CEU eTD Collection CASE STUDY OF ‘‘AUTONOMOUSOF PROVINCE WESTERN BOSNIA’’ THE POLITICS OF THE POLITICS MEMORY IN CAZINSKA KRAJINA In partial fulfillment ofthe requirements for the degree of Masters of Arts Supervisor: Professor Nenad Dimitrijevic, Ph.D. Department of Political Science of Political Department Central European University in Budapest,in 2012 Jasmin Hasic Submitted to By CEU eTD Collection of the recent past in promoting or obstructing consolidation in the local society. local in the consolidation obstructing or in promoting past recent the of The primary aim study this is tounderstand under what conditions political elites can use memory in area. the conflicts thanin Serb-Muslim armed fightingother each the Bosniaks understudied aspectof Bosnianthe war, which in ended close to thenumbertwice of local deaths of ProvinceAutonomous of Westernits Bosnia)and rebelleader Fikret Abdic. is It alargely loyaltothe group of Bosniaks VelikaIzetbegovic andasmaller (i.e. government Kladusa ideologically diverging –“mainstream”loyal Sarajevo Bosniaks the groups andgovernmentto Alija Cazinska between Krajina (1993-1995), two ethnically homogenous, butpolitically and in place taking memory armed the conflict of of importance the understand to seeks The research Abstract i CEU eTD Collection the CEU. the Finally, toall thanks professorsthe andfriends whom I have met during this unforgettable year at my support the acknowledge of interviewees, Iappreciate and their and help insights. useful Special go thanks to my family myand close friends for theirand encouragement support. I improvement. forPh.D., his incredibly patient guidance, his advice, ideas, feedback and invaluable suggestions for expressI wish my tomy to thesis gratitude profound Nenadsupervisor professor Dimitrijevic, This isthesis dedicated tomy mother Edina,for supporting mein my lifelong intellectual pursuits. Acknowledgment ii CEU eTD Collection USC SDP SDA RBIH PM MP HVO EU DNZ APWB of List Abbreviations Una-Sana Canton Una-Sana Party) Democratic (Social i partija Bosne Hercegovine Socijaldemokratska Democratic Action) of (Party Akcije Stranka Demokratske RepublicBosnia of and Herzegovina Prime Minister Parliament of Member Vijece Council) Defense Hrvatsko (Croatian Obrane The European Union People’s Zajednica Union) (Democratic Narodna Demokratska Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia iii CEU eTD Collection BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 62 APPENDICES ...... 55 CONCLUDINGDISCUSSION ...... 51 MAPPING4. CONFUSION: PREVAILING SILENCE, DENIAL AND ETHNIC DEFECTION ...... 36 MAPPING3. LEGACIESOF THE PAST IN CAZINSKA KRAJINA ...... 24 KRAJINA ...... 18 2. THE INTRA-MUSLIM POLITICAL AND IDEOLOGICAL CLASH CONFLICT IN CAZINSKA \ MAINQUESTIONS 1. AND ARGUMENTS 3 ...... Introduction 1 ...... Tableof Contents 4.6. Elite’s Viewsand Attitudes towards Bridging the Void ...... 48 4.5. Finding Meaning in Silence ...... 46 4.4. The Role of Societal Culturein Shaping Attitudes of Political Elites ...... 42 4.3. A Future Together over Specific Party Interests? ...... 40 4.2. Elite attitudes: continuity mistrust? of ...... 39 4.1. Memory Compartmentalized: Controversy over Breaking theCult of Abdic ...... 36 3.5. Public Memorials Onlyfor Members of “Legitimate ArmyForces”? ...... 33 3.4. Political conflicts in Cantonal Political Institutions ...... 30 3.3. ReligiousDivisions within aSingle Religious Community? ...... 28 3.2. Controversy over Social Rights: Denying Equality before Law? ...... 26 3.1. “Double”Legal Standards? ...... 24 2.3. Abdic’s trial and the verdict ...... 23 ConflictThe2.2...... 20 2.1 Historical background ...... 18 Conceptual1.4. Apparatus ...... 12 1.3. Selection and the Structure of Interviews...... 10 1.2. Research Methodsand Design ...... 8 1.1. Main and SupportingResearch Questions ...... 7 iv CEU eTD Collection divided –politically, socially and culturally ideological– along lines established during the conflict. perception (collectiveidentity) of Bosniak two groups. Today, the region is still overwhelmingly of self- asource become has events memory these of the seems that in. was It Bosnia-Herzegovina Bosniaks) umbrella werefighting underthe larger(henceforth each other the of inter-ethnic conflict Cazinska Krajina, in where aregion northwestern ideologicallyBosnia, two Muslim groups divided in tragic events it memory concerns memory: remembering and inducedcollective of ethnically domination stands post-conflict from of out the is there interestingcasethat this pattern general an of sameHowever, members the group. the ethnic collectively shared among would besomehow dividing ethniclines established during conflict the and that memoriesthe of tragic historical events Intuitively, genocide. Srebrenica the instance for remember events, how to agreement on reach ableto been one not have in Bosnia ethnicities Allthree would communities. own their within “utilization” for politicians assume that Serbs andperceive war Croats the - underpinned by shapednarratives journalists byhistorians, and memories is in Muslims, awidehow Bosnia of terms gap of post-war oneof argues that characteristics the of war in Bosnia memory andshapes importantly social life in political contemporary country.the (2007) Duijzings are primaryrecent pastis equally and not in accessed public.represented the The political andmisuseuse of the shaped of the perception the ethnic groups, of different is comprised society Bosnian factthat the Due to along the and of Serbia Croatia. kin states neighboring respective the of participation significant with Croats, Bosnian the and Serbs, Bosnian Muslims, the Bosnian the groups, threeethnic clash between observed asaviolent often conflict, under state. one The warin is often used asan Bosnia-Herzegovina study exemplary of case ethnic of ethnic three the coexistence communities on previously negatively the peaceful disputes reflect consequences of extremelythis inhumane Legacies conflict. political,of ideological and religious Ever since the end of tragicthe Bosnianwarin scholars1995, havebeen dwellinga number on of INTRODUCTION 1 CEU eTD Collection further study. consolidation andreconciliation. The paper endswith concluding remarks andfor suggestions roleconflict, ofmemory in implementation public policy and future anoutlook politicalon political elites in the region with respect to memory of the past, views on nature and character of the in present today.Krajina four analyzes anddiscusses and the Chapter attitudes perceptions of ruling undermineunity. group Chapters aimsthree topin down and analyze keylegacies of pastthe local strong can presence of elites and incentives local behavioraffect group and economic isethnic,the conflict of the even where primary cleavage insituations the that, illustrates Bosnia cleansing of Muslims bythe SerbsandCroats. As Fotini argues,(2008:465) intra-Muslim the in war an from conflict untilarmed atthepeak 29.09.1993 of 07.08.1995, ragingthe warand ethnic ideological thecase leadingto clash and of introduces political and Krajina Intra-Muslim Cazinska two used.Chapter (conceptual apparatus) frameworks reviews and theoretical analytical the one part of Thesecond chapter one. in presented first chapter the are the survey of the data for choice justification and elites levelat the political of caseselection the discusses itin particular An of overview main andthe arguments, research research questions design methodology; and the is The outline of paper asfollows: the in area. conflicts the thanin armed local Serb-Muslim each other fighting the of of deaths Bosniaks largelyof 1992-95Bosnian the aspect war,understudied in close whichended totwice thenumber (i.e. government Province of WesternAutonomous leader its Fikret rebel is Bosnia)Abdic. and a It the toVelika and loyal group of Bosniaks government andasmaller Alija Izetbegovic Kladusa ideologically – groups diverging “mainstream” Bosniaks whoremainedloyal Sarajevothe to tragic 1993-1995,in events ethnicallybetween relationshipthe homogenous, but two politically and understand ofmemory seeksThe the importance in to basedonthe Krajina, research Cazinska 2 CEU eTD Collection KlicicFotini (2002), (2008). andfor causesof conflict,this instance Demirovic Jasarevic (1997), Ibrahimagic (1999), (2000), in investigatingis character the conflict mid1990s. papers only setof modest the academic There a None of these works address the region of Cazinska Krajina and the(2007). tragic events of Intra-Muslim identities, memory andcollective memory moralconstruction in Bosnia-Herzegovina claims is presented in “The new Bosnian inMosaic: theStuebner, O'Flaherty 1998; Gisvold and 1998; Henkin1998). broader overviewAn attempt of of post war society, byin conflict in 1994; Bosnia andKritz Herzegovina and arepresent (D'Amato, quantities smaller Bougarel, the of case particular Helmsin the construction memory the Works on politics. and and construction memory Duijizings of notion the to attention much pay not do in Bosnia, conflict the on focusing authors, Several Literature on memory, focused on socialthe and political firstdimensions, emerged in 1960s. the andforgetting” (Bloomfield, Barnes and Huyse2003:30). of “too much dangers the given memory past; common their of memories different (…)entirely developed have a example, society for must try to attainseek security in local solidarity group and hardening. Thethe majority of Muslims and Serbs in Bosnia, right delicate mixtureethnicity becomes particularly relevant once state level institutions weaken,inducing individuals to of remembering ingenuine risks context the of extended violence. The prevailingview among suggeststhat scholars inpredominantly multi-ethnic apparent societies.post-conflict memory memory tobeselective, reasons, becomes different of tends various andthis selectivity of a process ‘workingconscious through’ behasmemory (Wood, endeavored to 1999:39).For present’, the over reign ‘compulsory past’s to refers Habermas what avoiding, of intention the With QUESTIONS AND MAIN ARGUMENTS 1. 3 This selectivity memory of produces CEU eTD Collection retaliation by Bosniak governmentin Sarajevo as a result of two major political decisions of Abdi state of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Followers and supporters of Followers andsupporters state of Bosnia Herzegovina. and Abdi integrity inof Bosniak people a defense waragainst enemies two other of newlythe independent and unity national sovereignty, survival, the undermining thus in Sarajevo, Government led a be to traitor, whofightconsidered Bosniakforcesagainst loyal organized to is people secessionist the Muslim- the to Abdic Mr. institutions, state and regional the in elites political of members of Cazinska Krajina during the mid90s by carried elitespolitical in Cazinska Krajina. For majority the The underlying assumption is that there are at least two competing memories of the tragic events in region. in the policies justice transitional of context socio-cultural the into insight an provide and ethnicity homogenous one of groups divided politically two between relations the of dynamics changing the of assessment research on memory of political elitesMoreover, functioning Bosnian underpolitical international acountry protectorate. arena, the in Cazinska Krajina would be beneficial thewider given local especially unconsolidated of toinitiateandreachpolitical consolidation, elites for making inability a betterapparent the in rests case this of uniqueness the addition, In process. reconciliation the on importance, henceis it necessary means investigate to of bringing together divided groups and work The degreeof in regional period hasgenerated postwar grown political inpolarization it have effectgroup behavior. adestabilizing on can and local ideologies interests, in driven by elites, Krajina implies Muslim different that war intra- The motivated. religiously or ethnically not was which war Bosnian the during conflict armed violent of case unique is a it since exploring for relevant is particularly Krajina Cazinska more or foreseeable? is less cases;what not learn from other cannot in countries? andintra-ethnic can Whatconflicts other we learn thatwe from Cazinska Krajina The obvious arisingquestion isin what ways is this case different from cases localof insurgency 4 ü ’s facedideology anger and ü : CEU eTD Collection consolidation, democratization, more effective human rights protection and securitization of the of securitization and protection rights human effective more democratization, consolidation, political to lead might memory of issues with in dealing elites political of engagement proactive that and based adjustmenttrust, memory of negative on attitudes tragicpastthey the I assumeof shared. same ideological lines as during theconflict, could only be achievedby mutual recognition, mutual the along divided elites, political different two the between interaction and communication The in Iexplore thesis. puzzles this events is and present highlylegally, relevant: institutionally, and culturally. Thisis one of core the past. I attempt to show that, contrary to the politics and culture of silence, the of memory from memory of stemming theissues past dividing the on silence lasting long of in politics engaged local political elites and remainsInitially argueI will thatmemory eventsof recentthe in matters to Cazinska Krajina 1993-1995, a salient factor. Subsequently, canbeMy outlinedarguments asfollows: I will argue that political elites are serving 2/3 of his sentence, on March 09th 2012, in the Croatian city of Pula. by Mr. after reinforced from prison, been presently Abdic’s have release early divisions These that Mr. Abdic was tried and convicted to 15 years in prison for war crimes committed in the region. in Krajina Both people of even still divide today, narratives strongly these Cazinska the fact despite people regions of andother in Srebrenica Bosnia. with much stronger andinfluential inenemy toavoidorder the terrible destiny beyet faced to by ideology, inclinedjustify are his to undertheargument of actions a diplomatic preemptive reasoning On hand, other the but asmall still locally of powerful group people, of supporters Abdic’s in Western politicalloyalty leadership Sarajevo. central the the to Bosnia,rejecting surrounding Cazinska Krajina self-proclamation AND of aunilateral Autonomous Province of signedwith Serbarmy inthe andpeace pactandcooperation Bosnia agreements Herzegovina, 5 CEU eTD Collection towards fundamental fundamental to related towards questions recentpastanditsthe implications. possible address try to these issuesand related by andexplainingdifferentexploring attitudes of actors by conscious actions of the actors, a proactive approach to what happened and how itmatters? I will issues? Wasintent Is resolve the to on there past? voicethe silence to an attempt the reflection there assumption, andactors have shownapluralism of opinions and attitudes. Is this aconstructive this of line in the inquired Ihave etc.) academia in the attitudes communities, preferences dialogthrough is questionable and dependent on various interveningfactors (political motivation, high degreeof Policy confusion among political actors. areopen,butreachingoptions compromise societal culture? Whatquestion: I found as an answer DoesInitially,confrontlack pastwas led the of to observed,me awidespread readiness which to the to this thiswas that meanmemory of thatthe recent in opponents an armed conflict. memory past produces does former past. aboutthe attitude haveminimum dialogue with Also,I assumed they developed that not matter memory in regionthe is.reality institutional of elites Ihave would that anticipated conscious have in shaping this assumption conductWith a fieldI wentto understand research.important My