DOCSLIB.ORG

Treatment of Complete Bilateral Cleft Lip-Nasal Deformity

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Treatment of Complete Bilateral Cleft Lip-Nasal Deformity Treatment of Complete Bilateral Cleft Lip-Nasal Deformity Philip Kuo-Ting Chen, M.D.,1 M. Samuel Noordhoff, M.D., F.A.C.S.,2 and Eric J.W. Liou, M.S., D.D.S.3 ABSTRACT The modern technique of presurgical orthopedics and nasoalveolar molding produces a better skeletal foundation and nasal shape for the repair of the bilateral cleft lip-nasal deformity. The general principles are as follows: (1) preserve the presurgical columellar length; (2) keep the width of the central lip segment narrow without compromising the blood supply; (3) advance the columella prolabium complex superiorly to allow reconstruction of the orbicularis oris muscle behind the prolabium; (4) release the alar cartilage attachment from the pyriform rim and provide additional coverage of this soft tissue deficiency with the use of inferior turbinate flaps; (5) release and reposition the lower lateral cartilage; (6) adequately dissect above the maxillary periosteum; (7) reconstruct the nasal floor by local mucosal flaps; (8) reconstruct the prolabial buccal sulcus with tissue from the prolabium; (9) reconstruct the orbicularis muscle sphincter and attach it to the anterior nasal spine; (10) reconstruct a new Cupid’s bow, central vermilion, and lip tubercle with tissue from the lateral lips; (11) balance the height of both lateral lips without any incision around the ala; and (12) maintain the presurgical nasolabial angle. The residual nasal deformity remains a problem that needs further improvement. The long-term result in Chang Gung Craniofacial Center suggests overcorrection of columella height before, during, and after lip repair. KEYWORDS: Bilateral cleft lip, nasoalveolar molding, long-term result The objective for surgical correction of the bi- trimmed the forked flap and reconstructed the nose with lateral cleft lip is to reconstruct a symmetrically balanced intranasal and nasal tip incisions that allowed approx- lip and nose with good columellar length. The most imation of the splayed lower lateral cartilages for accen- common approach is a two-stage correction with col- tuation of the columella. Trott and Mohan14 advocated umella elongation as a secondary procedure at the age of an open rhinoplasty approach raising the nasal tip with 1 to 5 years.1–10 Noordhoff,11 in 1989, reported a one- the prolabial flap for approximation of the alar domes. stage reconstruction with microscopic dissection of the Cutting et al15 used presurgical nasoalveolar molding to prolabium as an island pedicle flap and interdigitation of stretch the columella to achieve a more satisfactory one- the two-forked flap between the columella and pro- stage repair. Millard et al5 advocated aggressive, active labium for primary elongation. It was abandoned be- presurgical orthopedics, gingivoperiosteoplasty, and lip cause it was technically too complicated. Mulliken12,13 adhesion along with a forked flap elongation of the Cleft Lip Repair: Trends and Techniques; Editor in Chief, Saleh M. Shenaq, M.D.; Guest Editor, Joseph K. Williams, M.D., F.A.C.S., F.A.A.P.; Seminars in Plastic Surgery, Volume 19, Number 4, 2005. Address for correspondence and reprint requests: Philip Kuo-Ting Chen, M.D., Craniofacial Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 5, Fu-Hsin Street, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan, Taiwan. 1Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, 2Superintendent Emeritus, 3Department of Orthodontic and Craniofacial Dentistry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan. Copyright # 2005 by Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc., 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA. Tel: +1(212) 584-4662. 