DOCSLIB.ORG

GENDER EQUALITY and the MEDIA at NATIONAL LEVEL Compilation of Good Practices from Member States

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
GENDER EQUALITY and the MEDIA at NATIONAL LEVEL Compilation of Good Practices from Member States GENDER EQUALITY AND THE MEDIA AT NATIONAL LEVEL Compilation of good practices from member states GENDER EQUALITY COMMISSION (GEC) GENDER EQUALITY AND THE MEDIA AT NATIONAL LEVEL Compilation of good practices from member states The opinions expressed in this work are the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy of the Council of Europe. All requests concerning the reproduction or translation of all or part of this document should be addressed to the Directorate of Communication (F-67075 Strasbourg Cedex or Cover and layout: SPDP, Council of Europe publishing@ coe. int). All other correspondence Cover photo: © Shutterstock concerning this document should be addressed to the Directorate General © Council of Europe, July 2014 of Human Rights and Rule of Law. Printed at the Council of Europe Contents FOREWORD 5 AUSTRIA 7 BELGIUM 8 CROATIA 10 CYPRUS 13 CZECH REPUBLIC 16 ESTONIA 18 FRANCE 19 GERMANY 20 ITALY 21 REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA 25 NETHERLANDS 29 NORWAY 30 POLAND 32 PORTUGAL 37 SPAIN 40 SWITZERLAND 43 THE FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA 44 TURKEY 45 Gender equality and the media at national level Page 3 Carlien Scheele Chair of the Gender Equality Commission of the Council of Europe Foreword romoting and improving the image of women in the forming society’s perceptions, opinions and behaviours. media has been the focus of attention of the Council of Hence, the media are in a privileged position to promote P Europe for many years and is one of the priority areas the combat against stereotypes, reflect the different reality of the work and activities of the Gender Equality Commission. of women and men in all their diversities and encourage gender parity. As mentioned in the Committee of Ministers Recommendation on gender equality and media adopted in July 2013 “Gender Despite progress achieved and good promising practices equality means equal visibility, empowerment, responsibil- leading the way for change, the media are still playing an ity and participation of both women and men in all spheres active role in producing and perpetuating gender discrimi- of public life, including the media”. nation. Gender inequalities are reproduced in the media The media can hinder or hasten structural advancements in many respects including women’s under-representation in towards gender equality since they play a crucial role in media ownership, information production and management Gender equality and the media at national level Page 5 fdsgdfgdg posts. Furthermore women are cited much less than men in on “gender equality and the media” at national level has articles and are largely under-represented as news subjects been developed. The good practices include national and or interviewees, with the exception of women’s magazines targeted media campaigns, specific legislation, prizes/ and advertising. awards for non-stereotyped portrayal of women, electronic databases with experts that traditionally appear less in The Council of Europe Conference on “Media and the Image media coverage, inventories of best practices in the field of of Women”, which took place in Amsterdam in July 2013, gender imaging, training courses directed at mass media examined the relationship of the media to the female images professionals, relevant data collection and competitions. they project, including issues related to stereotyping and sexism; freedom of expression and gender equality; female In preparing this compilation, we learned that a number of leadership positions in the media; and the new media as a countries had difficulties in identifying good practices which tool for positive change. highlights the need for further work in this area. The Conference clearly concluded that there is a strong need Sharing of best practices is the basis for any guidelines that to pursue efforts for gender equality to become a reality in might be put forward to tackle the issue. Therefore, despite the media landscape. the persistent challenges for the achievement of gender equality in the media, this compilation represents a useful As a follow-up to the discussions and conclusions of the and valuable step forward in our task of promoting gender Amsterdam Conference, this compilation of good practices parity in and through the media. Gender equality and the media at national level Page 6 fdsgdfgdg Austria Advertising In 2011 an advisory board on anti-sexism to the Austrian Advertising Council was installed including qualified gender exist advertising is currently, with a few exceptions, experts in order to counteract gender-discriminatory not regulated by federal law. Exceptions are, for example, advertising and to raise awareness of the advertising S the pornography law, the prohibition of gender- industry for a non-discriminatory portrayal of the sexes. discriminatory “audiovisual communication” in the Federal Law Out of 278 complaints received in 2012 more than half on Audiovisual Media Services (AMD-G) and the prohibition dealt with “gender discriminatory advertising” (53.41%). of gender-discriminatory “commercial communications” The anti-sexism Advisory Board reviewed these complaints in the Federal Act on the Austrian Broadcasting Corporation and furnished its opinion to the Council. In 13 cases (7.39%) (ORF). the Council called for immediately stopping the campaign. On the initiative of the Minister for Women, an interna- The “Gender Award Advertising” is another awareness- tional conference on “sexist advertising” took place in 2010. raising initiative established in 2012. The new prize honours The aim of the international conference was a survey and gender-sensitive