aim how was to this matter. contemporarywould it and alive be would memory that was assumption initial my stated, As politics and thepast. towards attitudes silence which confusionproduces among of members political in elites shaping theirmemory and society. memory is of However,observable. andculture arenot of adomination There politics In sum, I hypothesize that the past matters;communities. legacies of the both political andfurthergroups reinforcepast reconciliation withinprocess both socially divided are still salient and present in the 6 CEU eTD Collection 4. What are the main forms of institutionalization of memory conflict? Why and to what extent do extent what to and Why conflict? memory of institutionalization of forms main the are What 4. research. amore comprehensive step towards first unrealistic within the social/cultural memory building inKrajina deserves a muchbroaderfieldwork that is perhaps confines of an M.A.enough thesis toresearch; reveal a inperhapspoliticalnarrow elites is for reaching too anyreliable conclusions, Iargue itis that important this regard, crucial my MA partresearch3. Whoare mainmemory? the to attitude of actors dominant focusWhile on the realizing that of the asmemory the dynamics in rememberedevents commemorated? and the region. The question among2. Howislocal viewed,are sharedandnarrated how political these thisconflict elites; of forgetting. on persistence potential from independently is relevant memory’ of ‘politics if this or remembrance; of content the influencing of able is really remember/forget to decision apolitical of whether from question the is independent thus choice, of matter political of their choice? mainfactors are the What 1. What tragic eventsfrom war the years domembers of ruling political elite decidetoremember? region. An answer tothe following questions is to be explored on the level of political elites: overall role and place microlevel the The overreachingof purpose comprehend thesisis Krajina). the (Cazinska to the of memory in a process memory of pastinthe of attitudes ofmembersshaping current local of observedpolitical at elites of politicalmanagement the and clash the be will research the of point focal The consolidation work. this address to readiness and reconciliation until persists today. islack memory thatwork this is the of and the of dueto assumption My in the I departfrom insight the that line the of division between the Bosniaktwo groupsin region the Questions Research Supporting and 1.1. Main Answering this question assumes memorythe as works a 7 CEU eTD Collection problem hand.problem at Finally, istoscientifically aimof tothe topic the research this andgive contribute regarding addressingof andquestions conditions the the understandingmore and comprehensive methodically consistent research on this issue in the region. Second, there is an utter need for deeper of lack is a there First, reasons. of a number for important is Krajina in Cazinska events ofmemory impacts the research tragicpaston mentioned,of As previously recent conducting the itcreates. confusion silence andthe moral political and memory, of of present-day state the and character of the approach analysis a critical prevailing other,in itthe endeavors Krajina. On Cazinska war of intra-Muslim in elite aftermath the the levels The focus of this research is twofold.1.2. Research Methods and Design Firstly, it is concerned with the issueswhether itis justifiable. normatively of memory politics at and of democratic transition, inthecontext pastis tothe feasible attitudes absence of proactive silence at the level ofUltimately, goal the political elites. Through thisregion. in the analysis reconciliation/consolidation and I will communication political hindering or endeavorpromoting in elites political to show whetherin mediaMemory etc. the past inof recent involves the exploring CazinskaKrajina of attitudes the in and education schools of values, common remembrance, promotion towards an approach active minimally (overall, understanding of pastinthe acceptable) politicalthe Theseinclude processes. are aligned of importance of Levels arena. political inthe manifestation its and according memory of study to importance to prioritiesWith the aim memberof fulfilling of politicalthe researchconsolidation/reconciliation? objectives, elites they burden political andsocial communication, for overall considersstability and prospects various factors in are promoting classified into a commoncategories of of this research is to investigate the origin, character, forms and actors forms of andcharacter, the researchistoinvestigate origin, actors of this 8 CEU eTD Collection well applicableas other and documents testimonies published and on topicthe interpretative - Furthermore, sources. primary of analysis an empirical and study on based assessmentmainly is research The constituents. of relevant academiccurrent political motives and actions with regard to gaining/loosing electoral support from their and newspaperand My social position/status). isassumption that their stance towards could pastthe articles, explain their court rulings,observingis who saying in what interview the respect totheir (with and current previous political books in rests interest primary The as membership. party and timeline different inthe juxtaposed thereafter duringtheconflict. Theideological membersformer of attitudes theirtowards are elite opponents thecontent region; of andnarration of events amongthese representation andattitudes themselves implications of 1993-1995 ontoconflict today’s politics andfor prospects consolidation in the past, the towards Krajina of elites inCazinska illustratepolitical theattitudes to research, among them. The qualitative data approach to gathering and analysis willbeused throughout the atmake least a“case”to within necessary andtomake asmall number of observations comparison As suggestedby King, Keohaneand Verba when (1994), examiningit single-case studies,is to theexisting problems. bridge gapbetween the academic andfields by policy of introducingempirical perspectives reality in promoting orobstructing in consolidation society. local addition, In this to research attempts past recent of memory use can elites political conditions what under explain help that mechanisms This study seeksprospects for consolidation/reconciliation. not onlyelites; it andtowhatburdenswhy extent political and social communication, overall stability and to shed lightaccounted for questionsthe ofhow is this conflict viewed,shared among andnarrated local political on this matter, issue. andthis However,of complexity and researchershave notcomprehensively addressed but it severity the in hasestablished of Krajina the andcharacter conflict nature research the Previous on also sets its goalhelp to actors of regionalin political consolidation findingand reconciliation. the 9 CEU eTD Collection members who had (at one point in the timeline) assumed power in Canton (1995-present), either alone or within the coalition. the within or alone either (1995-present), Canton in power assumed timeline) the in point one (at had who members party of attitudes the investigate was to my intent because research the of part analytical the in included not were party this of Members Gavric, 2011). entity and the state parliament. Currently, members of this party are in the government opposition. President of DNZ is Rifat Dolic (Banovic and Canton, primarily Una-Sana in the the in Municipalityfoothold of Velika regional Kladusastrong a wherewith it gets party most a of Itis the votes.1993. F. in At by Abdic the parliamentary founded was elections Union) (2010) DNZ won oneDemocratic seat both in the(National DNZ 2. in the Canton since 2011, Social Democratic Party SDP members of biggestthe opposition party, currently and leading butpartners coalition the their party 1995-2011, rightwing Bosniak SDA Demokratske(Stranka Akcije)five – total and (5), previously administratively covering the area of Cazinska Krajina. The center of canton government is in Biha 1. The Una-Sana Canton, is one of the ten cantons of the Federation ofBosnia and Herzegovina. It is located in the northwest of the country, documents. relevant rulings court legal andother acts, bypapers, werecomplemented academic The primary sources Canton Una-Sana in the power holding party, (ethno)national main the of representatives are (7); these cases arelatively representative of on small amount areconducted interviews Elite respective parties in on Municipal, Cantonal Federalor level in period 1995– the present. member of their as in branch participate legislative government’ or hadto executive respondents selected The Krajina. in Cazinska conflicts to regard with policies related memory official aftergovernment endthe of Bosnian war (1995)i.e. whocould those initiate and carry out an interviewing only members of political which parties have been participating in Cantonalthe be by focusing wasintended to accomplished on of within Fair representation this research opinions whois in a position to view him/herself in that way 1996). (Scruton, and lead govern in and to an election mandate a political won who asaperson beelite defined can Elites are decisive factor in developing the public opinion (Herrera, 1992); a member of the political 1.3. Selection and the Structure ofInterviews attitudes. textual analysis – will be part of this research paper to complement and to clarify the obtained 10 2 - total two (2). ü . 1 from CEU eTD Collection of interest. of research variables salient theoretically operationalise me to help will that system a coding developed have I legacies. regardless I anticipated tofind conflictingviewsmembers among within eachof investigated two parties, the of the partygovernmentover timelinethe years of 17 since theend in conflicts of Krajina.Cazinska Inaddition, (un)officialMunicipal) and (Cantonal in local participating parties different from coming elites political profilizationThe underlying assumption was I that will find conflicting views towards past amongmembers of and stancesidentifying ofmessage" characteristics specific (Holsti 1969:14). towards objectively and systematically by "inference make is to This used. also was method analysis content the past eventsinsaying what In interviews. the to reduce order the degreeof interpretation a arbitrary of data, the and theirGiven that I am exploring andmoreobtained data difficult analysis.and time-consuming the attitudes be best the However, of option. inlessercoherence resulted the anapplication of this procedure of political to was considered categories all researched predetermined of tackling deliberation answersand their elites, special issues;complex giving therespondents space and freedom to engage inmuch moremeaningful attention was structured interviews arechosen with aim avoidingof rigid responsestovery and sensitive paid on who is I am both andSemi advantages of interviewaware of techniqueused. completely disadvantages the research. the of objectives to relevant time andnumber issues of tackled. usedThe dealtapproach exclusively andwith aspects factors length, in varied interviewees the of responses open-ended; were questions all and conversation, inThe interviews were conducted a semi manner,structured all forminterviews took the of a 11 CEU eTD Collection formations" (Olick andRobbins, 1998:129). Berliner 2005:200) oras"past which perseveres becauseit remains relevant for later cultural beas understood "persistencethe of something from into past the in (Halbwachs, present" the 1994 conditioning of elements further action"and (Kroeber Kluckholn, Memory 1952:357). could also of action,as aswell as products also beconsidered systems culture may values; their attached specifically and ideas traditional of consists culture of core essential the in artifacts; embodiment explicitandimplicit, of and for behaviorand acquired by transmitted symbols. This includes their next of patterns, generations. consists "Culture are passedonto acommunity that within institutions Climomemory cultural those and Cattell principles attitudes, (2002) relate to perceptions, and relevant theoretical framework is to be introduced. In ordertoeffectively in research the presented scrutinize objectives analyticalthe framework, Conceptual 1.4. Apparatus Consolidation and Reconciliation Attitudes on Political (Cultural) Political dynamics 1993-1995. Krajina Cazinska in Conflict Variables Negative /Positive views/attitudes on reconciliation Definitionof reconciliation/consolidation Cazinska Krajina 93-95 Modes and motives of political elites to approachthe issue of memory in inshaping attitudes. Role of ‘Serbia and Croatia’. View of warcrimes. Role of Islamic Community in the war. Role and influence of ‘Sarajevo’ war. the in of actors role and of conflict Definition Canton. the outside of pol influence on view Positive/negative past. towards anothergroup. Elite attitudes towards dominant narratives of the development related to political and societal consolidation; attitude Political elite 'overall negative attitude towards the post war Indicators 12 itical or other factors other or itical CEU eTD Collection much memory;about isa monument not a memory in1997 (Confino Sorbaji, 2006:2). 'memory', since studies in the domain of 'politics of memory' often say a lotabout politics but not so This maybereavement. impression partly beby created imprecisea somewhat useof word the fundamentally alter personal memories of strongly emotional, life-changing events such as violent manipulableschooling thebroadcasting andthat or of ceremoniescommemorative can to issues ofmemory could give the questionable impression humanthat minds are endlessly individuals. needsisa 'top-down' subjective of andThere adangerthe that psychological approach controlling the mainly process for different political reasons, and from below, wherethefocus is on are elites when down), (top above from approaches: basic two outline (2000) Roper and Dawson Ashplant, commemorating. of ways between differentiation introduce to important is it Krajina, Cazinska in commemorations separate and memories divided of phenomenon observed the Given trauma. and incident of experience the isan between in of period forgetting “latency” characteristic, which points is that there out 12) lapse, ofit. LaCapra(1994: a but a always effect, time recollection the the traumatic creates and itself is it past”, experience that of not the the consciousness collective impact on actions taken in present.the Colmeiro (2011:21) argues memorythat is a“present indirect directand have both can process of the from isrecovery present; the The past recovered remains from pastthe in life, groups' what groups or dowith (Nora1972: past" the 398). is memory what we become.” Ultimately, "collective of what concept will remember the determine crime,keeps it the amongand retribution. unforgotten,we Memory insistsseizes What on the forgetting,oblivion of of a duty to restore, preserve, and acknowledge thejust order of world.the (2001:777) suggests “Memory that usaduty reminds keepcrimesof to and theirvictims from the atrocities memory issue the after on of Focusingcollective specifically social agents. livedby shared different Dosse pastexperienced, "memory" and tothe (1999) refers According to 13 , Booth CEU eTD Collection endogenous towar.endogenous Once a war begins new, appear, previously incentives leading unavailable Kalyvas (2008:1063) outlined two main features of ethnic defection: Firstly,itis largely a process takes place, turn into contests for the loyalty of the population and resemble nonethnic civil wars. place.first in action the defection where namely ethnic many civilwars, those As aresult, ethnic collective for important so identity ethnic make that elements those precisely destroys it because resort membersviolence matters, Ethnicforcedtheir own to toethnic against of defection group. behavior. rebel of pro-ethnic indicator tobeareliable ceases Accordingly,identity are rebels ethnic ethnic cases, in certain that argues He small. relatively remain defectors of numbers the when Kalyvas (2008:1055)introduces of conceptthe ethnic defection, whichiseven important extremely mobilization base for both sides (Kalyvas, 2008:1046). shared and serves theas same minds); population of theirfor loyalties (i.e., people the hearts the and rebels the thegovernment between contests as seen warsare nonethnic (ideological) contrast, includebroadenmembers In leaders of and to theirappeals rival ethnic those cannot groups. group harderfor nonethnic orcan or thatfew implies ones by than fight people be recruited opposing the not turnintodo intoShia Sinhalese, Iraqi The Sunni argument etc. that ethnic cleavages aredeeper sameTamilsas way the possible), istheoretically conversion religious factthat the (despite Croats with theirethnic “enemies,” the Israelis, Indonesians, Russians, Indians, and Americans (Kalyvas, 2008: 1054). groups that supported an insurgency (Lebanese Shiite Muslims, East Timorese, Chechens, Sikhs, Muslim Kashmiris, and Sunni Iraqis) joined forces East Timor, Punjab,Kashmir, Chechnya, andmore recently, Iraq. Unlike colonial Algeriaor Kenya. In all these places, manymembers of ethnic 4 Many authors agree that these elements of shared culture and history may be perceived or real. historicalmemories, one or more elements of common culture (e.g., religion or language), commona bond with a homeland, and a sense of solidarity. 