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Participatorylearningandaction 65 participatory learning and action Biodiversity and culture: exploring community protocols, rights and consent Participatory Learning and Action (PLA) – The International Institute for Environment formerly PLA Notes and RRA Notes – is published and Development (IIED) is committed to twice a year. Established in 1987, it enables promoting social justice and the practitioners of participatory methodologies from empowerment of the poor and marginalised. It also around the world to share their field experiences, supports democracy and full participation in decision- conceptual reflections, and methodological making and governance. We strive to reflect these values in innovations. The series is informal and seeks to Participatory Learning and Action. For further information publish frank accounts, address issues of practical contact IIED, 80-86 Gray’s Inn Road, London WC1X 8NH, and immediate value, encourage innovation, and UK. Website: www.iied.org act as a ‘voice from the field’. We are grateful to the Swedish International This work is licensed under the Creative Development Cooperation Agency (Sida), the UK Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial- Department for International Development (DfID) Share Alike 3.0 Unported License. Recipients are and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark encouraged to use it freely for not-for-profit purposes only. (Danida) for their financial support of PLA. Please credit the authors and the PLA series. To view a copy We would also like to thank the guest editors of of this license, visit this issue and their organisations: the Kalpavriksh http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0 or send Environmental Action Group, India; Natural a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, Justice: Lawyers for Communities and the San Francisco, California 94105, USA. Environment; COMPAS (COMPAring and Supporting Endogenous Development) Network; We welcome contributions to PLA. For information and and the Union for Ethical BioTrade (UEBT). The guidelines, please see the inside back cover. views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the funding Download past and current issues organisations or the employers of the guest editors All issues of PLA are now free to download from and authors. www.iied.org Participatory Learning and Action 65 Subscribe © IIED, 2012 Subscriptions are free to the South. For more information Order no: 14618IIED please contact: Research Information Ltd., Grenville Court, Cover illustration: Regina Faul-Doyle Britwell Road, Burnham, SL1 8DF, UK. Email: Design and layout: Smith+Bell Design [email protected] Website: Printed by: Park Communications Ltd, London www.researchinformation.co.uk Guest editors: Krystyna Swiderska, Holly Shrumm, Wim Hiemstra, María Julia Oliva, Kanchi Kohli Purchase back issues and Harry Jonas. Please contact Earthprint Ltd., PO Box 119, Stevenage, Editors: Holly Ashley, Nicole Kenton, and SG1 4TP, UK. Email: [email protected] Angela Milligan. Website: www.earthprint.co.uk Strategic Editorial Board: Nazneen Kanji, Jethro Pettit, Michel Pimbert, Participatory Learning and Action (PLA) is an umbrella Krystyna Swiderska and David Satterthwaite. term for a wide range of approaches and methodologies, International Editorial Advisory Board: including Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA), Rapid Rural Oga Steve Abah, Jo Abbot, Jordi Surkin Appraisal (RRA), Participatory Learning Methods (PALM), Beneria, Participatory Action Research (PAR), Farming Systems L. David Brown, Andy Catley, Robert Research (FSR), and Méthode Active de Recherche et de Chambers, Louise Chawla, Andrea Cornwall, Planification Participative (MARP). The common theme is Bhola Dahal, Qasim Deiri, John Devavaram, the full participation of people in the processes of learning Charlotte Flower, FORCE Nepal, about their needs and opportunities, and in the action Bara Guèye, Irene Guijt, Marcia Hills, required to address them. Enamul Huda, Vicky Johnson, Caren Levy, In recent years, there has been a number of shifts in the Sarah Levy, Zhang Linyang, PJ Lolichen, scope and focus of participation: emphasis on sub-national, Cath Long, Ilya M. Moeliono, Humera Malik, national and international decision-making, not just local Marjorie Jane Mbilinyi, Ali Mokhtar, decision-making; move from projects to policy processes Seyed Babak Moosavi, Trilok Neupane, and institutionalisation; greater recognition of issues of Esse Nilsson, Zakariya Odeh, Peter Park, difference and power; and, emphasis on assessing the Bardolf Paul, Bimal Kumar Phnuyal, quality and understanding the impact of participation, Giacomo Rambaldi, Peter Reason, rather than simply promoting participation. Participatory Joel Rocamora, Jayatissa Samaranayake, Learning and Action reflects these developments and Madhu Sarin, Daniel Selener, Meera Kaul Shah, recognises the importance of analysing and overcoming Jasber Singh, Marja Liisa Swantz, Cecilia Tacoli, power differentials which work to exclude the already poor Peter Taylor, Tom Wakeford, Eliud Wakwabubi, and marginalised. and Alice Welbourn. 1 Contents Editorial ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................3 Glossary....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................9 Acronyms............................................................................................................................................................................................................................13 Abstracts..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................15 BIODIVERSITY AND CULTURE: EXPLORING COMMUNITY PROTOCOLS, RIGHTS AND CONSENT 1. Community protocols and free, prior informed consent: overview and lessons learnt Krystyna Swiderska with Angela Milligan, Kanchi Kohli, Holly Shrumm, Harry Jonas, Wim Hiemstra and María Julia Oliva ......................................................................................25 PART I: SETTING THE SCENE: RESEARCH PARTNERSHIPS AND ABS FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF COMMUNITIES 2. FPIC and beyond: safeguards for power-equalising research that protects biodiversity, rights and culture Michel Pimbert ..............................................................................................................................................................................................43 3. Whose access and whose benefit? The Nagoya Protocol and customary rights in India Sagari R. Ramdas ......................................................................................................................................................................................55 PART II: INSTITUTIONAL INNOVATIONS FOR FPIC AND BENEFIT-SHARING 4. The spirit of FPIC: lessons from Canada and the Philippines Abbi Buxton........................................................................................................................................................................................................67 5. Indigenous benefit-sharing in resource development – the Australian Native Title experience David Ritter........................................................................................................................................................................................................74 2 65 6. Changing the system from within: participatory plant breeding and ABS in China Jingsong Li, Janice Jiggins and Yiching Song............................................................................................................81 PART III: COMMUNITY PROTOCOLS FOR GENETIC RESOURCES AND ABS 7. Decolonising action-research: the Potato Park biocultural protocol for benefit-sharing Alejandro Argumedo ................................................................................................................................................................................91 8. The Bushbuckridge BCP: traditional healers organise for ABS in South Africa Rodney Sibuye, Marie-Tinka Uys, Gino Cocchiaro and Johan Lorenzen..............................101 9. Biocultural community protocols: tools for securing the assets of livestock keepers Ilse Köhler-Rollefson, Abdul Raziq Kakar, Evelyn Mathias, Hanwant Singh Rathore and Jacob Wanyama ..........................................................................................................................................................................109 PART IV: COMMUNITY PROTOCOLS AND FPIC: MINING, PROTECTED AREAS AND FOREST PARTNERSHIPS 10. Sacred groves versus gold mines: biocultural community protocols in Ghana Bernard Guri Yangmaadome, Daniel Banuoko Faabelangne, Emmanuel Kanchebe Derbile, Wim Hiemstra and Bas Verschuuren........................................................................................................121 11. Defending our territory: the biocultural community protocol of Alto San Juan, Colombia Tatiana López Piedrahita and Carlos Heiler Mosquera ............................................................................131 12. Creating the Ulu Papar biocultural community protocol Theresia
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