Chapter 11 Case Study of the Conflict in South Ossetia Ketevan Tsikhelashvili and Natasha Ubilava*
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Russia's Quiet Annexation of South Ossetia
FEBRUARY 2015 Russia’s quiet annexation of south ossetia By Maia Otarashvili Maia Otarashvili is an FPRI Research Associate and Program Coordinator for FPRI's Project on Democratic Transitions. Her research has focused on democratic consolidation and regression in the EU-11 countries, as well as on fragile hybrid states such as Georgia, Moldova, Ukraine and other former USSR states in the Black Sea and Caucasus region. Maia holds an MA in Globalization, Development and Transition from the University of Westminster in London, with emphasis on post-authoritarian transitions. All Georgian- and Russian-language material has been translated by the author. Russia and South Ossetia have ironed out final details of a “Treaty of Alliance and Integration.” The treaty was drafted in December 2014 and on January 31, 2015 Georgian news agencies reported that the leader of South Ossetia, Leonid Tibilov, had sent the finalized document back to Moscow. On February 18th Russia and South Ossetia signed a precursor to this treaty, called the “treaty on the state border.” According to Russia’s Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov, the broader treaty is still under consideration, but “the approval process won’t take long.” Once the Treaty of Alliance and Integration is signed, it is set to be implemented in a matter of three to six months, allowing Russia to absorb South Ossetia. This comes less than three months after the signing of the Russia-Abkhazia treaty of a similar nature, although it is not as comprehensive. The international community and the Georgian government have condemned Russia’s actions and will not recognize either of the treaties but that is not likely to stem Putin’s expansionist policies – if Crimea is any guide. -
Russian Socio-Economic and Demographic
Black Sea Journal of Public and Social Science doi: 10.52704/bssocialscience.875417 Open Access Journal Research Article e-ISSN: 2618 – 6640 Volume 4 - Issue 2: 71-74 / July 2021 RUSSIAN SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND DEMOGRAPHIC EXPANSION IN THE PRINCIPALITY OF ODISHI (SAMEGRELO) IN THE 30S AND 60S OF THE 19TH CENTURY ACCORDING TO THE DIARIES OF FOREIGN CONFIDANTS Lia GULORDAVA1* 1St. Andrew the First-Called Georgian University of the Patriarchate of Georgia, 0179, Tbilisi, Georgia Abstract: In the travel diaries of foreign confidants we have found the reasons for the high degree of poverty and socio-economic decline described in Odishi's life in the structure of the conquest plan of a low political culture empire. The Russian Empire is waiting for an opportune moment in its ambush position to torture the Odishi principality with its socio-economic, demographic policies, de facto and de jure, and turn the ancient trade routes between Georgia and Europe and Asia, namely the Turkish Sea into the Black Sea. At least in part, it turned into a lake in Russia. Under these conditions, the empire fully described the natural resources of Odishi, made it a raw material supplement, and applied its demographic transformation as well. Keywords: Odishi (Georgia), Black Sea, Russian Empire, Confidents *Corresponding author: St. Andrew the First-Called Georgian University of the Patriarchate of Georgia, 0179, Tbilisi, Georgia E mail: [email protected] (L. GULORDAVA) Lia GULORDAVA https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2391-5898 Received: February 06, 2021 Accepted: February 12, 2021 Published: July 01, 2021 Cite as: Gulordava L. 2021. -
Development Perspectives of the XXI Century