3 Namely, ethnic boundaries behavior. and identity between link aclear establishes that microfoundation a on based is wars civil between nonethnic distinction notion the Heargues so-calledand ethnic of defection. that ethnic One used of concepts inthe analysisthe isfrom anditborrowed Kalyvas (2008:1044-46), relates to Such social dynamics can be observed in many recent insurgencies that are classified as ethnic wars, including in Algeria, Kenya, South Lebanon, South Kenya, in Algeria, including wars, ethnic as classified are that insurgencies recent many in be observed can dynamics social Such According to Hutchinson and Smith (1996:6-7), ethnic groups are saidto have a common proper name, a myth of common ancestry,shared 3 are cemented rather than trespassed; Bosnian Muslims do not arecemented ratherthan BosnianMuslimsdo become trespassed; 14 4 CEU eTD Collection traditions andvalues” (Lübbe 1983:585; 2001:41 in Dimitrijevic, 2009:136). forpossible us to re-construct fundamentalthe continuity our betterwith past and its genuine the of imposition political culture of guilt. equal Another presumption is that“only if remainwe agree to will silent, itbe effectively would which remorse’, of rituals ‘political exercise to people forcing in result only could change regime the after immediately past the with dealing Namely, has suffered atrauma. society after silence’, is there aneed for ‘communicative Lübbe argues that identified; they are not legally and politically (Dimitrijevic,authoritative 2009:135). happened; theirevaluation, temporal whose formal and of points establishment, cannot be what about attitudes and beliefs their to i.e. people’, ‘ordinary of predicament the to relates andcrimes The committed, (Moody-Adams their 1997:83-86). ofsilence consequences culture gives that attitudes toagroup’s adistinctive shape stanceand towards mass actions pastregime,the used in concept Another paper,the ofvalues, a beliefs and ‘culturesilence’,pattern indicates the of Laitin, 2003;Kocher, 2004; Toft, 2003). Finally,personal values 2008:1053). (Kalyvas, (Fearon & factors geographical importance of the personal interests familyconcerns; of members; needtoprotect theproperty; sense of social status; and by prosaic motivation Seventh, 2005). (Anderson, colonialism of dislike overall Sixth, etc.). 2007: 3).Fifth, and abundantresources material incentivesfood, (better freemovement, local status 1991:15). Fourth, local cleavages coercion opportunism and revenge as important factors (Branch, motivationsand thechoice underlying heterogeneous who of those joined auxiliary the (Roux, units benefits that followedfrom siding with whatappeared to be strongerthe side. Third,multiple the direFirst, for need local convergedsupport into a massive Second, recruitment. emphasis of the Kalyvas (2008:1052)highlights which several factors mighthave aninfluence onethnic defection: itindividual by is generated process, organizational the for collaborators. demand Secondly, defection than can be primarily driven: rather asaspontaneous emerging ethnic demand with collaborate ethnic the people with to hostile organizations to are associated. they group whom 15 CEU eTD Collection Hayner (2001:161) argues "reconciliationthat implies building rebuilding or relationships today apologies. and retrospective arealsomemory mostimportantviolence.tools three areeducation, ones Long-term the required; short-term benefits butgenerally they not eliminatewill altogether underlyingthe causesof pastthe isReconciliation themeans todo Healing,that. truth-telling and reparation will important deliver future.reach the inbe to The pasthas to addressedinorder us have divided past. issuesthe that forgiveness justice,deal the is includes and healing. search for truth, a process Politics to the with 28) asserts is as an (2003:that Huyse reconciliation be to over-archingwhich understood process isexperience of past acknowledgment as akey seen in element process. the of addressing thecycle ofmutual inherentexclusiveness in In past. the sense, that mutual and need the of conflict, long-term resolution basis the of as former adversaries of the relationship of reconciliationproposes focus long the that (2002) Lederach of lasting essential process the peace-building. part of is on The question of reconciliation among political hasbeenelites more commonly asan observed restoring past. andthe towards members of elite rebuildinginformation. This theoretical willbeconcept in used papertoevaluatethe attitudesthe and positions of relationships.certain unpalatable to toexposeourselves choicenot is deliberate denial the form conscious of publicatrocities, or wrongdoing. allegations corruption about to A responses are standard different He focusesemerges as: propaganda,disinformation, mistrust, manipulation,misinformation, spin,fraud. These on a constructive of organizedThe conceptthe by denial often at life),as outlined level Cohen (in (2001), public S. about pastfrom the debate eliminating publicthe sphere. political and actors, topolicies designed andimplemented by decisions,authoritative which aim at On otherhand,the explains Dimitrijevic that the (2009:135) term ‘politics of silence’ refers to 16 CEU eTD Collection constituencies entireor mass publics.” (1999:2). dimensionlabor,such asbusiness, religious,military elites. academic,etc. vertical fourth, And the top-down of trustelites. Third, wherethe “everyone the universe of of Second, else”. trust othersectoral constituenciesin mass or political horizontal trustelites trustextending relations can unfold: among “First,form politicaltrust trust; by combining themass/elite andhorizontal/vertical wegetfourdichotomies, realms inwhich of citizens in theirbeliefselites fellow citizens asFinally, conceptual notion the isof social Offetrust tobeintroduced. differenthighlights areas of wellor in sub-categories as other of the aboutsectoral elites, past. thepresentbased on or the behavioralenemies, 2) if contradictory past 1)how the andfor reconciliation: establishing is betweenformer spoken about integrated versionsdispositions of are nothaunted byyesterday".that suggests someindicators Shealsoto andhatreds of conflicts the the past have been reconciled, and 3)of if relationshipssectoral are 17 CEU eTD Collection later political division between the central government inSarajevo and Fikret Abdic (Andreas, 2004). the shaky underpinnings of debt-riddena communist economy (Hedges, 1996) The clandestine economy of the Cazin Areawas also at theheart of the In 2005). (Ramet, top the late at 1987, changes Agrokomerc was personnel suddenlysome declaredwith bankrupt,albeit and function, Abdic to arrested for fraud. continued system Atthe the time,disarray, in the case wasand seen as an economic discredited shock,elite revealing communist local resulting in thebreakdownof unity inthe Bosnian political establishment andproviding powerfula impetus to institutional decay.even Butwith the the Central Committee and the Pozderac brothers were dismissed in disgrace. scandalThe was the beginning of the end for communist rule in Bosnia, Assembly of Yugoslavia, brother of Hamdija Pozderac whowas a memberof the SFRY presidency. When the scandal broke, Abdic was expelled from cover its insolvent operations. Fikret Abdic, acting as the company director, had close relations with the Hakija Pozderac deputy in the Federal Sarajevo conducted an investigation, with which they showed the Velika Kladusa-based company had issued more than 17,000 promissorynotes to of Velikamunicipality in Kladuša called headquartered Agrokomerc,with conglomerate operations extending products across the entire agricultural areaof and formerfood – Yugoslavia. empire economic In an up Aprilset had 1987, who The National Bankof businessman 5. A Yugoslav famous Minister. asInterior lieutenants presidency Mr. his state tothe traded with his mandate of appointment of one the for Izetbegovic hisparty whereas president suggests Alija Hedges(1996) Mr.that Izetbegovic has847,386. Abdic Bosnia and Herzegovina, Mr. Abdic,known also as Babo(eng. Daddy), received votes, 1,010,618 nation in BiH (Jasarevic, 1997:13). In upcomingthe firstdemocratic presidential elections in every of prosperity overall and wealth economy, of development the to contribute to commitment founded by Democratic joined Party of the Action (SDA), personal with Alija Izetbegovic, The Krajina km Cazinska (1,500 layingin conflict behindthe Cazinska Krajina andto outline the mainfigures, actorsand events. The purpose of is chapter this tobriefly present thehistorical background totheideology,motives background 2.1 Historical CLASH CONFLICT IN CAZINSKA KRAJINA POLITICAL INTRA-MUSLIM 2. THE AND IDEOLOGICAL At largest the public gathering of Bosniaksin 15.09.1991. Bosnia, on Fikret Abdic Cazinska Krajina during the conflictin 1994). by mainly by areas populated Serbs onits east and(please south see the mapAppendix 1, of with Itborders cutKladusa. and isand inthewestnorth off geographically Croatia from Sarajevo an enclave in northwestern Bosnia. Itincludes the municipalities of Bihac, Buzim, Cazin and Velika 2 in size, with overwhelmingly Muslim population isof 180,000) 18 5 officially CEU eTD Collection often often saidexperience to asense of being betrayed by in everyone andBosnia (Håkansson Sjöholm, and its ledisolated are became citizens situation toaposition politically where CazinskaKrajina in(Hedges, 1996) This loyal Izetbegovic's government BosniaSarajevo and Herzegovina to armed heinto againstSubsequently the organized forces Muslim conflict Army of Republic of inCroats November of 1993. and an agreement political on and economic cooperation with Bosnianthe Serbs and Bosnian with BosnianSerb the Abdicand friendship (October,Republic 1993) signedapactof cooperation divergingBosniaafter (APWB),dueto ideological thedeclaration visions. Soon of the APWB, in municipality 1993, of Velika Kladusa, declaredAbdic the ProvinceWesternAutonomous of destructive Muslim nationalistdifferences and war”(Cohen, 1994, Fotini, Mr. 2008). Abdic denouncedhe what called the ethnic about politics forget eventually will they money, making are if people that was assumption of President essential His weapons. and food Alijaincluding everything, in virtually trading Croats with Izetbegovic also (Lane, 1994). and areasof in Croatia, Serbs occupied with the neighboring the andeconomic alliances of political In Septembernetwork non-interventionist “a for opted Mr. Abdic region, in the forces Serb the fighting of Instead Alija President Bosnian-Muslim Izetbegovic. RBiH), settled inBihac,wereunderof loyal command Sarajevo General Dudakovic, and to forcesThe armed of Republicof of the Bosnia-Herzegovina The Fifth Corps Army (henceforth in after thedeclaration of Bihac asaUNsafearea especially April 1993. unsuccessful. Theareawasconstantly forces, siege by were Krajina, Cazinska under Serb the in city largest the Bihac, over take to efforts Serb (1992) war Bosnian the of outbreak the At Serbian-dominatedin government Yugoslav capital Belgrade (Burns,1993). of of his rolebuildingin active Agrokomerc, Abdicbecame finance heavily on dependent from the especially conglomerate infood infrastructure, in Agrokomerc Velika Kladusa.30years the During Mr. Abdic’s political popularity and reputation stemmedfrom in his highly successful in projects 19 CEU eTD Collection Republic of Serbia, Minister JovicaStanisic (Mulaosmanovic, 2010). Republic of SerbianKrajina, signed by general Mile Novakovic, residing inKnin andthen inVelikaKladuša sent totheMinistry of Interior of the 9. Evidence thatsupports this statement can be found report document no. 03/270-1from 01.07.1995. – written by the 'Spider' of the so-called "Ripac" (Cekic, 2005). 8. Conflict zones in Cazinska Krajina and district of Bihac, inter alia, included: "Grmec" – Bihac; "Golubi Kladusa, and Bihac" Serbia" "Greater andform "Greater to Croatia" order (Cekic, 2005). the of The two leaders agreed extension that - wouldCroatia the get "theterritories ofthe Province aggression the of (Banovina) goal and Westernmain the Bosnia, achieving for instrument an was Bosniaks against aggressors, two genocide the the between Herzegovina and Bosnia of division and occupation the from Apart issue. Muslim the of resolution" "final the and state the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina and thegenocide against Bosniaks. The overarching purpose was destruction of Bosnia and Herzegovinaas a 7 Serbian, Croatian and Bosnian (Ibrahimagic, 2000). that public thereworld has the been show something to first, done "to protect"function: the Muslim adual population, had –which and second,zones" to cultivate division "protected of Bosnia so-called into threethe of ethnically one based become has entities: of Bihac city (Cekic, time, At that 2005). Herzegovina and Bosnia in present were Montenegro and Serbia from "volunteers" and soldiers" "reserve of number alarge aggression, 6. In late 1991, a part of the JNA units from Croatiawere dislocated onto the territory of Bosanska (Bosnian) Krajina. In addition, on the eve of the Clashes between andnon-SerbsSerbs in Bosnia began in August 1991 2.2. TheConflict religious orthodoxy, even within Bihac the community (Graham, 1998). 2007) Inter-Muslim haswar alsobeen observed aswidening of divisions basedon of degrees As mentioned above, Cazinska Krajina out inof Bosanski Brod alloworder to Serbforces tocapture the (Ramet,town 2005). pulling example, -for forces Serbian with behavior in collaborative engaging was Army Croatian subsequent actions werejointly agreed with Serbianagents the when a rebel led Muslim byFikretgroup Abdic establishedmodus a vivendiwith Serbs.the His loyal to forces forces loyal and Muslim Izetbegovic Muslim was definitelyto Abdic. confirmed It summerDuring the of 1993 therewerenews of in conflicts armed between Cazinska Krajina frontier. Croatian the to north ran that corridor open one only was There center. urban proximate made people by often primarily Serb well proximity Croatia areas.Geographic fromwith as ethnic as some Croat this areapeople,and disconnectedfrom geographically Muslim Sarajevo other regions. Alsois it surrounded turn to Zagreb or Banja Luka rather than Sarajevo as their most The regimes in Belgrade and Zagreb, lead by Slobodan Milosevic and Franjo Tudjman, had planned, prepared and organized the aggression against aggression the organized and prepared planned, had Tudjman, Franjo and Milosevic Slobodan by lead Zagreb, and Belgrade in regimes The 7 (Ribicic, 2000). 