1535-2188, p;2005,19,04,329,342,ftx,en;sps00184x. 329 330 SEMINARS IN PLASTIC SURGERY/VOLUME 19, NUMBER 4 2005 side and incomplete on the other. Kernahan’s ‘‘striped Y’’ method16 cannot fully illustrate the range and diversity of the asymmetric cleft. The double-Y numbered classi- fication, reported by Noordhoff in 1990,17 is a more accurate method for recording as well as a more suitable system for computer database documentation (Fig. 1). For patients with a complete cleft of primary and secondary palate on one side and a complete cleft of the secondary palate on the other side, this classification can record the pathology in a more accurate way than the single striped Y classification. EVALUATION OF PATHOLOGY There is a wide variation in the quality and amount of tissue in the prolabium, premaxilla, nasal cartilages, vomer, and lateral lip elements.18–22 All bilateral clefts have some amount of asymmetry in their horizontal or vertical dimensions.23 All cleft patients have a certain amount of tissue deficiencies. These deficits are most severe in bilateral medial facial dysplasia patients24 Figure 1 The double-Y numbered classification. The numbers 1 (Fig. 2), who, therefore, have a less than optimal out- to 9 represent the right side of the cleft and the numbers 11 to 19 come after lip and nose repair. They always have a represent the left side of the cleft. The number 10 represents a submucous cleft palate. It more accurately defines the nature of significant growth disturbance and require orthognathic the clefts on either or both sides of the primary palate, 1 to 9 (or surgery when they reach skeletal maturity. It is impor- 11–19) as well as either or both sides of the secondary palate, 16 tant to document these deformities or any preexisting to 19 (6–9) or any combination. asymmetry, or both, prior to surgery to assess the post- operative results more accurately. columella. Most of the recent techniques that achieve a better result use the technique of presurgical orthopedics or nasoalveolar molding to stretch the columella pre- GENERAL PLAN OF MANAGEMENT surgically and try to maintain or further lengthen it Presurgical orthopedics, nasoalveolar molding, is started surgically. on the first visit. The aim of this molding process is to centralize the premaxilla, narrow the alveolar gaps, match the alar cartilages, and elongate the columella. RECORDING OF PATHOLOGY This process usually takes 3 to 4 months to achieve an There are many possible variations of the bilateral cleft optimal outcome. The initial surgery is usually per- lip. The morphology can vary from being complete on formed at 3 to 4 months of age, depending on the result both sides to asymmetric with a complete cleft on one of the molding process. The palate is repaired at about Figure 2 A patient with a diagnosis of bilateral median facial dysplasia. (A) The patient has a relatively small premaxilla and prolabium, very deficient columella, and septal cartilage along with wide alveolar clefts. The premaxilla usually has one central incisor and a weak premaxilla-vomerine suture. (B) There is no lip frenulum. TREATMENT OF COMPLETE BILATERAL CLEFT LIP-NASAL DEFORMITY/CHEN ET AL 331 12 months of age together with the insertion of grommet tubes. Speech assessment is started at 2.5 years. If the patient requires speech therapy, it starts at 3.5 years. Velopharyngeal insufficiency is diagnosed by nasoendo- scopy at 4 years old and corrective surgery for velophar- yngeal insufficiency is performed as soon as the diagnosis is made. Residual alveolar clefts are closed before the eruption of canine teeth, usually when the child is 9 to 11 years old. If the patient has any psychological prob- lems related to any residual lip or nasal deformity, a revision surgery is usually done before the child enters primary school.17 Figure 3 A method to increase the columellar height gradually by adding silicone sheets to the domes of the nasal stent. It can be used for presurgical elongation of the columella in incomplete PRESURGICAL ORTHOPEDICS/ clefts or postoperative maintenance of the nostril configuration in NASOALVEOLAR MOLDING an overcorrected position of the columella. The purpose of presurgical orthopedics or nasoalveolar molding is to restore a more normal nasal shape and a FIGUEROA’S TECHNIQUE balanced skeletal base. The following techniques have all Alveolar molding and nasal molding are performed been used in Chang Gung Craniofacial Center for the simultaneously using an acrylic plate with rigid acrylic past 20 years. nasal extension. Rubber bands are connected to the acrylic plate for gentle retraction of the premaxilla back- ward. A soft resin ball attaching to the acrylic plate Presurgical Orthopedics across the prolabium is sometimes used to maintain the The protruding premaxilla may be gradually pushed nasolabial angle29 (Fig. 4). back by applying micropore tapes across the lip with or without traction rubber bands.25 It is suggested that the LIOU’S TECHNIQUE patient sleep in either the prone or side-lying position The nasoalveolar molding device