advertising productions (TV, radio or print) analysis of the legal and institutional situation in Austria and from Austria. The most important criteria are the promotion Europe. Based on best practices, possible implementation of equality between women and men in relation to strategies to reduce gender discriminatory advertisements overcoming gender stereotypes in the portrayal of persons, were illustrated. Experts from academia, government and and that women and men are represented in atypical media participated and discussed jointly future prospects. professions/roles. Gender equality and the media at national level Page 7 Belgium Flanders contains more than one thousand names, and is open to journalists, students in journalism and programme makers. Expertendatabank (met brochure- affiches) The database provides experts belonging to these target he Flemish government created an electronic database groups on a wide range of issues from soil science to heart (www.expertendatabank.be) in 2008 with experts that transplantation. In addition, it contains the contact details T traditionally appear less in media coverage (women, of organisations working on gender, LGBT issues, disadvan- ethnic minorities and people with disabilities, transgender taged women, migration and disability issues. people, …). With this project, the Flemish government wants to increase their visibility in the media in a non-stereotypical The Flemish Association of Journalists (VVJ) was closely context and show the media the shortest route to experts involved in the construction of the database and proves to belonging to certain target groups. The expert database now be an interesting partner in disseminating it. Gender equality and the media at national level Page 8 In 2011, Equal Opportunities in Flanders published the bro- Both in 2012 and 2013 News Monitors were published chure “Beyond the cliché” focusing on the issue of gender: ‘Woman wanted’ (no. 9, January 2012, on the number of women in televised news (internet link: www.gelijkekansen.be/Portals/ programmes, www.steunpuntmedia.be/wp-content/ GelijkeKansen/39007_VoorbijHetCliché%20AS.pdf). uploads/2013/10/Nieuwsmonitor-15.pdf) and, ‘How divers The brochure aims to inspire journalists in their pursuit of a is the Flemish press corps?’ (no. 15, October 2013, balanced representation. on age, gender and ethnicity in Flemish newspapers, To promote the database well known male experts were www.steunpuntmedia.be/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/ asked to be the face of the campaign entitled ‘It doesn’t Nieuwsmonitor-15.pdf). always have to be…’. Online Knowledge Platform Policy Research Centre of the Knowledge Centre on Media Literacy for Media – News Monitor There is still insufficient public knowledge and under- The Policy Research Centre (PRC) for Media is one of the standing about the existing good practice in the field of 21 Flemish Policy Research Centres providing policy-rele- gender imaging. The Department of Culture, Youth, Sport vant research to the Flemish Authority. The PRC for Media and Media is developing an inventory of best practices researches news production, news coverage and media with regard to gender and imaging. As of 2014 these good literacy in Flanders. The research focuses on the whole news practices will be transposed onto the Online Knowledge cycle from news selection by the journalist up to the media Platform of the Knowledge Centre on Media Literacy. choice of the user. The online platform already consists of dossiers on media literacy for elderly people, for disadvantaged people living in The New Monitor is a periodic scientific report on a current poverty, on online privacy and on publicity literacy. Website: topic in the Flemish media. The report is written based on mediawijs.be/dossiers. the data collected by the PRC Media. It is sent to politicians, media, academics and other stakeholders on a regular basis to encourage
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Women and Men in the News
    Nordic Council of Ministers TemaNord 2017:527 Women and men in the news and men in Women 2017:527 TemaNord Ved Stranden 18 DK-1061 Copenhagen K www.norden.org WOMEN AND MEN IN THE NEWS The media carry significant notions of social and cultural norms and values and have a powerful role in constructing and reinforcing gendered images. The news WOMEN AND MEN in particular has an important role in how notions of power are distributed in the society. This report presents study findings on how women and men are represented in the news in the Nordic countries, and to what extent women and IN THE NEWS men occupy the decision-making positions in the media. The survey is based on the recent findings from three cross-national research projects. These findings REPORT ON GENDER REPRESENTATION IN NORDIC NEWS CONTENT are supported by national studies. The results indicate that in all the Nordic AND THE NORDIC MEDIA INDUSTRY countries women are underrepresented in the news media both as news subjects and as sources of information. Men also dominate in higher-level decision-making positions. The report includes examples of measures used to improve the gender balance in Nordic news. Women and men in the news Report on gender representation in Nordic news content and the Nordic media industry Saga Mannila TemaNord 2017:527 Women and men in the news Report on gender representation in Nordic news content and the Nordic media industry Saga Mannila ISBN 978-92-893-4973-4 (PRINT) ISBN 978-92-893-4974-1 (PDF) ISBN 978-92-893-4975-8 (EPUB) http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/TN2017-527 TemaNord 2017:527 ISSN 0908-6692 Standard: PDF/UA-1 ISO 14289-1 © Nordic Council of Ministers 2017 Layout: NMR Print: Rosendahls Printed in Denmark Although the Nordic Council of Ministers funded this publication, the contents do not necessarily reflect its views, policies or recommendations.