8 is an populated almostarea with 100 percentMuslim 20 9 . ü " – Knin; "Svodna" - Bosanski Novi and 6 . By October 1992,the 7 CEU eTD Collection 5000-7000 soldiers, including three light brigades,military police battalion, the unit of the Ministry of Internal Affairs (Demirovic, support 1999). logistic and fromartillery had the so-called. Bosnia AP RepublicWestern of Defense Serbian Krajina.National the In the second period addition, In (November soldiers. 1994 to August 8,000 1995) about Nationalof total Defense a of forces unit were consistingspecial a o brigades, six 12. Therewere two periods of militarydevelopment of National Defense of AP WB- thefirstIn period (October 1993-August 1994), consistedit of Herzegovina(Silber and Little, 1997). province status. special The Owen-Stoltenberg Sarajevo gave and plan,developed entities after Vance the federal ten Owen into plan was rejected,envisioned Herzegovina and three federal Bosnia entities of in Bosnia division and the envisioned 1993 March of plan Vance-Owen The 11. 17,000 of Abdic's followers into SerbianKrajina (Lane, 1994). they begged the U.N. to get them out. Three months ago, the V Corps, now commanded by Gen. Atif Dudakovic, finally took Velikahundreds which Kladusa,in camp drivingof Muslimsprison suspected a of opposing opened his ruleweredictator, brutalized.a like more The v Corps, and formore its part, and harassed daddy andmistreated sugar thea 1,000 remaininglike less Serbs and in Bihac less until acting Abdic, abuses. terrible committed 10. From September 1993on, Bihac was the scene of a bloody fratricidal sideshow to the Serb-Muslimwar in the rest of Bosnia. Both sides In June 1993 formation called National Defence Defence APZB National called formation andKladusa in municipalities. surrounding the On top of hethat had organized aparamilitary – Democratic People’s Union Party, who won over most of the votes from SDA in the area of Velika Croatian (Demirovic, 1999).Additionally, Izetbegovic’sin to response policy, Abdicfounded DNZ and sides, Serbian aggressor the with both cooperation "diplomatic" he abroad on, established Later from andBosnia Herzegovina, bydeclaring so-called the Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia. 1993, On secession 27. Krajina’,made September "master" Abdic, an of attempted undisputed ‘the 1994). isolate (Lane, Abdic politically Abdic's example, leaders that fearing might follow along Izetbegovic, regional Muslim fact. other while awareof this engineeredwilling tosettle This theconflict. wasOwen’s coup, and orchestrated Abdic, cheerfully played the were who presidency on Bosnian promoting the leaderOwen began "dissidents" of Abdic asa Bosnian parliament'sagree tothelatest ofhis chopupBosnia lines.plans to along ethnic To putIzetbegovic, pressureon rejection11 of Owen's plan and moved to interpreted by interpreted Izetbegovic andhis governmentasan act of secession (Banovic andGavric, 2011). were actions conflicts. Abdic's military in subsequent hasgrown parties political various the , the European Union's peace mediator for Bosnia. mediator Union's peace to European , the Owen At time, was pushingIzetbegovic the 10 , Abdic's willingness to cooperate with the Serbs caughtthe attention of David Owen 12 (Demirovic, 1999). Radicalization of relations among relations of Radicalization 1999). (Demirovic, 21 CEU eTD Collection 1994, Boyd, 1995) (Lane, autonomy Abdic’s crush to Army Bosnian of Corps Fifth the ordered government Sarajevo against awall, and only one round in the AK 47, it would be Karadzic who walked free. leader,if both Serb former inBihachadBosnian that the Muslims the Karadzic, Abdic and Radovan Graham Kladusa. reports (1998:206) that Abdic’sactions madefeel people angry so and betrayed (Bougarel, 2007).With helpof the surroundingthe Serbs,hearming began amilitia in Velika Mr. Mazowiecki,had who interviewedinmates during his BIH visitto (Demirovic, 1999). including community, international the to known was camps these of existence The shield a human leavingafter the camp. Civilians, prisoners 2000)were (around generally used as alabor force or as inmates died from physicalcamp), many(the largestPlazikur,in were organizedRasetina etc, Drmeljevo whose Nepeke, of abuse at the camp, and somedidwho accepthis not policy making and politics towards Bosniathe andHerzegovina. The camps of the consequences was torture takingallof place against (referred to as"korpusaši",those etc) "Alija'sfundamentalists" their internment of APWB territory where onthe Abdic organized camps yearsexistence, of three almost During toVelikaconstituents (Fotini,2008). Kladusa In 1995 MuslimAugust leadersand Croat agreedtoendthe warand allow return the of Abdic's 30,000 of hiswere in civiliansupporters, full flight from Cazinska Krajinaneighboring into Croatia. The fighting until continued summerthe of 1994, and by late August Abdic's along forces, with of a major offensive launched by Muslims the President loyal Izetbegovic to (Barutciski, 1996). 15. More detailed account on work camps created in Cazinska Krajina between 1993-1995 are beyond the purpose of this work. Muslims, 30,000 Croats, and 25,000 Serbs (Ramet, 2005). 14. By the end of the fighting, in November 1995, some 215,000 people had been killed in Bosnia-Herzegovina - among them, roughly 160,000 The ceasefire agreement was short-lived, and Abdic launched new a offensive on February 18, 1994. 13. By January 1994 most of the area was under the control of the Fifth Corps, whose leadership signed a ceasefire with Muslim forces loyal to Abdic. Abdi an peace uprising ledagreement, by local the strongman and BosnianFikretmember Presidency Owen-Stoltenberg the hadfinallyrejected after theBosnian 1993, Parliament On 29. September ü resulted in bloody fighting with the Bosnian Army in the Cazinska krajina (Biha krajina Cazinska inthe Army Bosnian the with fighting in bloody resulted 13 . By . By 1994, August situationthe Bihac around had changed drastically aresultas 14 22 15 ü area) CEU eTD Collection accord with Serbia that provided that each side in the conflict would prosecute its own war criminals and that each side would regard the conflict as an internal conflict the matter, regard which would would side each preclude that the and application of criminals international war own its law (Bland, prosecute 1994). would conflict the in side each that provided that Serbia with accord 16. The Hague Tribunal's mandateetc. had previously been Biscevic underminedH. in avariety ofways. In 1993, Jasarevic, BosnianS. Muslim leaderFikret Huskic, E. Abdic of signed works an see please reference further For Criminal Tribunal for Yugoslavia conditions fortheinitiating acriminal againsthimprocedure 1997). (Jasarevic, The International impeached29. 1993), Mr. Abdichis from member duty of of Presidency RBiH, thus creatingof The Parliamentary Assembly Bosnia andof Herzegovina, inits decision03-139/93, no. (September 2.3. Abdic’s trial and the verdict siding with Fikret Abdic, and people siding with theFifth Corps of the Bosnian Army. in from wasliterally pieces:two people Krajinasplit Cazinska onset, the area At conflict's the National Defence APZBFikret 2012). Abdic (Hrnjica, ledbyand paramilitary formation, Karadzic of Radovan aggressor in Serbs members the Croatia, by it so-calledrebel was the destination reaching determined The extenthumanitarian was aid after servingafter 2/3of his sentence. 2005; itwas afterward reduced to fifteen years. Hewas released from prison on March 09. 2012, Krajina (Vukic, Hisyear 2002). twenty sentence wasappealed atthe Croatianin Court Supreme civilians, along with wounding of the in400 civilians duringintra-Muslim conflict Cazinska Mr.fact stipulatedthat tothe court of deaths for121 the Abdic time) wasresponsible at the (age63 forjail injudge the warcrimes. byJerinic-Mucnjak, returned verdictAccording the presiding to years 20 to Mr. Abdic sentenced Karlovac Croatian in court regional The justice. victor's on based Karlovac; a heplea entered of guilty,not andargued his that trial and motivated was politically of opening camps for detention hisMuslim opponents. Abdic stood trial in Croatian the City of inHe wasarrested Croatia (June2001).Theagainstindictment 2,200-page Abdicincluded crimes Conventions. Geneva the of breaches 16 authorized the arrest of of Fikret arrest authorizedAbdic the charges of grave on 23 CEU eTD Collection Province of Western Bosnia by Cantonal Court of Una Sana in Bihac (April10. 2012). 17. For more detailsplease see appendix overview3 – an ofcriminal proceedings against members of National Defense (Army) of Autonomous applicants the though Even officials. by ill-treatment of allegations investigate to ECHR 3 Article Chamber foundlive the that Federation failedto uptotheirauthorities obligation positive under seven and approximately 30 days onend. In addition to maltreatment the by police,the the for five, at whim police of the the treatment tothis They subject were atonce. people by several maltreated andradiators handcuffedortied they to that were Chamber the established applications, tortured them during in pretrial detention to a order confession.extort its In decision,five covering GramsAccording to and of all persons Peschke indicted the (2006:263), policethe complained that 1995 until criminal1999 (two againstproceedings A. Sabancevic andinDutovic S.are progress). Abdic. Most of whom were were prevailingly members of National the Forces of Defense AP Western ledBosnia byFikret tried and convictedmen accused the conflict, the after place taking trials” “Bihac warcrime of so-called series In the by the Cantonal Court Bihac in the crimes. of war suspected are period from who Krajina in forces military two the of ex-members towards system justice BH’s of relationship In followingthe analysis Iwill use term the “double legalstandards” todemonstrate ambivalentthe “Double” LegalStandards?3.1. of memory, which I will present below as the politics of silence. politics failurethe dominant of the demonstrates extentthe that arepresent to andremnants cultural normative political), and (legal institutional its passed; not has past the follows: isas claim main background legacies impacting on stateof of past the current affairsin Krajina. Cazinska The placesof thecurrentstate affairsThis chapterlegal a and gives in a perspective and political MAPPING 3. LEGACIES OF THE PAST INCAZINSKA KRAJINA 24 17 CEU eTD Collection the other side for war crimes committed against sidecrimes other them.forthe war committed of responsibility exclude automatically not insurgents,say does Abdic’sleast to the are, followers justice insist senseof and they on. fact they The solesense of are experiencing betrayal that this cultural slippage doesnotallow people toreasonably differentiate between phenomena:two grief makes it hard to facebetrayal the truth byof crimestheir owncommitted observecoethnics. by theirthemselves Itown is group obvious as least,the convenientdoso. Namely,to members. of Bosniaks Cazinska Krajinadidnot support (who “double Abdic), that Precisely victims”,strong emotions tocrimes againstpeople who they identify traitors, as but they choose to ignore itbecause itbothis, say to andethnic the inabilityaggression have members committed of army reality, thattheir own to have doubt access people reasonable to bycope two powerfulwith know,enemiesat but same the know.” they don't time (as described byCohen,2001:137). This implies that and “They proceedings court within towards these slippage - areexperiencing acultural elites, political members as majority Krajina, aswell the inCazinska elite members the that One can observe Dudakovic 2011), (Kovacevic, but none of havethem yetbeentried. members National the of Defence of AP Westernleadincluding Fifth Bosnia, general Corps whoinare suspectedof persons during warcrimes conflict against committing the Cazinska Krajina and inhumane torture. treatmentTheProsecutors office on20 of BiH investigation opened other of sympathizing the with AP of Western Bosnia, of some were killed,whom subjected others and to Western Bosnia. He was found guilty of apprehension and detention of civilians whom he suspected of the of Province Defense Autonomous National the members of against committed crimes On the other hand, Mr. Suljo Karajic is one among rare members of Army of RBIH to stand trial for merely ‘hestated that a doctor’ was not (Grams andPeschke, 2006:264). claimed inhissubmissions to Chamberthe in that, hisreply to complaints, the investigative judge inmaltreatment custody, nothing wasdone to investigate allegations.these One of applicantsthe Sead Huskic and Almir complainedinvestigative before Sabancevic the judge aboutthe 25 CEU eTD Collection fallen soldiers and rights of their family members, as well as Mr. Semsudin Dedic, and last of last and Dedic, Semsudin Mr. as well as members, family their of rights and soldiers fallen When addressing these questions, Mr. Mirsad Vojic Mirsad Mr. questions, these addressing When forces donotenjoy right. this in Defense National recruited the of soldiers practice, this legally entails family members to seek official pensions,state while family members Herzegovina: Army Council) RBiH, HVO(Croatian Defense and of ofRepublikaArmy Srpska.In legitimate only inBosniaand Armies three for PeaceinBosnia,recognized Agreement (01/09 –from Feb. 052009),stillin inforce and accordance with General the Framework same region. Source of information: Association of warwidows of Una Sana Canton. (Klicic, 2002) Total of 2,260 Muslim fighters died in the intra-Muslim conflict, as compared to approximately 2,300 who died in combat against the Serbs in the amount of KM533 (266 EUR). 01. 1996); one-member household receives pension in the amount of 352 KM (176 EUR), 4 and more members within a household receive the names of 4565 fallen soldiers in the US Canton; 9593 persons are beneficiaries of their pensions (as opposed to 2576 persons in registered in January 18 In the Law on rights of demobilized and fallen soldiers War of Bosnia and Herzegovina (no. 01/2009–February in5. 