is composed of a dental to increase pressure on the cheeks. The movement of plate, two nasal components for nasal molding, and the alveolar segments is controlled by an acrylic plate. several micropore tapes for premaxillary retraction. Den- This simple technique is effective in expanding the ture adhesive (Poligrip, Australia) keeps the dental plate prolabial tissue and places the premaxilla in a better on the maxillary lateral segments. The nasal components position.26 are made up of 0.028-inch stainless steel wire projecting forward and upward bilaterally from the anterior part of the dental plate. The top portion contains a soft resin Nasoalveolar Molding molding bulb that fits underneath the nasal cartilages for nasal molding. Micropore tapes are placed across the SILICONE NASAL CONFORMER cleft lips and prolabium to minimize the alveolar cleft A silicone nasal conformer can be used as a tool for and retract the premaxilla. At the same time, they pull presurgical nasal molding when the patient has an both alar bases medially. Retraction of the premaxilla incomplete cleft lip.27 The height of the conformer can and lengthening of the columella are performed at the be adjusted by gradually adding some soft resin or flat same time. The columella is lengthened and stretched by silicone sheets on the domes (Fig.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Shell Morphology, Radula and Genital Structures of New Invasive Giant African Land
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2019.12.16.877977; this version posted December 16, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. 1 Shell Morphology, Radula and Genital Structures of New Invasive Giant African Land 2 Snail Species, Achatina fulica Bowdich, 1822,Achatina albopicta E.A. Smith (1878) and 3 Achatina reticulata Pfeiffer 1845 (Gastropoda:Achatinidae) in Southwest Nigeria 4 5 6 7 8 9 Alexander B. Odaibo1 and Suraj O. Olayinka2 10 11 1,2Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria 12 13 Corresponding author: Alexander B. Odaibo 14 E.mail :[email protected] (AB) 15 16 17 18 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2019.12.16.877977; this version posted December 16, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. 19 Abstract 20 The aim of this study was to determine the differences in the shell, radula and genital 21 structures of 3 new invasive species, Achatina fulica Bowdich, 1822,Achatina albopicta E.A. 22 Smith (1878) and Achatina reticulata Pfeiffer, 1845 collected from southwestern Nigeria and to 23 determine features that would be of importance in the identification of these invasive species in 24 Nigeria.
    [Show full text]
  • Age, Growth, Size at Sexual Maturity and Reproductive Biology of Channeled Whelk, Busycotypus Canaliculatus, in the U.S
    Age, Growth, Size at Sexual Maturity and Reproductive Biology of Channeled Whelk, Busycotypus canaliculatus, in the U.S. Mid-Atlantic October 2015 Robert A. Fisher Virginia Institute of Marine Science Virginia Sea Grant-Affiliated Extension (In cooperation with Bernie’s Conchs) Robert A. Fisher Marine Advisory Services Virginia Institute of Marine Science P.O. Box 1346 Gloucester Point, VA 23062 804/684-7168 [email protected] www.vims.edu/adv VIMS Marine Resource Report No. 2015-15 VSG-15-09 Additional copies of this publication are available from: Virginia Sea Grant Communications Virginia Institute of Marine Science P.O. Box 1346 Gloucester Point, VA 23062 804/684-7167 [email protected] Cover Photo: Robert Fisher, VIMS MAS This work is affiliated with the Virginia Sea Grant Program, by NOAA Office of Sea Grant, U.S. Depart- ment of Commerce, under Grant No. NA10OAR4170085. The views expressed herein do not necessar- ily reflect the views of any of those organizations. Age, Growth, Size at Sexual Maturity and Reproductive Biology of Channeled Whelk, Busycotypus canaliculatus, in the U.S. Mid-Atlantic Final Report for the Virginia Fishery Resource Grant Program Project 2009-12 Abstract The channeled whelk, Busycotypus canaliculatus, was habitats, though mixing is observed inshore along shallow sampled from three in-shore commercially harvested waters of continental shelf. Channeled whelks are the resource areas in the US Mid-Atlantic: off Ocean City, focus of commercial fisheries throughout their range (Davis Maryland (OC); Eastern Shore of Virginia (ES); and and Sisson 1988, DiCosimo 1988, Bruce 2006, Fisher and Virginia Beach, Virginia (VB).