Caucasus University Friedrich Ebert Foundation International Students’ Scientific Conference Development perspectives of the XXI century Georgia, 8-11 May, 2009 UDC 330/34(479) (063) s-249 D-49 krebulSi ganTavsebulia samecniero naSromebi, SerCeuli meore saerTaSoriso studenturi samecniero konferenciisaTvis `21-e saukune _ ganviTarebis perspeq- tivebi~, romlis umTavresi mizania studentTa dasabuTebuli Tvalsazrisis warmoCena TavianTi qveynebis ganviTarebis perspeqtivaze. agreTve erTiani xedvis SemuSaveba msoflios winaSe mdgari problemebis gadawyvetis Taobaze. The collection contains works of the Second International Student’s Scientific Conference “Development Perspectives of the XXI century”. The major goal of the conference is to present reasonable arguments from the students of the countries of Europe and South Caucasus on European integration opportunities. Here also one can find the initiative on forming entire vision for solving key problems, facing Europe and South Caucasus. gamomcemeli: kavkasiis universiteti _ fridrix ebertis fondis mxardaWeriT Published by Caucasus University, with the support of Friedrich Ebert Foundation saredaqcio kolegia: Salva maWavariani (Tavmjdomare), indrek iakobsoni, giorgi RaRaniZe, londa esaZe, lia CaxunaSvili, naTia amilaxvari, dina oniani, naTia narsaviZe. Ed. board: Shalva Machavariani (head), Indrek Jakobson, Giorgi Gaganidze, Londa Esadze, Lia Chakhunashvili, Natia Amilakhvari, Dina Oniani, Natia Narsavidze. ISSN 1987-5703 Tbilisi, 2008 Contents 1. Ana Kostava The self-determination principle and -
Political Forum: 10 Questions on Georgia’S Political Development
1 The Caucasus Institute for Peace, Democracy and Development Political Forum: 10 Questions on Georgia’s Political Development Tbilisi 2007 2 General editing Ghia Nodia English translation Kakhaber Dvalidze Language editing John Horan © CIPDD, November 2007. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or oth- erwise, without the prior permission in writing from the proprietor. CIPDD welcomes the utilization and dissemination of the material included in this publication. This book was published with the financial support of the regional Think Tank Fund, part of Open Society Institute Budapest. The opinions it con- tains are solely those of the author(s) and do not reflect the position of the OSI. ISBN 978-99928-37-08-5 1 M. Aleksidze St., Tbilisi 0193 Georgia Tel: 334081; Fax: 334163 www.cipdd.org 3 Contents Foreword ................................................................................................ 5 Archil Abashidze .................................................................................. 8 David Aprasidze .................................................................................21 David Darchiashvili............................................................................ 33 Levan Gigineishvili ............................................................................ 50 Kakha Katsitadze ...............................................................................67 -
Country of Origin Information Report Republic of Georgia 25 November
REPUBLIC OF GEORGIA COUNTRY OF ORIGIN INFORMATION (COI) REPORT Country of Origin Information Service 25 November 2010 GEORGIA 25 NOVEMBER 2010 Contents Preface Paragraphs Background Information 1. GEOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................ 1.01 Maps ...................................................................................................................... 1.05 2. ECONOMY ................................................................................................................ 2.01 3. HISTORY .................................................................................................................. 3.01 Post-communist Georgia, 1990-2003.................................................................. 3.02 Political developments, 2003-2007...................................................................... 3.03 Elections of 2008 .................................................................................................. 3.05 Presidential election, January 2008 ................................................................... 3.05 Parliamentary election, May 2008 ...................................................................... 3.06 Armed conflict with Russia, August 2008 .......................................................... 3.09 Developments following the 2008 armed conflict.............................................. 3.10 4. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS .......................................................................................... -