2009), 13 reads: paragraph Law onRights of Amended Cantonal Veterans andDisabled Veterans of Defensive-Liberation the religious burial and right of publicmemorialization. rightproper of (pensions), rights legacies inter past; the of the alia,access tobasicsocio-economic foster social isolation inequality,and revealing thus the attitudes of political elite members towards which norms legal ambivalent the highlight to try will I evaluation, empirical the of part this In Controversyover3.2. before Law? Equality Social Denying Rights: General Secretary ofMinistry ofVeteran Affairs of USCanton,Mr. Fevzija Karabegovic,states that the official registryof the Ministry contains Federation Federation of Bosnia 36/99,and Herzegovina", No. 54/05and 39/06). the of Gazette ("Official children with families and victims civilian of protection social on laws Cantonal other as War, the well as of Victims Civilian of Protection this Law. Their andtherights familyof members areregulatedby Law onSocial Province of Western consideredBosnia arenot tobe by veterans defenders and the of Defense Autonomous National so-called members of the Herzegovina, and in for Peace Bosnia Framework Agreement General the to According 26 , former Minister in charge of war veterans and veterans war in of charge former Minister 18 of Una-Sana Canton and amending acts amending and Canton Una-Sana of CEU eTD Collection towards memberstowards of all forces, regardlessarmed of sidestheyfoughtthe for during the conflict. treatment equal that and rights civil and human by basic abide to in order change should situation butalso aforceful imposing of stigma and upon shame youngthese implies people. He thatthis legal It accesstobasic isnot the only about social acts. andrights, discriminating enforces rights this region) towards of whichBosnia as a entirelyand state not Herzegovina, human does protect of children had who grown up in Velika Kladusa(aswell members as of diasporathe from coming identity immense asDr. Thesethe impact on and perceptions divisions, an have outlines, Lipovaca jointly Serbianfighting against the aggressor. Bosnia in September 1993,all soldiersmembersCazinska Krajina from of were the Army RBIH of forces under untilfactgiven of Defense National the pension, establishment that the AP Western that Federal and Cantonal government should have at least considered toaward those children a half of made was he Defense yet point familyAPWB? membersof National sarcastic, of An interesting, asks:Why and segregation separation forces. Hehypothetically this membersDefense National of militarythree participatinggroups in war by the their respective entity, butnottochildren family or As Dr. Lipovaca explains, pensions have been recognized andawarded tofamily members of all doing anythingfor the children of these people in period. postwar the interests of people the are representing who elites from DNZ, the 16years,against for nearly canton the governing loyal to legacies were by implemented aparty whose representatives SDA, policies discriminatory result of the the and work of Abdic.interview (May criticized03. 2012), theselegalnorms inequality, which promote it arguingis that He is especiallyThe critical SDP’s of SDA (left-centerfor changes. climate political not the until are they as remain will things the reality; wing)legal above norms, butthey hide described behind legal the caughtbetween façade, and rhetoric current PM of the Canton, Dr. Hamdija Lipovaca in a personal (2001:107) aslegalism (2001:107) SDA’s PM from 2007-2011, engage in a form interpretativeof denial, in outlined Cohen . Both of them recognize the legitimacy of human rights issues found in 27 CEU eTD Collection 2007, Duijzings, 2007). andheroes men inhadand victims, that sometimes women, blurred course of the war(Bougarel the ulema of arealsoBosnia and reinforcing betweensoldiers and Herzegovina hierarchies, civilians, all sins and will be fully inrewarded worldthe beyond. Inmaking this distinction, Islamic the buried in the clothes they wore when they died and without being washed; only they are absolved of in hostages instance Only šehidi’. and are‘second-rank those prisoners) firstthe category be should theiror honor their property, family, their defending died who Those religious. purely was motivation whose and as well šehidi’ and canbe the that ‘first-rank only that died who considered in battle soldiers ones are the as all the people šehidi, of categories several are there that insisted ulema war,religious the Bosnian after Especially who died a violent death in non-combatant roles (for believers non to who fought in referring the Bosnianterm Army second the (Omerdic, 1997 cited in soldiers), Bougarel, fallen and 2007). (šehidi borci ipoginuli šehidi is expression frequent most the documents, šehid remains by far the most important, since it joins heroic behaviour, religious motivation, and ultimatesacrifice. In official speeches and as 'knights' (vitezovi) andheroes (junaci), bound tothe epic tradition of the Ottoman Empire and Partisan movement. Inany case, thefigure of the 19 Bougarel asserts Muslimthat (2007) fallenin 1990swere the soldiers referred toas‘šehidi’ Community? aSingleReligious within Religious Divisions 3.3. 16 years. argued was imposed familyonto members of the National soldiersby Defense SDA inparty lastthe as an attempt toovercome thisvictimhood’ ‘denialof the (Cohen, 2001:110),which he previously be in in perceiveddifferentViews periods time. of andattitudes Dr.be could Lipovaca interpreted about which group is the‘original, ordefinitive genuine victim’, andwhether this victimhood could claims isa that deal there of great conflicting show Krajina inatrocities Cazinska The recentpast massacres perpetrated by perpetrated massacres to theceremony organizedby SDA the in Fo martyrs). Of course, the term šehid isnot the only one that gives meaning tothe death of Bosnian Army soldiers; Inpoems,fallen soldiers alike are described The reintroduction of the word 'šehid' into Bosnian political discourse can in fact be dated fact in can discourse political Bosnian into 'šehid' word the of reintroduction The þ etnici (radical nationalist (radical etnici þ 28 a on 25. a on 1990, whichAugust the commemorated Serbian paramilitary forces). - Muslims and non- 19 (eng: CEU eTD Collection Religion, though notReligion, heavily though among haspracticed Bosniaks, always been an important in factor Krajina. in Cazinska Bosniaks of affirmation and recognition self- national in the element important Minister in of education theentity government, supports viewthe thatreligion played avery Mujo Demirovic, professorideological forcriterion the selection of political and military elites (Bougarel, 1999,2001).Dr. of Sociology at take over therole previously played by the League of the Communists andIslam toturn into newthe Faculty of Law University largelyas planned.gonota upon whichdid secular population, samethe At SDA the time, to tried identity ofnational Muslim of Bihac,definition and Islam of conception own their impose to once strove leaders SDP’s conflict’sAtthe religion manipulation; for usedauthoritarian as atool 'top-down' outset, was clear. substantively not Histo thesepublicare didofficially silenceanddisregard not demands. react powerful of ethicalgesture valuesand self-consciousnesssocial (Kazaz, 2008).The Grandmufti for against. those This foughtseeking rights whom religious leaders openly they isregardedasa inKrajina. soldiers Demobilized senttheirprevents force, Bosniak to the reconciliation warning claim maintaining that againstmembers thefatwa of National the of Defense AP Western in Bosnia membersFormer of the abolishmentthis of fatwa. the Army Ceric regarding Mustafa of RBIH, policemen from Bihac (in early 2008) addressed grandthe to mufti Bosnia of and Herzegovina,Dr. There have been publicpleas, demands voiced by of associations demobilized soldiers and inforce. is still Islamicthe community. Upto no thisis date, one even this has fatwa sure whether beenrevokedor traitors to thefaith, religious and burialof theirbodies isnot tobe administered byanyone within stating supporters binding decree) the of Fikret that Abdic’s army beconsideredare to apostates, text of fatwa is in the appendix 4 (in Bosnian language). Bosnian 4(in appendix the in is fatwa of text is but law, sharia by regulated (in)directlyofficially related not toit. TheFatwa is issuedwhich by Islamic issue Association an of Bosniaand Herzegovina,addressing (November official 1993) is registered Muslim under code 35/93. religious A high full a by rendered decree a is A fatwa 20. However,in Islamic 1993, the of and Community issuedafatwa Bosnia Herzegovina 29 20 (an official CEU eTD Collection the side of F. Abdic supporters and members of the DNZ party he founded. He asserts that: Veladzic (the first PM of Una Sana Canton) critically Dr. in bodies, Cantonal government successof the Mirsad communication the When assessing observes lack of remorse, guilt and shame on proceed forward. None of the interviewees denies the existing rift. the with deal legacies not did community, of the international pastthe as well in as theleaders, Cantonentity and local very that agree efficiently, which all They Assembly. Cantonal resultedthe in agenda the of part often are inKrajina unsettledin Cazinska conflict armed confusion as how to of the andconsequences causes character, debates on interviewees, majority of the to According given process forces. thathave extentof wounds the the by beeninflicted traitorous exercised by SDApressures due to conflict, the endthe after of Canton in Una-Sana place taking processes democratic politicians. HeVelika Kladusa. Mr.According to Klicic, allowed of DNZ werenot representatives in toparticipate explains that from of people representatives comeallowed Bihacact aslegitimate and not to to ableand/or not it was simply were DNZ of Abdic’s members when (1996-1998), Canton Sana Una of body too Legislative Cantonal early to in the startimplemented politics” chair is “empty past recent the of narratives and memory of withlines thethe along elites healing political the between division and conflicts the marks clearly which factor Another Institutions Political in Cantonal Political conflicts 3.4. regionthe is heavily diminished. in process in reconciliation participate the or initiate to Community Islamic of capacity the current The conflict. recent in the player active an as is perceived it as in Krajina, reputation its lost largely Dr. has Bosnia PM) affirms andHerzegovina of Community Islamic the Lipovaca (current that perish. immediately would and religion state of whole concept the decisionmaking. In his view, Bosniaks can only function properly under secular Islam; otherwise 30 CEU eTD Collection legitimate institutions of the Canton, even Entity and the State, by self-declaringhe explains, tofindstrive they themselves away legitimate ways the around of winning amandate within Croats. in of manipulate thespotlightDNZ, being often try of political public the attention, to discourse. As This pointre-emerges in interviewan with Dr. Demirovic, whoadditionally observes membersthat this respect, not even when the verdict for F. Abdic was pronounced. Mr. Klicic holds the view that are aggressors! Three peoplethousand much ofyou’. aredeadbecause not However has changedin shoutingapproach microphone of representatives the DNZ ‘you you andstart aretraitors, towards leastduringat the Assembly meetings, when variousa small group of MPs, on occasions, would straight”, “the records put to attempts been Cantonal there have the that Assembly. out He pointed An almost identical criticism was repeated by Mr. Smail Klicic, former high ranking SDA official in affairs and claims that there is no respect for moral and legal norms and principles in the Canton. SDA’s Dedic(lastcolleague, PM)confirms view. this Mr. Dedic current the condemns state of His party different. much be would situation the Mr. Abdic, as such criminals war of glorification Moreover, notesDr. Veladzic,if that wasa there legal actwhich would prohibitany promotion or to me, avery thing.questionable andwhich motivatedand praise work, is politically his to character they continue arepeoplethere him whosupport and still believehis that conviction was Mr. and about court historianswrite what the of Regardless Abdichis legacy, and extension of F. Abdic’s political ideas. lifein even though was, at theirpolitical Canton, time,an political the that party this dialogue. When ended, conflict the immediately they became involved in of out way is no there then and (...) one right the was path their that cause, right They (members of DNZ) still claim that they are right, that they fought for the narratives of of their parents. narratives onto newdeal to out legacies of stretching with this past(...) the the has consequences grave generations whohavemanyThere aren’t power, the andpeople at samewillingness the time, of young people who are left out to listen only to the 31 CEU eTD Collection fade fade”.as memories the to tend and concerned, individuals the among confrontation in direct occur emotions These neutrals. “be accusers,or beneficiariesconcerned, of they victims, resisters, wrongdoings, wrongdoers, such processes of transitional justice areprofoundly formed by emotionsthe of individualsthe international resolutions condemning Abdic’s actions and politics. As outlined(2005:11), byElster of qualification victimhood they havebeen ‘awarded’ in court various rulings, national and side,moral legal toseekrepentance often high ground elites duetothe from other rely the their on are often subjects of ostracizing and political attacks. On the other hand, members of ruling political while 95, as the sideperiod, in they other that refers totheirperceive postwar they the victimhood of (non-supporters Adbic) time the only victimhood of period constrain93- and theirto refer clearly issue. Namely, elites this to members of political with regards make distinction to needs aclear However, one weight. political and without asan empty, request can be circulating understood – both sides claim of whichvictimhood, rightthe implies that the sideother should ‚repent‘. This Obviously, is there an issue diverging perceptions onresponsibility and guiltamong elite members committed. propaganda tokeep in pastthe and pastthe prolong silencethe anddenial of hewar crimes has Goebbels-like of Abdic’s continuation a as politics this perceives critically Demirovic Dr. Dr. Demirovic elaborates that: Dr. elaborates Demirovic delegate to the Entity House of Peoples as a Croat representative. asaCroat Peoples of House Entity tothe delegate and Una-Sana of Assembly Cantonal of member DNZ’s both is who Jelenovic, Abdic- Elvira Mr.daughter, is Abdic’s example prominent most The goals. a Bosniak.Members have of many usedthisDNZ avenue their for political times rather than as aCroat, Canton from Una-Sana the parliament into the get easier to – Parliament The House of Peoples), itis not hard toconclude it that ismuch ethnic representation in the entity in ( entity parliament the representation ethnic Sincemandate. chances wehave aproportional of better andwinning one gives In a Canton with almost 98% of Muslim population, being aCroat is an advantage 32 remark : Upper Chamber of Entity CEU eTD Collection PM) confirms this information. this confirms PM) of Defense theNational APnot Western see Bosnia (please Appendix 2). The memorial stone contains only names memorial sites forfallen soldiers of Velikaof Kladusa builtinthe harem the Kladusa’sof mosque.central soldiers who had fought in the Mr. gravestones, private build Vojic includednot inArmy thattheir public nameswerealso reports of RBIH and implementationthe of policy.this In addition to being denied access to money from Ministrythe to of Muslim soldiers. As mentioned,members of the National Defense wereForces not included in their graves by the Ministry worth the same amount of money as for the ones installed on the graves own gravestones for their lostgiven thefamily optionget to financial compensation to the amount of 750 BAM (350members EUR) tobuild their or a non Muslimsoldiers designed stonewho Muslim non of members hadfamily will(šehid); died soldier fallen be every of placed graves the on fighting“nišan” - gravestones on in either aMuslim thein installing and in USC municipalities 8 of Armyin each center memorial common of RBIH or Croatian CouncilIn thisof Defense, spirit, were Mr. Vojic sites. memorial explains thatDefense Forces APWB wereleftfrom out being officially in commemorated both publicthe andprivate Ministry of recognized by wereincluded Dayton agreement, the in this policy,Warmembers while of National Veterans wasdefending country, the and honor family. only In this respect, legitimatemembers armedforces, of in chargedied who ‘sehidi’) (including soldiers those all for “nišan”, ofcalled gravestones person building single with along a municipalities 8USC in all sites memorial common unique, building of a policy implemented Acting on thisand Herzegovina: Army of BiH, HVO(Croatian Defense Council) and Army Republika Srpska. of legal qualification peaceAs explained Dayton accords above,the