    [Show full text]
  • Feminisms 1..277
    Feminisms The Key Debates Mutations and Appropriations in European Film Studies Series Editors Ian Christie, Dominique Chateau, Annie van den Oever Feminisms Diversity, Difference, and Multiplicity in Contemporary Film Cultures Edited by Laura Mulvey and Anna Backman Rogers Amsterdam University Press The publication of this book is made possible by grants from the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO). Cover design: Neon, design and communications | Sabine Mannel Lay-out: japes, Amsterdam Amsterdam University Press English-language titles are distributed in the US and Canada by the University of Chicago Press. isbn 978 90 8964 676 7 e-isbn 978 90 4852 363 4 doi 10.5117/9789089646767 nur 670 © L. Mulvey, A. Backman Rogers / Amsterdam University Press B.V., Amsterdam 2015 All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this book may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the written permission of both the copyright owner and the author of the book. Contents Editorial 9 Preface 10 Acknowledgments 15 Introduction: 1970s Feminist Film Theory and the Obsolescent Object 17 Laura Mulvey PART I New Perspectives: Images and the Female Body Disconnected Heroines, Icy Intelligence: Reframing Feminism(s) and Feminist Identities at the Borders Involving the Isolated Female TV Detective in Scandinavian-Noir 29 Janet McCabe Lena Dunham’s Girls: Can-Do Girls,
    [Show full text]
  • Challenging Gender and Racial Stereotypes in Online Spaces Alternative Storytelling Among Latino/A Youth in the U.S
    Challenging Gender and Racial Stereotypes in Online Spaces Alternative Storytelling among Latino/a Youth in the U.S. Alexandra Sousa & Srividya Ramasubramanian Media play an important role in perpetuating racial and gender stereotypes that harm the self-esteem and self-concept of marginalized youth, especially for Latino/a youth in the US context. However, this article illustrates that through a participatory media and media literacy approach, media can also become part of the solution. The main aim of this article is to document Latinitas, the first digital magazine in the United States cre- ated by and for young Latinas that challenges stereotypes through participatory digital storytelling. Explored through an interview with one of Latinitas’ co-founders and press coverage about the organization, this case study sheds light on the importance of alterna- tive community-based initiatives for minority youth to redefine their identities in their own terms. The findings shed light on how to design alternative youth media programs, negotiate funding, build relationships with the surrounding community, and adapt to the changing media landscape. Such initiatives point to the importance of media literacy programs and participatory storytelling initiatives aimed at redefining youth identity and empowering youth voices. Existing research informs us that media play an important role in the formation and sus- tenance of gender stereotypes (Mazzarella, 2013), which are also culturally constructed in ways that intersect with other markers of identity and difference, such as race/ethnicity and socio-economic status (Rivera & Valdivia, 2013). One group in the United States that is particularly affected by this phenomenon, and in predominately negative ways, is young Latina women (Molina-Guzman & Valdivia, 2004; Valdivia, 2010).