Zerohack Zer0pwn Youranonnews Yevgeniy Anikin Yes Men
Zerohack Zer0Pwn YourAnonNews Yevgeniy Anikin Yes Men YamaTough Xtreme x-Leader xenu xen0nymous www.oem.com.mx www.nytimes.com/pages/world/asia/index.html www.informador.com.mx www.futuregov.asia www.cronica.com.mx www.asiapacificsecuritymagazine.com Worm Wolfy Withdrawal* WillyFoReal Wikileaks IRC 88.80.16.13/9999 IRC Channel WikiLeaks WiiSpellWhy whitekidney Wells Fargo weed WallRoad w0rmware Vulnerability Vladislav Khorokhorin Visa Inc. Virus Virgin Islands "Viewpointe Archive Services, LLC" Versability Verizon Venezuela Vegas Vatican City USB US Trust US Bankcorp Uruguay Uran0n unusedcrayon United Kingdom UnicormCr3w unfittoprint unelected.org UndisclosedAnon Ukraine UGNazi ua_musti_1905 U.S. Bankcorp TYLER Turkey trosec113 Trojan Horse Trojan Trivette TriCk Tribalzer0 Transnistria transaction Traitor traffic court Tradecraft Trade Secrets "Total System Services, Inc." Topiary Top Secret Tom Stracener TibitXimer Thumb Drive Thomson Reuters TheWikiBoat thepeoplescause the_infecti0n The Unknowns The UnderTaker The Syrian electronic army The Jokerhack Thailand ThaCosmo th3j35t3r testeux1 TEST Telecomix TehWongZ Teddy Bigglesworth TeaMp0isoN TeamHav0k Team Ghost Shell Team Digi7al tdl4 taxes TARP tango down Tampa Tammy Shapiro Taiwan Tabu T0x1c t0wN T.A.R.P. Syrian Electronic Army syndiv Symantec Corporation Switzerland Swingers Club SWIFT Sweden Swan SwaggSec Swagg Security "SunGard Data Systems, Inc." Stuxnet Stringer Streamroller Stole* Sterlok SteelAnne st0rm SQLi Spyware Spying Spydevilz Spy Camera Sposed Spook Spoofing Splendide -
Political Forum: 10 Questions on Georgia's Political Development
1 The Caucasus Institute for Peace, Democracy and Development Political Forum: 10 Questions on Georgia’s Political Development Tbilisi 2007 2 General editing Ghia Nodia English translation Kakhaber Dvalidze Language editing John Horan © CIPDD, November 2007. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or oth- erwise, without the prior permission in writing from the proprietor. CIPDD welcomes the utilization and dissemination of the material included in this publication. This book was published with the financial support of the regional Think Tank Fund, part of Open Society Institute Budapest. The opinions it con- tains are solely those of the author(s) and do not reflect the position of the OSI. ISBN 978-99928-37-08-5 1 M. Aleksidze St., Tbilisi 0193 Georgia Tel: 334081; Fax: 334163 www.cipdd.org 3 Contents Foreword ................................................................................................ 5 Archil Abashidze .................................................................................. 8 David Aprasidze .................................................................................21 David Darchiashvili............................................................................ 33 Levan Gigineishvili ............................................................................ 50 Kakha Katsitadze ...............................................................................67 -
ON BIDZINA Visit in NY Billionaire Ivanishvili Has Agreed to Return to Politics PAGE 2
Issue no: 1043 • APRIL 27 - 30, 2018 • PUBLISHED TWICE WEEKLY PRICE: GEL 2.50 In this week’s issue... Georgia's Foreign Minister FOCUS Meets Counterparts during ON BIDZINA Visit in NY Billionaire Ivanishvili has agreed to return to politics PAGE 2 NEWS PAGE 2 MEP Moody on Sanctions, Smokescreens & Workers' Rights POLITICS PAGE 4 White Sails: Welcoming a New New Draft on “Protecting” Religious Feelings Living Standard with 10,000 sq.m. of Recreational Space Causes Controversy in Georgia BUSINESS PAGE 9 BY THEA MORRISON Isle of Women, Mexico SOCIETY PAGE 12 member of the parliamentary oppo- sition party, the Alliance of Patriots Tbilisi’s Unmissable Plunge into of Georgia (APG), Emzar Kvitsiani, has initiated a draft law which makes the World of Art insults of religious feelings punish- Aable by law. The draft has already been submitted to Par- liament and Sopio Kiladze, the Chair of the Human Rights