recognized legitimate only three Armies in Bosnia in the3.5. Public Memorials Only for Members of “Legitimate Army Forces”? Constitution, postwar SDA Cantonal government has 33 Dr.Mirsad Veladzic (first CEU eTD Collection overcome differences. However, these issues are viewed exclusively from the perspective of “their of from perspective the exclusively However, theseissuesare viewed differences. overcome to readiness indicates conflicts tragic the of all victims for site memorial common building on and those who died enemy Serbian by killed fighting either were who those in commemorating difference no be the should there Abdic’s supporters.victims, Bosniak of perspective from – ideologies Onedifferent of victims for sites wouldmemorial different assume that sharing an agreement8 municipalities of Una-Sana in memorial of site each shouldhave one-single all of believevictims armed that the conflicts elites Canton; more precisely,interviews, membersmajority While resounding Iobserved the that local conducting of of political the majority agrees that thereamong people. should be no whatkind of reactions memorial site tofallen soldiers of Nationalthe wouldDefense Forces evoke Heprefersactions. toleave matter this to “their at it thispoint, people”; thought, is hard predict to these implementing of initiation for responsibility assume not does he also but acknowledgement, additionpolitics). In to Mr.this, Vojic does not say that peoplethese not deserve do the it law class(from another toan realm of andgiven to event event torealm of re-allocates of – legalism hiding(2001:107); behindlegal norms, the observer disputes cognitivethe meaning denial interpretive Cohen’s of example is another issues these Mr. how Vojic of mode perceives The initiatives. able acton these are not to officials Ministry inthe bylaw.legitimate andrecognized the arenot Hence, to them, and he referred as formation“, „paramilitary this of soldiers fallen since matter, this with deal to concern in their be it would nor Ministry the through go not would it that Mr. Vojic explains Defense, National the of soldiers for sites amemorial establish to initiatives voiced publically some been have might ifthere Even soldiers’ foughtforwho thiscountry. legislature in entitythe by parliament, trying qualify to them as ‘deserving by aslegitimate military shouldunitmembers berecognized of Defense National that insist still party DNZ of Members (…) else something introduces legislature the until if and is – that law the executing exclusively isdealing Ministry 34 CEU eTD Collection somewhere in the Canton in sofar. Canton the somewhere best explains and Defense soldiersNational Abdic’s of to ideology. dedicated maybe site memorial Thisattitude why thereinsomewhere Canton,the butthey wouldbe reluctant toexpress fulltheir consent tobuilding a isn’t any objections to, letmemorial us say, the Serbian side building their own memorial sites for their own soldiers sitemost that members oflocal elitespolitical I have interviewedwouldhave not moral strong for soldiersvictims of opposing sides should bedealtwith. In fromaddition, what I itobserved, is mybelief of Nationalown (Bosniak) victims”;Defense they do Forcesnot express clearbuilt views on how issues of comemorialization of 35 CEU eTD Collection political elites, as well as talks I had with various people in Velika Kladusa, have led me to assume to me memories, peopleinthat divide of respectively Cazinska Krajina two their either periods. or three led have Kladusa, Velika in people various with had I talks as well as elites, political My historical analysis, explicated in as previousthe my chapters, with membersdiscussion of Controversy4.1. Memoryover Compartmentalized: Breaking of theCult Abdic level; of uneven knowledge membersiselite “incomplete, and unobjective”. foundations, might this coincide with Cohen’s conception (2001:101) of organizedthe denial at In theoretical conflict. of the consequences and character causes, of perceptions different lines,dispute most butof them factsengage insubjective interpretations of and and data have and key major actors sites, of conflict basics”, they “theknow they cover matter; all issues at interviewed a members elite hasexpressed and deep, profound on factual knowledge objective the of events pastthe in Krajina andtheir insights and personal observations. Almost noneof 1993-1995.I Krajina observed most that of their answersweremixture of memory culturally shared have takingsay fact-based inCazinska knowledge, not events Idaretoplace on precise, and sharp did participants, active even some conflict, the of witnesses direct were they though to, talked have Before I commence the analysis, process the of ethnic byKalyvasdescribed defection (2008)perceived by interviewees. it is noteworthy to opponents, mainly through, S. Cohen’s point (2001)typology of andfactors influencing somedenial of out that the majoritywar legacies conflict towardsthe and andtheir ideological perceptions/attitudes formertheir of intervieweesruling confusion Iwill elites. political demonstrate political of elites inperceiving of the character I in Krajina, Iwillthis chapter presence of the legaciesandcompare these perception/attitudes Havingmapped and explained prevailing socialand political legacies of pastthe in Cazinska DEFECTION AND ETHNIC MAPPING4. CONFUSION: PREVAILING SILENCE, DENIAL 36 CEU eTD Collection misperceived by misperceived many in people Cazinska Krajina. Dr. Veladzic is greatly salvation” for “Abdic’s “social PM) reasons that potential (first great longer present. is no life social and inpolitical participation active his when even man influential avery him make to Agrokomerc,a company 13500 employeeswith whoforprovided additional 30000people, heritage is strongly influencing the presentpolitical and social life in Canton.the Obviously, his ties A strong majority intervieweesthe of have expressed theview thatFikret Abdic andhis political negatively (mostly ambivalent andeconomic democratic perceived) transition. time of armed conflicts, death, fightfor survival freedom and and(1992-1995); finally, aperiod of least threeat into past the of differentmemories their divide hand, other the on Canton, in the people of majority The time periods. First, a stabledetermined by the needs andof the present, have a direct impact on theindisputably realities of the future. of description Boym’s into fits also peaceful nostalgia of time beforeafter come perception Abdic’s time to The observed better instance, release). (for tomorrow thebetter war; a itappears "antimodern" and to bealonging for the of future realities the and anticipation of the a symptom historical emotion.of As explained byBoym asensenostalgia(2005:8), not of is The isnostalgia that by perceived members of rulingthe elites among Abdic’s group is supporters a unfavorable and discriminating times they hope will end with his release. following Abdic’s imprisonment isconsidered astheend of eraandthis beginning the of dark, period the while unit”, time “happy single one into Krajina in Cazinska conflict armed with together (un)consciously,link memory the good times of of Agrokomerc andflourishing economic era thewar,after i.e.period of Abdic’s rule after and period his imprisonment. This implies that people, and before periods: in two past the divide typically supporters Abdic’s that observation my own is It 37 prospectivness , where fantasies of past, the fantasies , where CEU eTD Collection Lipovaca. Dr. minister PM and Affairs Internatl of Minister Cantonal including statements, in giving engaged fallenAbdic’s forces.members fightingsoldiers had who of against Only high ranking politicians from family neither cities, in the immediate public reactions wereno there confirmedVeladzic that reports on protest gathering organized in the US Canton, police forces were in stand by position. Dr. 2012). (TANJUG, official no Herzegovina” and were Bosnia undermining there Even though displeased joy his Armyexpressed profoundformer by release, about members were of Bosnia-Herzegovina’s of the news. 3000 ofhis arriving supporters, in40busses a and number freelyAs While of cars. hissupporters reported serving thirds two ofhis 15-year-longwar crimes. sentence for by He was welcomed bymore than media, they On announced media Abdic’s from March release 9, 2012 reports prison Fikret in after Pula, will not allow him to “once again start Dr. this Demirovic echoes view. and which Petrovac, many people donotknow. in development from Cazin,of people Krupa, detrimentthe the Agrokomerc to the on reputation his built Abdic Moreover, Army. National Yugoslav of demand Yugoslavian Presidency, politically of and high course stimulated consumption of high ranking and politicians of other Pozderac Hakija political endorsement perceive be. him in Histo success Yugoslaviaexist wouldif not wasno there any isreappearance a very factor troublesome (…) He is no as economic genius, His Krajina. inCazinska reconciliation of factor a way in no is Abidc to makingmistakes and confusion producing than rather solving problems. in society reconstruction of inthe postwar CazinskaKrajina,buthe is more used role his of misconceptions spread to is trying Abdic communism. not capitalism, is This order. political and economic new the given Canton, in the change social prison, aretiree whohas absolutely chanceno of influencingpolitical present and Abdic is an old man (72). He is a war criminal who spent more than 10 years in 38 CEU eTD Collection because he was, as legalist, duty bound to perform his institutional role of PM: had noproblems working and cooperating with political comingrepresentatives from mainlyDNZ, influenced by divisionsbeen madeofficials during holding the conflict.highany imposition passive of by attitudes his higher ranking party He associates. admits that havethere positions However, in the Cantonal Mr.2011). He claims that thereDedic never was such a policy SDAof mistrust to be inherited by him,nor wasdivision, affirmsthere thatwhosemembers of DNZ and people of heVelikadecisions Kladusa is deniedby Mr.personally Dedic, last SDA’s PM(2007- were deeply alleged mistrust continuity of of SDA officialshad assumed who powerin lastthe 16years towards At this point one could ask, if there is a continuity of mutual distrust present in the Canton? of eventsthe taking place in KrajinaCazinska 1993-95. establish have to managed politicians naturefrom the moral DNZ about to coming messagea clear leadership pronounced verdict to Fikret and Abdichave none addressed, of been political the actors Dr. Veladzic of crimes the that though utters AP even PM ofUS, firstWestern (SDA), Bosnia of establish relations areasonably longlasting nature. to in order each other, about beliefs andshape assess to actors the require would communication sectoral elites, forinstance religious and Solving academic. problems posedby ambiguity and non- as among establishasother horizontal political well elites lackthecapacity trust; Krajina a to Applying Offe’s (1999:14) we conceptof trust can see thatruling elites political inCazinska of mistrust? continuity attitudes: Elite 4.2. shooting athis own people in middlethe ofviolentwar. to forsomeone guns andThere istake validthe this start treason. no reason decided side to with aggressor.the There is validno argument couldthat justify they moment the identity no have they that showed Abdic Fikret of Supporters Debates heated,butnothingget they really changes, (DNZ) denyeverything. 39 The CEU eTD Collection 21 SDP, SDA and Party Radom za Boljitak are coalition partners in currentUna-Sana government. that explains Dr. Lipovaca Canton, US in the coalition governing within relationship control people bysuggesting that Abdic is inevitableinan factor process.this Given currentthe Firstly,supporters. they engage inbuildingamyth of Agrokomerc’s ‘rebooting’, andsecondly, they Abdic’s constituents, their of manipulation the is that and party; ruling the of elites political identifies two reasons why members of DNZ benefit from maintaining perceived mistrust among Dr. Lipovaca from directly (currentPM whodid in not SDP), conflicts1993-1995, the participated the Canton,the especially given thethat winning party SDA had an overwhelming majority in the in elites political between in improvement Mr.relations wasnosignificant there that Klicicargues narrating in events thepast Cazinska Krajina (93-95). influenceinterests party of attitudes withelite members toremembering,interpretingregard and In this part of paper,the I will to highlighttry and compare how, and to what extent, (conflicting) 4.3. A Future Together over Specific Party Interests? party’sin itself. role to according conflict the active/passive forms,moderate more however,memory stillinsights based based and party remain divided by oflocalperceptions, influenced elites them,appears that aretaking and attitudes members. It This implies that perceptions of ‘continuity of mistrust’ in the Canton are still present among elite coalition relations with SDA with SDA relations coalition party to Velika But Iadmitevery trip Itake transparent. that my internal Kladusashakes very is conflict the during crimes by committing themselves defile not did who My with Velikarelationship and people the representatives with DNZ Kladusa, troubled with the past. Assembly. inthe acts legislative some passing towards support or comments their with my approach to responded often They (DNZ). them with even everyone, with I was notheld back with the past. Ihave always tried to have a decent relationship 21 , becausemembers much theirarevery 40 CEU eTD Collection engage in“dulling the truth”with their quasi-scientific observations. come truth to out. Additionally,hebelieves when things people that incompetent getworse the allow and silence breakmasscould the that minimallack critical alsobut of to people, certain of interests clientelist to involvement insufficient academia's ascribes Law, of Faculty of dean supports this view, while Dr. Demirovic,formerRector of University the timeBihac andof two Dr. Lipovaca (current PM), also an assistant professor at Law didcontribute not much. Faculty of University issues from past,whichthe stemming happen.not did yet There weresome attempts, sporadic they ofMr. afirm should academia havetaken that on stance position andobjective advocates the Klicic Bihac forwounds reopen fear fragile a of endangering peace”. times choose to disregard issuesthe with legacies.their past Huyse (2003:29) explains manythat countriespost-conflict at the past completely. cost of suspending democratic processes and possibly losing theirjobs, to getinvolved in resolving He notes that “thisthese strong autocraticmay arisepowersMr. Klicic, to areAccording arena. stillpolitical fromin unstable present atmosphere healthy inestablishing about a thecare desireregion, and many peoplenot are simplyto afraid, at government. There was a dangerlatent ofcollapse of democracy within parties andthe SDA did not conflict, not even an intra-muslim, this was a typical betrayal. on their This acivil side. was not war,evidently an intra-Bosniak thisnot was due to some kind of therethat was of insome sort dispute KrajinaCazinska between groups, these unresolvedtwo argument, indicate incorrect Hisconfusion.categorization. conclusions produced work His instead of with this characterization intra-of Muslim conflict accurate a basically replaced the clear-cut case ofconflict betrayal For instance, Mr. Klicic wrote hisin M.A. thesis (2002) on Cazinskathe legal character of the Krajina, which he titled ‘the intra-Bosniak conflict’. He silence and these can be justified this by fear forin maintaining their job. residing interests concealed are There unsettled. remain things so silent, are They BH. of whole in but Krajina in Cazinska just not issues, social