    [Show full text]
  • Resistant Pseudosuccinea Columella Snails to Fasciola Hepatica (Trematoda) Infection in Cuba : Ecological, Molecular and Phenotypical Aspects Annia Alba Menendez
    Comparative biology of susceptible and naturally- resistant Pseudosuccinea columella snails to Fasciola hepatica (Trematoda) infection in Cuba : ecological, molecular and phenotypical aspects Annia Alba Menendez To cite this version: Annia Alba Menendez. Comparative biology of susceptible and naturally- resistant Pseudosuccinea columella snails to Fasciola hepatica (Trematoda) infection in Cuba : ecological, molecular and phe- notypical aspects. Parasitology. Université de Perpignan; Instituto Pedro Kouri (La Havane, Cuba), 2018. English. NNT : 2018PERP0055. tel-02133876 HAL Id: tel-02133876 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02133876 Submitted on 20 May 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Délivré par UNIVERSITE DE PERPIGNAN VIA DOMITIA En co-tutelle avec Instituto “Pedro Kourí” de Medicina Tropical Préparée au sein de l’ED305 Energie Environnement Et des unités de recherche : IHPE UMR 5244 / Laboratorio de Malacología Spécialité : Biologie Présentée par Annia ALBA MENENDEZ Comparative biology of susceptible and naturally- resistant Pseudosuccinea columella snails to Fasciola hepatica (Trematoda) infection in Cuba: ecological, molecular and phenotypical aspects Soutenue le 12 décembre 2018 devant le jury composé de Mme. Christine COUSTAU, Rapporteur Directeur de Recherche CNRS, INRA Sophia Antipolis M. Philippe JARNE, Rapporteur Directeur de recherche CNRS, CEFE, Montpellier Mme.
    [Show full text]
  • In Pseudosuccinea Columella Snails
    Natural resistance to Fasciola hepatica (Trematoda) in Pseudosuccinea columella snails: A review from literature and insights from comparative “omic” analyses Annia Alba, Guillaume Tetreau, Cristian Chaparro, Jorge Sánchez, Antonio Vázquez, Benjamin Gourbal To cite this version: Annia Alba, Guillaume Tetreau, Cristian Chaparro, Jorge Sánchez, Antonio Vázquez, et al.. Natural resistance to Fasciola hepatica (Trematoda) in Pseudosuccinea columella snails: A review from liter- ature and insights from comparative “omic” analyses. Developmental and Comparative Immunology, Elsevier, 2019, 101, pp.103463. 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103463. hal-02279394 HAL Id: hal-02279394 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02279394 Submitted on 8 Apr 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Natural resistance to Fasciola hepatica (Trematoda) in Pseudosuccinea columella snails: A review from literature and insights from comparative “omic” analyses Annia Alba a,b,*, Guillaume Tetreau b, Cristian Chaparro b, Jorge Sánchez a, Antonio A. Vázquez a,c, Benjamin Gourbal b,** a Centro de Investigaciones, Diagnóstico y Referencia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical “Pedro Kourí”, La Habana, Cuba b University of Perpignan Via Domitia, Interactions Hosts Pathogens Environments UMR 5244, CNRS, IFREMER, Univ. Montpellier, F-66860, Perpignan, France c MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France * Corresponding author.
