PSA 66th Annual International Conference, 21-23 March 2016, Brighton Emancipation and Kantian Critique ‘Towards Perpetual Peace’* Mustafa A. Sezal Yildirim Beyazit University
[email protected] In 1784, Immanuel Kant wrote an essay response to the question “what is enlightenment?” that was posed previous year by Reverend Johann Friedrich Zellner in the monthly magazine Berlinische Monatsschrift. According to him, enlightenment was human being’s ‘emancipation from its self-incurred immaturity’1. Kant’s description of enlightenment provides us a starting point for a deeper analysis of his other political writings, moral principles, and their relationship to Critical Theory. Therefore, this paper seeks to locate Kantian ‘good will’ in his political philosophy that would lead to ‘perpetual peace’. Then, building upon Andrew Linklater’s works on ‘cosmopolitan harm conventions’2, ‘civilising processes’3, and ‘emancipation’4 will argue that emancipatory International Relations (IR) and Security Studies are essentially Kantian. Emancipatory project of Critical Security Studies (CSS) can thus be linked to Kant’s cosmopolitanism and articles of perpetual peace that, in a sense, depicts the elaborate intricacies of Kantian philosophy in IR that goes beyond the simplistic view of ‘democratic/liberal peace thesis/theory’. Kant’s political philosophy is essentially a continuation or a macro-projection of his moral philosophy. In this vein, understanding political notions such as ‘perpetual peace’ need a brief introduction through his moral philosophy and particularly the ‘categorical imperative’. In the Groundwork for Metaphysics of Morals, Kant describes the ‘categorical imperative’5 through a two-dimensional formulation: “Act only on that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law” and “[a]ct as though the maxim of your action were to become by your will a universal law of nature”6.