Department of Education Bilingual/Bicultural Education, Programs Juneau, Alaska a CENTRAL YUP'IK AND THESCHOOLS A Handbook forTekhers Written by Steven A. Jacobson Edited by Jane McGary Alaska Native Language Center Developed by Alaski Department of Education Bilingual/Bicultural Education Programs Juneau. Alaska 1984 , 1 $ This publication was. funded by a grant from the U. S. Department of Education, Civil Rights Technical Assistance and Training Programs. Grant Number 6008200907. The opinions expressed herein do not. however, necessarily reflect the positions or poliCy of the U. S. Depart- ment of Education: no official endorsement by the U. S. Department of Education should he inferred. The right to reproduce all or any part of this-publication inany form. including photoxerography, microfilm, or microfiche, is reserved by the Alaska Department of Education. .1 Statement of Nondiscrimination: It Is the policy of the Alaska State Ikpanment o1 ucation to provide equal education 1(nd employment opportunities and to provideser- vice. and benefits to all students and employees without regard to racecolor. natio origin. sex, age. physical handicap. or veteran status. This pollicykV in accor- dance wtthe laws enforced by thd Department of Health. Education and Welfare and the Ikparn ni of Labor, including Presidential Executive Order I 12.46 amended: Title VI and 101 the 1964 Civil Rights. Act: Title IX of the Education Amendment id 1972. Title 4parts 0-1. (0 -2, and 60-50: Sections 799A and 845 of the Public Health Service Act where appliable: Section 514 of the Rehabilitation Act; and Alaska Stature 18.80.220. Inquiries regarding the application of these and other regulations should be directed to either th4 Affirmative Action Officer of tile State Department 01 Education or i0 the Office of civil R ights..Depurtment of Health. Education and Wel. (arc, Washington, 1).0 Puhlis'hed and Disseminated by 1)epart mem of Education Pouch F Juneau, .Alaska 99811 Firm Printing,tine,. 1984 BESTCOPYi., 500 coplies Cover photo: Doll ramify: made by Susie Brown. Eck. Photo by ChrisArend. courtesy of Alaska StateiCouncil on the Arts. 1. t $romorimmisiol 7., va, PREFACE Alaska has always had a multiplicityof languages and cultures..Unti I 1930, Aliiska Natives madeup the majority of the State's population, speaking twenty:Alaska Na(ivt languages, often English. andsometimes Rustian. ,.Today, Alaska Native students compriseapproximate' per cent of .the language minority studentsenrolled in Alaska's puhlic school bilingual-biculturaleducation programs.These stu- dents.are from the Aleut, Arhabaskan,Eskimo, Raida. Tlingit .and:Fsimshian language groups. Other major languagegroups en- rolled inprograms include Spanish,' Korean, Pilipino,Russian, Japanese, and Vietnamese, The Department of Education hasdeveloped a series ofhand- book designed to assist classroom teachers,bilingual-bicultural education and special educationprogram staff, counselors and school administrators in improvinginstructional services forstu- demi; from Athiihaskan. Inupiaq,and Yup'ik languagegroups. These handhtioks address the unique socio(!ulturaland linguistic characteristics of each group as they relay:, to theschool setting. They also provide educationalresources such as recommended readings, listings of schoolitistricts enrolling students fromeach group, and sources of information, materials andinstructional as- sistance for each languagegroup. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The Alaska Department of Educationwishes to recognize the individuals who assisted in completingthis handbook. Major presentationson the -Yup'ik language. and culture were made at the Department's summer instituteon Bilingual/ Special Education, Fairbanks, 1983,by John Pingayak of the ('hcvak Schools and by Steven .Jacobsoli,Assistant Professor of Eskimo, University of Alaska, Fairbanks.,Members of the staff of the Alaska Native LanguageCenter who .have contributedto the planning and writing of this workinclude Lawrence Kaphin, Chad Thompson, Irene Reed, and JaneMcGary. While each .handbook benefitedfrom the assistance of these individuals, final responfiibility forthe handbook rests with the Alaska Department of Education. CONTENTS '.41 & 6 Map : 8 The Study of Language h iew of the Es1:iino-Aleut Language Family and the Place of Yupik 'in it 12 .The Pskimo and Aleut Languages 12 The Yupik Languages 13 Dialects within Languages 15 Literacy and Education in Central Yupik IS The Development of Yupik Writing 15 The Modern Yupik Writing System. 16 Bilingual Education 18 Yup'ik Compared with English: Implications for Teachers 19 Differences in Sounds 19 How Important is Pronunciation? 21 Differences in Grammar )) Yup'ik Grammar and Local English 15 The Teacher and Yup'ik-Influenced English 29 Discourse and Non-verbal CoMmunication Borrowing Words from One Language into Another 33 The Yupik Numeral. System . 34 A Brief Note on Yup'ik Eskimo Culttire Conclusion Yupik Alphabet Chart 40 Selected Resources 41 Further Sources of Information and Assistance 45 Districts Serving Yupik-SpeakingStudents. 46 ,l ii alp FOREWOFD: Purpose 'This handbook ha9been designed to assist school districts in providing effective educational services to students from the Yup' ik language group. This is one of three handbooks developed to increase 'school districts' anJ school personnel's understanding of selected Alaska Native language groups. They have tyeen designed for use by ad- ministrators and all school .staff who have responsibilities for the schooling of these students.. Development of the Handbook The development of this handbook began in August, 1983, in response to the need forinfOrmation regarding cuitural and lin- guistic factors which should be understood in the school-setting. This handbook should be regarded as. a first edition.It is dif- , ficult. in one volume to depict the uniqueness andheterogeneity that characterize this language group. It should berecognized. that. any language groupis complex and diverse, having avaifiety of needsand characteristics based upon differentexperiences. Much more research and workneed to be. done to ensure successful in Alaska. schooling for this and other. minority language groups Mike Travis Program Manager Bilingual/Bicultural Education Programs 'So CENTRAL YUP'IK Alk AND THE SCHOOLS .1 N % % inuplaq; 1,.. - - lJnallq / Nor lony area Yupikl / /N Athabaskan '.., Sound; 'CWIII moo Hooped Bayl Nelson I. Nunivak I. j 1 CD, (Central) YupIk Cr) u_i CCI Bristol Bay The upper map shows the distribution offskimo languages ihroughout the Arctic.
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