    [Show full text]
  • Camaenidae (Snails) of Florida, Zachrysia Provisoria, Caracolus Marginellus (Mollusca: Pulmonata)1
    Archival copy: for current recommendations see http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu or your local extension office. EENY118 Camaenidae (Snails) of Florida, Zachrysia provisoria, Caracolus marginellus (Mollusca: Pulmonata)1 Kurt Auffenberg and Lionel A. Stange2 Introduction The Camaenidae is a diverse family of snails found throughout much of the tropics. The greatest diversity occurs in eastern Asia and the Australasian region. Many species are also known from Central and South America and some Caribbean Islands. Two introduced species, Zachrysia provisoria (Pfeiffer 1858) and Caracolus marginellus (Gmelin), occur in Florida. These Cuban species were purposefully released in Miami during the early 20th Century by Figure 1. Dorsal view of the snail Zachrysia provisoria Charles T. Simpson (Clapp 1919; Pilsbry 1939). The (Pfeiller). Credits: Paul M. Choate University of Florida presence of viable populations of Z. provisoria in south Florida has been recognized for many years. fairly smooth and shining; apertural lip thickened Caracolus marginellus has recently been within, slightly reflected; prominent protuberance or rediscovered in the Miami area. buttress on basal lip near columellar insertion; fresh specimens with rich, dark tan periostracum, Zachrysia provisoria sometimes with light brown axial streaks; apertural lip and columella white. Shell medium-sized (25 to 30 mm width), globose in shape; four to five rapidly expanding Z. provisoria cannot be confused with any other whorls, body whorl increasing in size more than those species in south Florida due to its large size and of the spire; no umbilicus; sculptured with fairly strongly ribbed shell sculpture. In addition to the regular, strong, retractively curved axial ribs; body populations in Florida, Z.
    [Show full text]
  • Surgical Anatomy of the Paranasal Sinus M
    13674_C01.qxd 7/28/04 2:14 PM Page 1 1 Surgical Anatomy of the Paranasal Sinus M. PAIS CLEMENTE The paranasal sinus region is one of the most complex This chapter is divided into three sections: develop- areas of the human body and is consequently very diffi- mental anatomy, macroscopic anatomy, and endoscopic cult to study. The surgical anatomy of the nose and anatomy. A basic understanding of the embryogenesis of paranasal sinuses is published with great detail in most the nose and the paranasal sinuses facilitates compre- standard textbooks, but it is the purpose of this chapter hension of the complex and variable adult anatomy. In to describe those structures in a very clear and systematic addition, this comprehension is quite useful for an accu- presentation focused for the endoscopic sinus surgeon. rate evaluation of the various potential pathologies and A thorough knowledge of all anatomical structures their managements. Macroscopic description of the and variations combined with cadaveric dissections using nose and paranasal sinuses is presented through a dis- paranasal blocks is of utmost importance to perform cussion of the important structures of this complicated proper sinus surgery and to avoid complications. The region. A correlation with intricate endoscopic topo- complications seen with this surgery are commonly due graphical anatomy is discussed for a clear understanding to nonfamiliarity with the anatomical landmarks of the of the nasal cavity and its relationship to adjoining si- paranasal sinus during surgical dissection, which is con- nuses and danger areas. A three-dimensional anatomy is sequently performed beyond the safe limits of the sinus.
    [Show full text]
  • Research Paper Zoology Effect of Parasitic Infection on Alteration In
    Volume-4, Issue-4, April-2015 • ISSN No 2277 - 8160 Research Paper Zoology Effect of parasitic infection on alteration in glycogen content in the vector snail Lymnaeaacuminata during patency periodfrom Aurangabad, (M.S), India. Nagare K.R. Department Of Zoology, Indraraj ACS College, Sillod.Dist. Aurangabad. Rane M.S Deparment of Zoology, D.N. College, Faizpur. Dist. Jalgaon. ABSTRACT The primary aim of the investigation to observe the glycogen content of different body components like foot, mantle, hepatopancreas, gonads and male and female accessory sexual organs from both infected and non-infected snail Lymnaeaacuminata during patency period. The results are reported in mg/100 mg dry weight of tissue. In present investigation, the glycogen contents in infected snails were found to be decreased as compared to non-infected snails. KEYWORDS : glycogen content, infected non-infected, snail, Lymnaeaacuminata, patency. Introduction Material and Method In invertebrates, the glycogen is the most suitable storage product. Collection of snails Lymnaeaacuminata was done during the months Stetten and Stetten (1956) observed that in Siphonoria japonica no- from September to October period of both years (2009-2010). Infect- table percentage of glycogen was observed in the whole body. Chief ed snails of normal sized (20± 2 mm shell length) were maintained in carbohydrate in the tissue is glycogen, while glucose is an utilizable separated trough for biochemical study. Food material consisted of sugar found in the tissue of the body fluids. Glycogen is reversibly lettuce and algal material was provided adlibitum and maintained in converted into glucose under the influence of hormonal mediated en- dechlorinated water for total period of patency.