and Civil Integration Committee of Parliament, which has to make the fi rst deci- sion about the draft approval, stated she supports the initiative. Continued on page 3 Special CULTURE PAGE 12 Special Offer Only for Readers of Offer from Regus Emerging Georgian Artist Gains Popularity in Rome Free day pass to co-working 1 Free Month Offi ce Meeting room for whole day at one hour price with Live Choose your deal and contact us at [email protected] to redeem your voucher. Performances CULTURE PAGE 15 GEORGIA TODAY 2 NEWS APRIL 27 - 30, 2018 Georgia's Foreign Minister Meets Counterparts during Visit in NY BY THEA MORRISON eorgia’s Vice-Premier and the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Mikheil Janelidze, held several high-rank meetings with his counter- Gparts within the framework of the United Nations (UN) ‘High-Level Meeting on Peacebuilding and Sustaining Peace’ in New York. -
The OSCE and EU Actions Towards Georgian Separatist Conflicts the Case of South Ossetia Fabrizio Vielmini Isag, Ricercatore Del Programma Eurasia
Armenia, Caucaso e Asia Centrale Ricerche 2019 a cura di Giorgio Comai, Carlo Frappi, Giovanni Pedrini, Elena Rova The OSCE and EU Actions Towards Georgian Separatist Conflicts The Case of South Ossetia Fabrizio Vielmini IsAG, Ricercatore del programma Eurasia Abstract Both the OSCE and the EU got involved in the management of the Georgian- South Ossetian conflict considering it as a testing ground for their capacities to act as se- curity actors and easier to deal with in comparison with the other unsolved confrontations in the Post-Soviet area. By this way, they disregarded the root causes of the conflict and then proved unable to deploy the necessary resources to respond to the security expec- tations of the two sides, especially since the regional geopolitical environment switched from cooperation to confrontation between Russia and an expanding NATO presence. Following the 2008 War, the EU is left as the only mediating player on the ground but is not recognised as such by the SO side supported by Russia while Georgia has thwarted the possibilities of conflict resolution adopting a punitive ‘Occupied Territories’ narrative. Keywords De facto States. Post-soviet Conflicts. International Organisations. EU-Rus- sia Relations. Caucasus. Summary 1 Introduction. – 2 A Short Background of the Georgian-South Ossetian Conflict. – 3 First Phase of International Involvement: the Conflict as a Key engagement for the OSCE. – 4 Second Phase of International Involvement: the EU Entrance in the Con- flict Resolution Field and the “Unfreezing” of the Hostilities. – 5 Third Phase: the Exit of the OSCE and New EU Role after August 2008 Watershed. -
Discordant Neighbours Ii CONTENTS Eurasian Studies Library
CONTENTS i Discordant Neighbours ii CONTENTS Eurasian Studies Library Editors-in-Chief Sergei Bogatyrev School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University College London Dittmar Schorkowitz Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology, Halle/Saale, Germany Board Members ildikó bellér-hann – paul bushkovitch – peter finke geoffrey hosking – mikhail khodarkovsky marlène laruelle – virginia martin david schimmelpenninck van der oye – willard sunderland VOLUME 3 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/esl CONTENTS iii Discordant Neighbours A Reassessment of the Georgian-Abkhazian and Georgian-South Ossetian Conflicts By George Hewitt LEIDEN • BOSTON 2013 Coveriv illustration: Whilst the map on the front-coverCONTENTS delineates the frontiers of the former Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic, the areas in green represent the republics of Abkhazia and South Ossetia as recognised by Russia (26 August 2008) and five other UN member-states; red indicates the territory subject to the writ of the Georgian government and thus the reduced frontiers of today’s Republic of Georgia. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hewitt, B. G. Discordant neighbours : a reassessment of the Georgian-Abkhazian and Georgian-South- Ossetian conflicts / by George Hewitt. pages cm. -- (Eurasian studies library, ISSN 1877-9484 ; volume 3) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-24892-2 (hardback : acid-free paper) -- ISBN 978-90-04-24893-9 (e-book) 1. Georgia (Republic)--Relations--Georgia--Abkhazia. 2. Georgia (Republic)--Relations--Georgia-- South Ossetia. 3. Abkhazia (Georgia)--Relations--Georgia (Republic) 4. South Ossetia (Georgia)-- Relations--Georgia (Republic) 5. Ethnic conflict--Georgia. 6. Georgia (Republic)--Ethnic relations. 7. Georgia (Republic)--History--1991- 8. -