    [Show full text]
  • Gender Equality in Media Content and Operations Articulating Academic
    Studies in Higher Education 41:5, 927-931 DOI: 10.1080/03075079.2016.1147726 Gender equality in media content and operations: articulating academic studies and policy – a presentation Mirta Edith Lourenço Chief, Media Development and Society, Communication and Information Sector, UNESCO, Paris In this article, Mirta Lourenço explains the prospects when higher education studies interface with UNESCO for policy change. The baseline is that education institutions’ articulation with media organizations, media professionals, policymakers, and civil society groups is essential to achieve gender equality in and through media. Keywords: research – gender equality; media; gender-sensitive; indicators; GAMAG; alliance; training institutions Introduction ‘Grace and Frankie’, created by M. Kauffman and H. Morris, and ‘Borgen’, created by A. Price, are TV series that challenge gender stereotypes. Though these two series are by no means representative of the status of women in media, they are emblematic of growing attention to issues of gender. On TV, some realistic representations of women and men are beginning to appear. The percentage of stories highlighting issues of gender equality or inequality has also increased a bit in the news (Global Media Monitoring Project 2015) – in relation to 20 years ago. There has likewise been a very slight improvement in the quantity of women in governance and top management of news media industries (International Women’s Media Foundation 2011), which ‘reflects the limited understanding of pluralism that has prevailed so far’ (UNESCO 2014). Sadly, the advancement may be far too slight to spin off a change of gender values, attitudes and behaviour in society. Any progress made can even be considered relative since it varies according to the region of the world.
    [Show full text]
  • The Representation of Gender Roles in the Media
    The representation of gender roles in the media - An analysis of gender discourse in Sex and the City movies Therese Ottosson Xin Cheng Supervisor: Fredrik Sunnemark Examiner: Ann Towns Bachelor’s thesis in Political Science 15 ECTS Department of Economics and Informatics University West Spring term 2012 Abstract Media is a big part of people‘s everyday lives. It influences both how we see ourselves and the world to some extent. There are many different types of media, for example: television shows, movies, the radio, news papers, advertisements which are placed in random places and the internet. In these different forms of media, there are images of men and women, which are represented in different ways and with different characteristics. Research has been made on a lot of movies and television shows and this thesis will be adding to this vast amount of research by analyzing gender representation in the movies Sex and the City 1 and 2. By using discourse analysis, the results show different types of gender representation and whether the characters in Sex and the City challenge the patriarchal privilege. Assuming social constructivism, we believe that these images of gender representation in movies affect our perception of what a man or a woman is. Our results suggest that the characters do still follow the patriarchal privilege but some characters do on occasion challenge them. However the outcome is rarely successful. Keywords Discourse Analysis, Representation, Gender Roles, Film and Media, Sex and the City. 1 Table of Contents 1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 4 2. Literature Review .............................................................................................................. 7 3. Theoretical approach ........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Women Journalists and Freedom of Expression Discrimination and Gender-Based Violence Faced by Women Journalists in the Exercise of Their Profession
    OEA/SER.L/V/II CIDH/RELE/INF.20/18 31 October 2018 Original: Spanish Women Journalists and Freedom of Expression Discrimination and gender-based violence faced by women journalists in the exercise of their profession Office of the Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights Edison Lanza Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression 2018 OAS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA INTER-AMERICAN COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS. OFFICE OF THE SPECIAL RAPPORTEUR FOR FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION. MUJERES PERIODISTAS Y LIBERTAD DE EXPRESION V. ; CM. (OAS. DOCUMENTOS OFICIALES ; OEA/SER.L) ISBN 978-0-8270-6636-6 1. FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION--AMERICA. 2. FREEDOM OF INFORMATION--AMERICA. 3. I. LANZA, EDISON. II. TITLE. III. SERIES. OEA/SER.L/V/II CIDH/RELE/INF.17/17 Document prepared and printed thanks to the financial support of the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency INTER-AMERICAN COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS Members Margarette May Macaulay Esmeralda Arosemena de Troitiño Francisco José Eguiguren Praeli Luis Ernesto Vargas Silva Joel Hernández García Antonia Urrejola Flávia Piovesan Executive Secretary Paulo Abrão Assistant Executive Secretary for Monitoring, Promotion and Technical Cooperation Maria Claudia Pulido Chief of Staff of the Executive Secretary of the IACHR Marisol Blanchard Vera TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................................ 9 CHAPTER I - THE SITUATION OF
    [Show full text]
  • ABSTRACT the Women of Supernatural: More Than