    [Show full text]
  • Interior Remodeling of the Shell by a Gastropod Mollusc (Biomineralization/Conus/Shell Dissolution) ALAN J
    Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 76, No. 7, pp. 3406-3410, July 1979 Evolution Interior remodeling of the shell by a gastropod mollusc (biomineralization/Conus/shell dissolution) ALAN J. KOHN, ELIZABETH R. MYERS, AND V. R. MEENAKSHI Department of Zoology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195 Communicated by W. T. Edmondson, April 26, 1979 ABSTRACT As the Conus shell grows by spiraling of the outer lip around the axis, profound internal shell dissolution thins the walls of the protected penultimate whorl from several millimeters to <50&m. Shell material is added to the inside of the spire and the anterior part of the columella. The resulting shell has a uniformly thick last whorl and thickened spire that enhance defense against crushing predators and a greatly ex- panded interior living space for the animal. The molluscan shell has gained prominence in recent years as an especially favorable system for the analysis of biominerali- zation processes (1-4). Much less attention has been paid to shell dissolution, a continuing, permanent, and profound process that alters exterior and interior surfaces of the shell in certain pro- sobranch gastropods (5-7). In the genus Conus, dissolution of the internal walls of the shell is particularly striking while shell material is added from within to thicken regions of the shell some distance from its growing edge. Although these renova- tions have not been studied previously, the resulting very thin inner wall structure has long been known (8) and was used as the primary character separating subfamilies of the Conidae in an early classification (9).
    [Show full text]
  • Curaçao the Present Report Species of Opisthobranchs Curaçao Thankfully
    STUDIES ON THE FAUNA OF CURAÇAO AND OTHER CARIBBEAN ISLANDS: No. 122. Opisthobranchs from Curaçao and faunistically relatedregions by Ernst Marcus t and Eveline du Bois-Reymond Marcus (Departamento de Zoologiada Universidade de Sao Paulo) The material of the present report — 82 species of opisthobranchs and 2 lamellariids — ranges from western Floridato southern middle with Brazil Curaçao as centre. We thankfully acknowledge the collaboration of several collectors. Professor Dr. DIVA DINIZ CORRÊA, Head of the Department of Zoology of the University of São Paulo, was able to work at the “Caraïbisch Marien-Biologisch Instituut” (Caribbean Marine Biological Institute: Carmabi) at from 1965 March thanks Curaçao December to 1966, to a grant the editor started t) When, as a young student, a correspondence with a professor MARCUS concerning the identification of some animals from the Caribbean, he did not have idea that later he would be moved any thirty-five years profoundly by the news of the death of the same who in the meantime had become of the most professor, one esteemed contributors to these "Studies". ERNST MARCUS was a remarkably versatile scientist, and a prolific but utterly reliable author with for animal that less a preference groups are generally popular among syste- matic zoologists. When, in 1935 German Nazi-laws forced him to leave his country, he was already an admitted and After authority on Bryozoa Tardigrada. arriving in Brazil his publications in these two fields he the of other animal kept appearing. Moreover, began study groups, especially Turbellaria, Oligochaeta, Pycnogonida, and Opisthobranchiata. Dr. ERNST MARCUS born in 1893.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 10 Freshwater Mollusca
    Chapter 10 Freshwater Mollusca The phylum Mollusca is one of the largest animal phyla next to the phylum Arthropoda. The name mollusca indicates their soft body characteristic. There are six classes: Polyplacophora (chitons), Monoplacophora, Gastropoda (snails and their relatives), Pelecypoda (bivalves) and Cephalopoda (squids, octopus and nautiluses). Some members of Gastropoda and Pelecypoda occur in freshwater where they are diverse and important components in freshwater habitats. General structure and function The body consists of a head-foot portion and a visceral mass portion (Fig. 1). The head-foot is the more active area containing the feeding, sensory and locomotion organs. Within the mouth of many molluscs is the radula. The radula is a ribbon-like series of rows of tiny teeth that point backward. Each row of teeth has teeth of three types; rachis (central), lateral