intellectuals.and However, state in arepassive intellectuals with dealing serious We havea inuniversity Bihac; they should havehad ongoing debates among local 41 CEU eTD Collection have negative perception of outside influences onto their politics and way theirlocal onto theirinfluences and they handle politics perception have way outside of negative occasion resulted in Krajinainto oblivion. being put This is of factorwhy one strong elites political were sometimesdescribed byKalyvashis (2008).In view, of Fifth Corps the Army BH hadto make decisions that not in coherencematches with influencing factors one insurgency the and sustaining ethnic the defection process of culture withsocietal is Cazinska Krajina from geographic in the which disconnection central government Sarajevo, predicaments major the of one desiredthat position his to faithful remains Demirovic Dr. goals Sarajevoand economic gains. was aiming recentthe tragicin history is region the suppressed byboth sides, allegedlyhigher due to political to push, whichlevel of political anditelites, that heavily influences public sphere and ordinary Memory people. of the at on exists truly Krajina Cazinska in memory of instrumentalization that emphasizes Klicic Mr. 4.4. The Roleof Societal Culture in Shaping Attitudes of Political Elites Krajina. oftheconflict in Cazinska on taking place character the minimum denominator Mr. Dedicis in of thissupport viewand that asserts Bosnian minimum have noMuslims policy, no and even hurt of betrayal. elites to engage in facinglegacies issues with dialogue of the the on past. the related The observedpolitical of reluctance the past is to be justified whocould mobilizeindividuals,actors socially andmasses relevant a engage toopenly to approach by prevailing economic by Both Dr. and Demirovic Mr. Klicic, breaking silence the forces, would strong require strong relations, fear, shame, reconciliation. (Demirovic) reconciliation. create a critical mass, becannot wewill not able tocome totrust orto ranksof the SDA, SDP (...) youforcesThere are no in intellectual Krajina.If the in clientelism political spread iswide a there said, I As relations. political damage because this would can politicians. Noone regime,even openly the condemn are often by circumvented political of petty interests powerful and economical There is nocritical mass, becauseitrequires combating public the interests, which 42 CEU eTD Collection resorts to resorts forming would DNZ party, everwith consider acoalition the all aside,Mr.differences Dedic again Another influencing factor at elite attitudes levelsispublic opinion/support. When asked whether he problems. relatively short time distance actors are finding themselves in, in order to be able to effectively deal effectively to be able to in order in, themselves finding are actors distance time short relatively factor in important shaping elite’s Another in past isthe towards and rooted the memory attitudes choice of people injoining the auxiliary (1991:15). units His opinion concurs with Roux’s view multipleof and motivations heterogeneous underlying the they are served. are illiterate, the majoritymentality areof people neither from differentinterestswilling and motives,Cazinska which are rooted not always in material incentives, butalso in norKrajina. able toIt isperceive Mr. argues Saracevic attitudes oflocal a that areelites by shaped also interplay a confusing of matter ofthings ‘ambivalent differently gamble with. identities’, than wherethe way peopleside of SDA SDP or wouldin result tremendous loss of citizen’s support, which no one is willing to His personal view is that any potential attempt in initiating coalition talks with the DNZ either on left are to people whohave noperspective oncurrentissues inlocal politics. calculations coalitions’ these end the in so coalition, a form to whom with decides Sarajevo in presidency party that underlines he Moreover, decision. this with do to little he has that and organizations, but decision is left entirely to them. to entirely left is decision but organizations, an advice from local high ranking officials in Cantonal and Municipal party Obviously, when making this decisions, central party bodies in Sarajevoasks for where webelong. not able ofimposing anytruth.Our identity is very andnarrow wedonotknow We and ishave state, this calamity. agreat own our to accustomed not are We are legalism (Cohen,and 2001:107) replies thatparty headquarters set the coalition policies, 43 CEU eTD Collection past is a widespread sense of betrayal. Ruling elites in Krajina observe AP Western Bosnia as joint Bosnia as APWestern observe in Krajina betrayal.Ruling elites is of sense past awidespread An influencing factor additional attitudes of from elites political memory standpoint of recent on understand andlearnfrom in pastandthe toparticipate buildingthe of a lasting reconciliation. invites offenders totake paththe of denial; itdeprives future generations of opportunity the to of it enemybecause:their It refuses victims the pain; the public acknowledgment reconciliation of Bloomfield, Barnes andHuyse(2003:29-30)argue in that line with Dr. Lipovaca’s view. Amnesia is problem is forget things.that peoplethattheyeasily greatest Krajina the of hebelieves Inaddition social revolt. evoke another to unlessonewants neveralso analternative, However, asDr. imposition of in Krajinaguilt Lipovaca the anoption observes, and wasnever was and of legacies past the their consequences. memories uneven reasonably potential societal the undermines andto approach face inherited the and narratives (dividing) strong of presence The issues. remaining the overcoming for tool best as work not distance do in time, short from a relatively atrocities, past on the reflections rational would effectively equal imposition politicalthe of culture of Inmy guilt. own understanding, ‘communicative silence’ (1983:585), and exercise of ‘political of rituals remorse’ which(2001:41), of notion Lübbes’ with connected be easily can observations These generation. our within benot not could maderight, historical that iserrors oneof those conflict after the Cazinska Krajina correctalonelet to pastmistakes. the Dr. Demirovic silenceargues which hasthat beenin installed argue even50yearsisthat asmall of time toeffectivelyperiod on past, the reflect and objectively collides with present day issues. Almost half fromrespondents,of various political backgrounds pastandwith in the its Memory is legacies. Krajina of events recent tragic Cazinska stillfresh and affairs. past, our anditis hard forus admitto impactsthe it has on current stateour of We remember only for a very brief period of time. Moreover, we are ashamed of 44 CEU eTD Collection 2, December 1993, 02-1-12/93 in Velika Kladusa. Herzegovinawithin the territory of AP of Western Bosnia (Officialgazette of RBiH, no. 12/92" and official Journalof the AP of Western Bosnia, No. 22 dividing Bosnia and Herzegovinaand groupunity Bosniak (Ibrahimagic, 2000) Quisling both Croatian creation a condominium,Yugoslav,of and theirof and common ground acceptance of responsibility acceptance of of responsibility and expression remorse, this maybeis as) (and interpreted often a havesome pasts and beenlies evenif so atrocious, the is by blatant, that soaccompanied admission didCohen, 2001:132); experienceperpetrators not asense ‘unthinkability’; of Cohen argues that Dr. to Veladzic’s lackreference (with admission as of interpreted canbetheoretically observations and hislegacies is simply a tragedy of his supporters. Fikret Abdic worshiping continued that He believes was misled’. I have mistaken, I been repent, Abdic’s supporters and politicians coming from DNZ is sense of remorse, a simple statement like ‘I Dr. Veladzic repeats this argumentand adds that the one thing he haspersonally been missingfrom Mr. Klicic in argues sameline:the paramilitary to him deserters, formations. are traitors, constitutional and legal sovereignty of BIH. Members of the of National Defensepreservation and of protection for AP Western responsible Bosnia, formation military only is the Herzegovina Mr. Saracevic, aformer high ranking military officer (SDA), underlines that the Army of R. Bosnia- Decree law adopted bynewly established Presidency of Parliament so. AP Western Bosnia aimed to delegitimize legal authorities of Bosnia and common sense forthem do to butitthat, still not happen. did Bosnian war,but Abdic’s have supporters notbeen able do to Itwouldthis. bea Zagreb can findin it theirminds andall apologize to innocent victimsthe in The most heartbreaking fact I see is that Serbs in Belgrade, and even Croats in memories backfired into our faces.into our backfired memories Wework. learnexperience, communistsuppressing from when have to our are traitors, we forgive you but we will not forget‘. Any other way wouldHerzegovina, wewill problem. the resolve We not will you with: ‘gentlemen respond If people in Velika Kladusa accept that they betrayed us and Bosnia and 45 22 . CEU eTD Collection their local decisions. local their outside, assuming the from coming voices undermined even and these neglected often have Canton in the politicians are out of touch with the and postconflictlocal mitigate political mistrust established in He Una-Sana Canton. observes that reality. In that way, hand,other is critical unfavorableof impulses comingfrom with Sarajevo, an minimizeattempt to they would legitimizeDr. Demirovic (former SDP member, currently a university professor atUniversity of Bihac), on the Canton. in the balance power maintains and interests elite’s protects best Dr. Veladzic past. the of dealing with method silencea as to behavior turned this rather that believes did not pay attention,for instance proactiveto comemorialization of victims of the conflict, but they fragmented, itis necessary keep a watchfulto DNZ andon eye Abdic’s supporters. The ruling elites Dr. Veladzic are in Krajina Cazinska political forces although factthat the toward points overcome a certain thing, but it does not solve the problem. Itonly prolongs the social indifference. interests. private Toin their own working Mr. beeasy to to seems Dedic, hand,silence on other the political elites in thein the region who would be the spiritusregion, of social change. He even goes as far to say that there are no since he perceivesas afinal of stage social apathy. thereis that repeatedly massstresses critical no of He free thinkers only people confusing incoherencewho in their memory reflectionsare on the past is silence. Mr. Klicic,assuming refers to silence publicPerhaps, the important factor that strongly shapespower, attitudes of members of political elites and creates but Silence in Meaning Finding 4.5. Cazinska Krajina. expression of helpremorse togain indemnity from whichisprosecution, obviously not casethe in the and disclosure') ('full telling truth public where Commission, Reconciliation and Truth African get tactical a to isploy sentence.Heexplainslighter that morein likely liketheSouth settings 46 CEU eTD Collection Demirovic’s‘mainstream warning to Bosniaks’ to be careful inhow they perceive the pastandhow isbe Dr. drawnfrom pointthis to important One guilt. or shame for seeking soul repentance and celebrations of convicted war criminal stories such myths, as Mr.meaningless to Abdic.allegiance their and They fake, or false is do not know they engaginginformation inbelieve a process of cultural denial (as outlined in Cohen 2001:94); those people informs engage of distancing,role perceiveof community the of tobeinUS Canton Abdic’s aform political elites of supporters with periods years and of silence alternate unrest deepemotion. identifiedAs ruling above, The presented views onsilence show, as Bloomfield, Barnes and Huyse argue (2003:29-30) that youngthe generations (Demirovic, 1999:267). aseducating aswell truth, the presenting and in studying greater effortput taskto andacademia's isitsForgivinglatent crimeanditspossibility impunity the repetition. allows of the government's It in sodowould costs. grave toresult failure because establishtruth, the to measures necessary memorycide.becomea genocide,survived through of to all Political victims should elites take In hishehaving doctoral neverdissertation, Muslims, should arguesthat allow, after suffered and silence’, as he refers to it, is impossible. unjustified ‘the silence, of premises the on Krajina inCazinska reconciliation that and denial, based on a lie, because3000people aredead. isThat Forhim, the solefact. is a pathway silence to be Hestrongly liescannot in conflict. that reconciliation imposed on based Krajina the argues after of reconciliation instrumentalized strategy of areparts crime. the denial of All three components of aspre-stage andstageDr.oblivion, oblivion first silenceasthe towards Demirovic classifies criminal by criminal everyone. and on asa awar exclusivelydepends traitor accepted beingreconciliation Abdic WE WILL NEVER RECONCILE (!) Not until we clear the lies. Bosniakprevails. silence the only where past, the towards and other each passive relationslocal This situation produces of andincoherent towards elites 47 CEU eTD Collection be wrong to forget, forget it not an option. We write the history”. memory itit. wouldopenlywill of if weopenly We arguments.talk about It remain must confront confronting arguments mastering historical facts. He insists that “Past must be remembered, the political requires inthe long ofnegotiating, andconsolidation openly a region social period hold view hethe incase Krajina; advocates not thatthis premise Cazinska Klicic does of argues Mr. However, and abused. bemanipulated itcan worse, and, is often selective Memory processes. hinder reconciliation to it capacity hasthe also but sustainable, inmaking reconciliation crucial role Bloomfield, Barnes argue andmemory Huyse(2003:29-30) that is sword.Itcan atwo-edged play a dialogue’ ‘Open Klicic: did not triggerfurther social steps towards and political consolidation. trials these that a concern voice they but conflict, of end the after right Krajina in place taking been have trials that and of importance criminal limitations fully understand the All interviewees the of primary alongdivided lines the two rolesaccording in their warof the Bosnian independence 92/95. CazinskaMemory Krajina. is events tragic those of troublingdeeply the elites, rulingpolitical in by conflicts bridge established to several divisions attempts interviewed report People Ihave 4.6. Elite’s Views and Attitudes towards Bridging the Void memory. the silenceof afeature hasbecome quite be the opposite, ceases relevant, pastto the that indicate not does of silence matters; thepresence itand that past is alive memory recent the the of that shows differentreadings, andfact. applications this towards approaches The pluralism interpretation of factof above, ‘the silence’ As demonstrated isin region. have present the members However, elite smaller societal groups in denial (such as community of Abdic’s followers). of time may resultin whole society slipping into collective modes of denial potentially imposed by isthey silence, the handle maintaining becausethere apotential long over silence that threat period 48 CEU eTD Collection and theinfamous fatwa of 1993. project is impaired by theirsiding open with one ideological of group Bosniaks during conflict the be partof instance, community this religious Islamic to manipulations. capacity of the For on should beindependentand neutral, and theirfindings should be established solely facts,on and not implementan objective institutional standardsfor achieving of goals TC’s. These commissions socialThe is who headdressesisthatthere couldonly initiate or no concern both/either agent nothedraw though does any reconciliation”, parallels between. precise African case,change