    ABSTRACT The Women of Supernatural: More than Stereotypes Miranda B. Leddy, M.A. Mentor: Mia Moody-Ramirez, Ph.D. This critical discourse analysis of the American horror television show, Supernatural, uses a gender perspective to assess the stereotypes and female characters in the popular series. As part of this study 34 episodes of Supernatural and 19 female characters were analyzed. Findings indicate that while the target audience for Supernatural is women, the show tends to portray them in traditional, feminine, and horror genre stereotypes. The purpose of this thesis is twofold: 1) to provide a description of the types of female characters prevalent in the early seasons of Supernatural including mother-figures, victims, and monsters, and 2) to describe the changes that take place in the later seasons when the female characters no longer fit into feminine or horror stereotypes. Findings indicate that female characters of Supernatural have evolved throughout the seasons of the show and are more than just background characters in need of rescue. These findings are important because they illustrate that representations of women in television are not always based on stereotypes, and that the horror genre is evolving and beginning to depict strong female characters that are brave, intellectual leaders instead of victims being rescued by men. The female audience will be exposed to a more accurate portrayal of women to which they can relate and be inspired. Copyright © 2014 by Miranda B. Leddy All rights reserved TABLE OF CONTENTS Tables
    [Show full text]
  • IOM Gender and Communications Toolkit 2015
    Gender and Communications Toolkit International Organization for Migration Media and Communications Division / Gender Coordination Unit 2015 Gender and Communications Toolkit 1 Content Foreword i. Overview .............................................................. 2 Purpose What this toolkit is not Who is the toolkit for? What is the toolkit for? When can it be used? ii. Guidelines and assessment .................................. 5 General guidelines In practice Reminder: Beware of your own stereotypes Gender at work iii. Examples - Dos and don’ts .................................... 14 iv. Definitions ............................................................. 17 v. Contacts ............................................................... 19 vi. Additional sources ................................................... 19 2015 Gender and Communications Toolkit 2 FOREWORD Within the framework of its constitutional purposes and functions, IOM has been making efforts to institutionalize and mainstream gender into its work. In November 1995, an IOM Staff and Programme Policy was adopted by the IOM Council. The policy goals state that “IOM is committed to ensuring that particular needs of all migrant women are identified, taken into consideration and addressed by IOM projects and services” and that “equality of opportunity and treatment of men and women is a guiding principle of IOM”. This policy sought to ensure that women and men are provided with equal opportunities, to develop and utilize their skills and to participate in decisions affecting their lives. Two decades after, it is now recognized that a safe, humane and orderly migration for all, also means to act regardless of sex, gender, gender identity or sexual orientation. The measures described in this toolkit provide the basis to IOM’s work on gender and migration. In celebration of the 20th anniversary of IOM’s policy, we believe that the treatment of gender as an integral part of IOM’s action for migrants will make an essential contribution to the success of our efforts.
    [Show full text]
  • Gender-Based Portrayal As Media Form in Society
    Research Article Global Media Journal 2016 ISSN 1550-7521 Vol. 14 No. 26: 26 Gender-Based Portrayal as Media Souraya El Badaoui* Form in Society Mass Communication Faculty, Cairo University Egypt Abstract *Corresponding author: Souraya El Badaoui This paper aims to explore how traditional media form the perception of gender role and attributes through the TV social drama. Methodologically, the analysis is based on data sample that consists of 200 Egyptian students in both national and [email protected] private universities. As a crucial method of collecting and analyzing the selected data, a questionnaire was designed based on specific criteria. Among these Mass Communication Facutly, Cairo criteria is to consider the social diversity in the Egyptian society as mirrored in the Uiversity, Egypt. data population, namely the two socially different types of education institutions. The overall finding of the analysis suggests that there is an underlying impact of Tel: 20 2 35676105 the regular exposure to traditional media on portraying a social image of gender, particularly women. Keywords: Social power of media; Gender-based analysis; Egyptian social diversity; TV drama; Feminism and sociology Citation: Souraya El Badaoui. Gender-Based Portrayal as Media Form in Society. Global Media Journal. 2016, 14:26 . Received: Februaury 16, 2016; Accepted: June 13, 2016; Published: June 23, 2016 Introduction of rape myths among male undergraduates [3,4]. Consistently, survey research indicates that more regular exposure to TV genres As a recognizably distinct field of academic research, gender such as soap operas and music videos-which typically deal with studies dates back to at least the 1960s in Anglo American sexual content and sexual feelings or impulses; Media Report countries, emerging within the disciplines of psychology, to Women 2001-is associated with more stereotypical sexual sociology, linguistics, and anthropology, among others.