and marginal teeth (Fig. 2). The number of each tooth type varies among species and aids species level identification in some gastropods. When the radula is protruded, the snail can scrape, pierce, tear or cut food materials. The visceral mass is the portion containing digestive, circulatory, respiratory and reproductive organs. The mantle is a sheet of tissue produced from the dorsal body wall. The space between the mantle and body wall is called the mantle cavity. It houses the gills (ctenidia) or lungs, and in most molluscs the mantle secretes the shell. The shell protects the soft visceral mass portion. Shell secretion is a continuous process throughout the life of shelled molluscs. The shell consists of three layers: the outer, thin horny layer, or periostracum; the middle, thick prismatic layer laid down on a protein matrix; and the inner, thin calcium carbonate sheets laid down over a thin protein matrix, or the nacreous layer (Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • The Pearl Book
    © CIBJO 2020. All rights reserved PEARL COMMISSION 2020-4 2020-1 2020-04-01 CIBJO/Pearl Commission THE PEARL BOOK CIBJO standard E © CIBJO 2020. All rights reserved. PEARL COMMISSION 2020-4 TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword .......................................................................................................................... iii Introduction ....................................................................................................................... v Natural Pearl (5.133) Chart ............................................................................................... vii Cultured Pearl (5.58) Chart ............................................................................................... viii 1 Scope ......................................................................................................................... 9 2 Normative references ................................................................................................. 9 3 Classification of pearl categories ............................................................................... 10 3.1 Natural pearls ............................................................................................................ 10 3.2 Cultured pearls .......................................................................................................... 10 3.3 Artificially produced composite cultured products .................................................... 10 3.4 Imitations of pearls ...................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Anatomy of Predator Snail Huttonella Bicolor, an Invasive Species in Amazon Rainforest, Brazil (Pulmonata, Streptaxidae)
    Volume 53(3):47‑58, 2013 ANATOMY OF PREDATOR SNAIL HUTTONELLA BICOLOR, AN INVASIVE SPECIES IN AMAZON RAINFOREST, BRAZIL (PULMONATA, STREPTAXIDAE) 1 LUIZ RICARDO L. SIMONE ABSTRACT The morpho-anatomy of the micro-predator Huttonella bicolor (Hutton, 1838) is investi- gated in detail. The species is a micro-predator snail, which is splaying in tropical and sub- tropical areas all over the world, the first report being from the Amazon Rainforest region of northern Brazil. The shell is very long, with complex peristome teeth. The radula bears sharp pointed teeth. The head lacks tentacles, bearing only ommatophores. The pallial cavity lacks well-developed vessels (except for pulmonary vessel); the anus and urinary aperture are on pneumostome. The kidney is solid, with ureter totally closed (tubular); the primary ureter is straight, resembling orthurethran fashion. The buccal mass has an elongated and massive odontophore, of which muscles are described; the odontophore cartilages are totally fused with each other. The salivary ducts start as one single duct, bifurcating only prior to insertion. The mid and hindguts are relatively simple and with smooth inner surfaces; there is practically no intestinal loop. The genital system has a zigzag-fashioned fertilization complex, narrow pros- tate, no bursa copulatrix, short and broad vas deferens, and simple penis with gland at distal tip. The nerve ring bears three ganglionic masses, and an additional pair of ventral ganglia connected to pedal ganglia, interpreted as odontophore ganglia. These features are discussed in light of the knowledge of other streptaxids and adaptations to carnivory. Key-Words: Streptaxidae; Carnivorous; Biological invasion; Anatomy; Systematics.
    [Show full text]