in butthe society. forDr. Lipovaca believes establishingthat alocal isTC inevitable;itwould bring astrong impulse of thatHe implies to that happen, “the best(Freeman 2005). way isthere the truth consolidation of democraticcommission hastransition, are shown among the potential benefits of truth commissions to bemodeled Establishing about the truth a recent the past, informing motivating and public debateand willingness on South 2002). They and byformerlyassist asuccessful parties. evoke to truth-seeking reaction conflicting (Lederach toreconciliation to approach middle-level moveimportant an as seen are commissions Truth towardsDr. Lipovaca:Local TruthCommissions a true pay. issuesthese is justified by political beingpopularity atstake. This is pricethe no one is willing to moment, no inone Krajinais ready embarkintoto adventure.this This reluctance todwell on with as it they situation is.that the inmaintaining aninterest have heis at But, very also this aware that, at largein and Canton the forces arepresent autocratic strong As mentionedearlier, hedeemsthat 49 CEU eTD Collection change”. He pessimistically concludes that the elites have missed their elites havechance. the that concludes pessimistically He change”. actual institutionaland distinguishing the truthfrom lies.the Hebelieves that firstonly PM, Dr. Veladzic, hadthe communitiespower of andCazinska “an but ashe seem defeatist, andviewsmay explainedearlier, opinions His the process. reconciliation Krajina opportune can only reach reconciliationargues moment through inthatsettingDr. Demirovic, while demonstrating his disappointment obvious with currentthe state of affairs, history the recordthere straight to initiate Dr. Demirovic:is Missed opportunities, unwelcome memories not and much implement thatdirection. right the politicalright institution motives couldthat for move reconciliation and in consolidation region inthe the elitesContrary to Dr. Lipovaca’scould opinion, Dr. forms intactnecessary publicbeneedcommemoration, of partof events to consciousness”.our do Veladzic in believesthe that“all that values.Hereasons common those people preserve can that away time so and with theregion Islamic community fade not mistakes does thepast awareness of the is sothat available memories mustbepublically of justwith the forms all as commemoration, public of forms necessary all regardsthat insinuates Veladzic Dr. addition, In to change. to mustexpress aclearcommitment ancestors of name their in the apologize who those inequalities, or grief produce still past the of events if the avoided; be must bystanders) of case the in inaction (or action original the of justification any responsibility; mustbe must of full there be andunqualifiedacceptance gesture demonstrated; clearly the of sincerity The met: be must conditions certain valid, and be relevant to apology delayed in a for that order late (2003:31)argue Huyse apologies. is for it nottoo his deepconviction that Veladzicfrom forpublicDr. of side.is covets repentandremorse expressions openly It other the Dr. Veladzic: Itis NOT too late 50 CEU eTD Collection attitudes of actors towards fundamental questions related to the recent past and its past and recent possible fundamental to the related of questions towards attitudes actors and culturally. Itriedtoaddress issues andrelated these by and differentexploring explaining of culture silence, memory of pasteventsthe isand present legally, highly relevant: institutionally, stemming from memory argued thatpolitical elites areengagedof in politics of long lasting silence on dividingissues the the recent past. I attemptedelites andit factor a remains salient both of division and making decision Subsequently, process. I to show that, Iargued Initially memory that inconflict recentthe matters tolocal of Cazinska Krajina political contrary to the politics and moral, legal and political confusion it creates in and among elite members. memory, well asthe silence as of of state dominance observed thepresent-day critically analyze to in Consequently, intra-Muslim Krajina. in of elite study war Cazinska aftermath was setout the the research was twofold. Initially, central the waspoint tounderstand memorythe of politics rulingthe of the pastrecent in or in promoting obstructing consolidation local the society. Thefocus of this The primary aim this study was to understand under what conditions political elites can use memory functioningarena, acountry under international the protectorate. political Bosnian unconsolidated wider the given especially consolidation, political reach to elites Theuniqueness local inability process. on of reconciliation the case restsin this of apparent the importance, henceis it necessary means investigate to of bringing together divided groups and work The degreeof in regional period hasgenerated postwar grown political inpolarization it consolidation/reconciliation. for prospects and stability overall communication, social and political burdens events tragic recent the of memory extent what to and why elites; political and social local among is addressedhow of comprehensively narrated question the thisviewed, shared conflict and haveits (1993-1995) severity recognized and complexity. However, have scholars not in of Krajina andcharacter armednature the Cazinska conflict onthe academicresearches Previous CONCLUDING DISCUSSION 51 CEU eTD Collection ignore membersprolong that ofestablished elites tend of to political over divisions prioritization under(1996-1998) argumentthe of theirtreachery. previous isit In addition, impossible to banning representatives of group this beto involved in lifepolitical in regional the institutions past, which maintaining astrongstancein could aimedactions of atpolitical ideological and opponents recentthe be explainedInitially, I observed that members of the ruling bypolitical elite inestablishing the region are still under pressure of etc.) constraints in (political motivation, factors attitudes academia the preferences various intervening communities, to theirwas pastthe observed. Reaching dialogthrough acompromiseis questionable anddependson access are no reachingpresent, to attitudes attempt apotential towards seriously on to reconciliation reflect social rightsitnoticeabledecreases and capacity the of anormal developing Even though, communication. and ones who are while mainly of victimhood, areconsideredemploy others self-ascription be wrongdoers, tothe the misled or loyal toengagewillingness in processof active amongreconciliation elite members. Elite members to the The research lack showeddiscrepancies,also of political lackof andtrust communication, wrong ideals andits legacies. past and the towards principles.prevalence of insilence which attitudespolitics the alters of each towards political and other elites Sensethe Second, of politicsculturally. and betrayalpolitically, legally, institutionalized: is conflict the of of memory isFirst, memory easily and culturesocially divided communities, I discovered twoof basic insights that seemingly contradict eachmemory other. both within process reconciliation reinforce further to protection, aswell as rights effective human are generally from memory issues stemming the leadmoreandof recentpastmightthe consolidation topolitical absent. WhatUnder assumption the proactive that engagement of ruling parties’ elite membersin dealing with I found was a kindimplications. of 52 CEU eTD Collection the verdicts did not trigger further steps towards social verdictsthe didnot towards trigger further steps and political consolidation. that but endafter they conflict, the utter of right Krajina in takingplace trials criminal importance according their in roles war the of Bosnian independence 92/95. They all fully appreciate the lines two the along divided primary are who elites, political ruling troubling deeply is still events established in by conflicts noneof Cazinska Krajina, which were successful. Memory of tragicthe interviews informedme Gentlemen tobridge with of conducted I have several attempts divisions memory. of feature the hasa compact become silence the in contrast, members; among elite relevant is not thepast that indicate did of silence it not matters; existence the past isalive that and recent memory the that the of interpretation showed fact. Thepluralismthis of towards and approaches of silence’ inwas observed region.the However, elitemembers had different readings, applications interpreting in events remembering, andnarrating the past Krajina. Inparticular,Cazinska ‘the fact I have howparty influenceinterests also demonstrated attitudes of memberselite with regard to past. legacies of the the members towards religious burial and publicmemorialization) whichdirectly totheattitudespoint of political elite of andproper rights rights socio-economic to basic access instance, inequality (for and isolation social foster which norms legal ambivalent the highlighted have I evaluation, empirical the In in ex-members of are suspected of forceswar crimes. military Krajina two the who towards system features havethe of toillustrate of In addition,BH’s relationship ambivalent attempted I justice past events and functioning building relations among eachother. cultural distinctions based on silence rather inthan proactively issuesresolving emergingfrom the includes theformeans political and social consolidation. With aim the protectingnewof unity, group which exclusion of the “traitors”, the ruling political elites are engaging in building up 53 CEU eTD Collection within both communities of memory in Krajina.Cazinska building, aswell as on perspectivesthe of self-identification,including new generations of people, addressed. Considerably willmore work need tobe done in examining social/cultural memory If isbe debate to the moved abetter forward, identity beunderstanding needs building of to narratives and history in the region, ways of reflecting on past as well as commemorating events. work is neededandits functions in region.the Owing to focusthis on the ruling political significantlyelites, more to memory the of beconnotations broader the understanding done for narrow be too might which supporters, to determineunresponsiveness of elitemembers comingfrom party DNZ and community the of Abdic’s the rolecurrent study has only examined views and attitudes of ruling parties’ elite members,mainly ofdue to ‘both The investigation. further of in need questions many up thrown has research this political conclusion, In elites’ in creating official 54 CEU eTD Collection Appendix 1 APPENDICES – Map of Cazinska Krajina during the conflict in1994 55 CEU eTD Collection Velika Kladusa diedwho in Liberation the War 1992-1995. The inscriptionreads Appendix 2 –Memorial stone placed inthe harem of Velika Kladusa’s central mosque Source : Dead soldiers of the Armed Forces of the B&H Army, from the territory of : author 56 CEU eTD Collection 57 CEU eTD Collection Miljevic, SecretaryMiljevic, of Court.the (April 10. 2012). Source: CantonalCourt inBihac. The rulings were Jelena issued byMs. Forces of Autonomous Province of Western byCantonal Court Bosnia ofUnaSana in Bihac Appendix 3-an overview of criminal proceedings againstmembers of National Defense 58 CEU eTD Collection --- THE END --- Biha pobunjeni 3. Svioni koji poginu na Allahovom putu u odbrani islamai domovine bošnja redovni islamski propisi opremanja iklanjanjadženaze. 2. Za one koji su prisilno mobilizirani od strane Abdi po islamskim propisima, jer se tretiraju kao nevjernici. organizaciji autonomaške vlasti. Takvima se, uslu U prvom redu se misli naonekojiimajubilokakvo rukovode bošnja 1. Svioni za koje se posigurno znada su svjesno idobrovoljno uzeli oružje i krenuli protiv islama i FETVU sljede bošnja prolijevanja muslimanske krvi, aupovodu razli S obzirom nanovonastalu situacijunapodru 2001. 1993) isregistered under code 35/93.Source: SuljagicEmir, Danibr. DANI, 19. Oktobar 228, Appendix 4–The Fatwaissued byIslamic of BosniaandHerzegovina,Association (November ü ü , 23.11.1993. Hasanef. Maki þ þ u kog naroda tj.odmetniciod suMURTEDI, vjere islamaiummeta Muhammedaalejhiselam. kog naroda na pobunjeni þ ke ruke imajutitulušehidai kao takvima impripadajusve vjerske po þ ü koj strani, Biha þ ju Biha þ 59 itih tuma þ aju pogibije,ne klanja dženaza niti se opremaju ü ki muftija profesor Hasan ef. Maki ü ü kog muftijstva, kojajedovelado kog muftijstva, me eve vlasti, au slu þ enja oko tretmana poginulih pripadnika ü e mjestoupobunjeni þ aju njihove pogibije, važe þ asti. þ kog naroda od þ koj vojsci ili ü ÿ je izdao usobnog CEU eTD Collection Appendix 5-Listofinterviewees Appendix 8. 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. Hamdija Lipovaca, Ph.D., current PM of the Una Sana Canton (SDP). 03. May 2012 Semsudin Dedic,M.A.,PM of Unathe Canton(2007-2011) Sana (SDA). 20. April 2012. 2012. University Bihac. TheGovernorof First (PM) of (SDA) UnaSanaCanton the 18. April Mirsad Veladzic, Ph.D., professor of food technology. Faculty of Biotechnology at the * Bihac. Member of Cantonal Assembly inmandate).(DNZ). 16. Bihac (third April 2012. Muhamed Skrgic, professor of pedagogy, Ph.D., University the of Faculty Education at of 14. (Formerly AprilSDP). 2012. Former University and Rector Federal Minister of Education and Science (2001-2003). Mujo Demirovic, Ph.D., professor of Sociology, Faculty of Law at the University of Bihac. 13. April 2012. (SDA). Bihac of Municipality and Assembly in Cantonal official former M.A., Klicic, Smail representativein City Council of 08. Bihac (SDA). April 2012. Currently, Corps. in Fifth officer military high-ranking former Saracevic, Izudin Veterans War of Defensive-Liberation the (SDA). 05. April 2012. Vojic,Mirsad of for Issues Veterans Cantonal Ministry of former Minister andDisabled the interview was not included in the analysis. 60 CEU eTD Collection How did the criminal trials help tobridge the void? isWhat your position on continuity of perceived mistrust? members? elite among and in inherited are past recent the from events commemorating on policies What Wasissues? resolve the to wereconsidered options other Can silence lead to reconciliation in Cazinska Krajina? youDo maintainingthink that silence wouldbe adefensible solution? whathappenedit andhow matters? Was to a proactive approach of actors, the voice byactions anattempt silence there to the conscious past? the on reflection Is silence aconstructive it? in society? Is silence presentthe Among interest is is silence? elites? WhoIn whose enforcing the history’? ‘official the about What remembrance? and memory proactive Vs. Silence Was there some sort of strategy of common remembrance adopted in the Canton? Who decides on what is remembered and whatis transferred ate the level of political elites? forprospects consolidation/reconciliation? Why and to what extent recentconflict? memory the of of institutionalization are themain forms Whatof do they burden politicalelites? and social communication,Is there instrumentalization of memory present in the Cazinska Krajina at the leveloverall of political stabilityHow do party interests shape the politics of memory? and culture? andsocietal politics in memory contemporary matter Does shaping memory in Does of matter in political elites shaping attitudes CazinskaKrajina? the Appendix 6 - Sample of Interview questions used in the research 61 CEU eTD Collection Editors: International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Democracy Electoral and Assistance. for Institute International Editors: Bloomfield, D.,Barnes, T. and Huyse, L. (2003): Reconciliation After ViolentConflict A Handbook State. Global Legal Studies,inCrimes Committed Formerthe Yugoslavia: Indiana Problems, Parallels, Journal Prospects. Vol. of 2, No. 1. Symposium: Bland,M. 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