    [Show full text]
  • Gender in the Media
    Roskilde University Niall Richardson & Sadie Wearing: Gender in the Media. Hampshire, UK: Palgrave Macmillan. 2014 Rudloff, Maja Published in: MedieKultur Publication date: 2015 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Citation for published version (APA): Rudloff, M. (2015). Niall Richardson & Sadie Wearing: Gender in the Media. Hampshire, UK: Palgrave Macmillan. 2014. MedieKultur, 31(58), 158-161. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain. • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 27. Sep. 2021 MedieKultur | Journal of media and communication research | ISSN 1901-9726 Book Review Maja Rudloff Niall Richardson & Sadie Wearing: Gender in the Media. Hampshire, UK: Palgrave Macmillan. 2014 MedieKultur 2015, 58, 158-161 Published by SMID | Society of Media researchers In Denmark | www.smid.dk The online version of this text can be found open access at www.mediekultur.dk Since the early days of women’s and gender studies, media, and particularly audio-visual media such as television and film, have played a central role in demonstrating how the representation of gender exerts significant influence over the ideas we hold about feminin- ity and masculinity.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effect of Media Sexism on Women's Political Ambition
    FEMINIST MEDIA STUDIES https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2018.1468797 OPEN ACCESS The effect of media sexism on women’s political ambition: evidence from a worldwide study Amanda Haraldssona and Lena Wängnerudb aDepartment of Political and Social Sciences, the European University Institute, San Domenico di Fiesole, Italy; bDepartment of Political Science, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY This paper presents results from one of the first global studies on the Received 24 April 2017 relationship between media sexism and the share of candidates for Revised 14 February 2018 the lower chamber of national parliaments who are women. Data on Accepted 27 February 2018 media sexism come from the Global Media Monitoring Project, the KEYWORDS most reliable worldwide source for media coverage from a gender Media sexism; political perspective. The data on share of female political candidates come candidates; bystander effect; from the Inter-Parliamentary Union. The results show that that there Large-N study; global data is, even when controlling for the number of women in parliament, electoral system, gender quotas, level of human development, level of women’s rights, freedom from corruption, and media access, a significant relationship between media sexism—measured as (i) the share of all news subjects that are women and (ii) the share of all news subjects portrayed in the function of experts who are women—and the share of women candidates for parliament: the higher the level of media sexism, the lower the share of women candidates. The theory discussed zooms in on a bystander effect: We hypothesize that sexist portrayals of women in the media stifle ambition among women who, in a less sexist media environment, would be willing to stand as political candidates.
    [Show full text]
  • A Contemporary Outlook on Media and Gender Sandra Kaulfuss
    for(e)dialogue Volume 3, Issue 1 (2019): Media and Gender Editorial: A Contemporary Outlook on Media and Gender Sandra Kaulfuss & Nerina Boursinou Foreword Now in its 3rd year, this issue of for(e)dialogue is offering a varied analysis of the developments in Media and Gender studies, as well as a contemporary discussion as to how the field has evolved and shaped the debates. From the early days of black and white cinema to modern day Hollywood, from traditional newspaper journalism to 24-hour broadcast television to today's constant engagement with social media – women and men have been covering a variety of roles across a diverse portfolio of media outlets. Yet, the multiple ways in which gender has been represented by the media has only been a subject of discussion and study in recent decades. Some say that this is largely due to the emancipation of women and feminism, the growing acceptance of the LGBTQ communities, and the spread of the internet and social media, which empower its users to make their voices heard. However, one look at the news media in recent months is sufficient to evoke the feeling that both feminism and LGBTQ communities are still in their infancy. Current developments in Brunei, US President Trump's famous “Grab them by the pussy” remark, or the #MeToo movement, which was started in 2006 by African American activist Tarana Burke, but only gained momentum when it was utilised to publicly shame Hollywood Mogul Harvey Weinstein are all symptoms of a divided world – with those fighting for equal rights for all genders on one hand, and those desperately trying to cling on to archaic ideals of an old patriarchy on the other.
    [Show full text]