A Historical-Geographic Review of Modern Abkhazia
A Historical-Geographic Review of Modern Abkhazia by T. Beradze, K. Topuria, B Khorava Abkhazia (Abkhazeti) – the farthest North-Western part of Georgia is situated between the rivers Psou and Inguri on the coast of the Black Sea. The formation of Abkhazia within the borders is the consequence of complicated ethno-political processes. Humans first settled on the territory of modern Abkhazia during the Paleolithic Era. Abkhazia is the place where Neolithic, Bronze and Early Iron Eras are represented at their best. The first Georgian state – the Kingdom of Egrisi (Kolkheti), formed in 15. to 14. century BC, existed till the 2.century BC. It used to include the entire South-Eastern and Eastern parts of the Black Sea littoral for ages. The territory of modern Abkhazia was also a part of the Egrisi Kingdom. Old Greek historical sources inform us that before the new millennium, the territory between the rivers Psou and Inguri was only populated with tribes of Georgian origin: the Kolkhs, Kols, Svan-Kolkhs, Geniokhs. The Kingdom of Old Egrisi fell at the end of the 2.century BC and was never restored till 2.century AD. Old Greeks, Byzantines and Romans called this state - Lazika, the same Lazeti, which was associated with the name of the ruling dynasty. In 3. and 4. centuries AD, entire Western Georgia, including the territory of present Abkhazia, was part of this state. Based on the data of Byzantine authors, the South-East coastline part of the territory – between rivers Kodori and Inguri - belonged to the Odishi Duchy. The source of the Kodori River was occupied by the Georgian tribe of Misimians that was directly subordinated to the King of Egrisi (Lazeti). -
1 Abkhazia: a Problem of Identity and Ownership History and Documents the Abkhazians Living in Turkey Have Preserved Very Well T
1 Abkhazia: a problem of identity and ownership History and Documents The Abkhazians living in Turkey have preserved very well the customs, language and dances carried there from Abkhazia by their ancestors. The etiquette of the Abkhazians (apswara ) is strictly observed. Of late they have been asking us to send them copies of the alphabet, books, teaching manuals, films on Abkhazia, recordings of songs, language-primers. In hundreds of letters sent to the homeland there resounds a passionate longing to become acquainted with the life and culture of the Abkhazians residing in the motherland, and we believe that the time will soon come when many of them, setting foot on the soil of their forebears, will say: ‘Greetings, our father Caucasus, greetings, our mother Apsn y!’... The collective History of Abkhazia (in Russian), Sukhum, 1991, page 281. The first variant of this paper was composed for The Nationalities’ Journal (New York) in the summer of 1991, when the ex-dissident and rabid demagogue Zviad Gamsakhurdia still headed the government in Tbilisi and before the Soviet regime had collapsed in the wake of the failed August coup. The second variant was an up-date to the middle of June 1992, taking account of events following the overthrow of Gamsakhurdia and the return to Georgia of former Party Boss Eduard Shevardnadze to head the (then still illegitimate) State Council. This variant was delivered at SOAS’ Conference on Transcaucasian Boundary Disputes (15 June) and will appear in the volume arising out of that conference. A further adaptation and up-date to 11 October 1992 (the day of Georgia’s ‘democratic’ elections in which Shevardnadze, being the only candidate for head of state, duly received his ‘personal triumph’) was prepared for submission to the Parliamentary Human Rights’ Group at the invitation of its chairman Lord Avebury.