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Bliki 11: 26-30 TÍMARIT UM FUGLA Bliki Nr. 11 - mars 1992 BLIKI er gefinn út af dýrafræðideild Nátt- BLIKI is published by the Icelandic Mu- úrufræðistofnunar Íslands í samvinnu við seum of Natural History, Department of Fuglaverndarfélag Íslands og áhugamenn Zoology, in cooperation with the Icelandic um fugla. Birtar eru greinar og skýrslur um Society for the Protection of Birds, and bird íslenska fugla ásamt smærri pistlum um ým- observers. The primary aim is to act as a fo- islegt er að fuglum lýtur. rum for previously unpublished material on Icelandic birds, in the form of longer or Ritið kemur út a.m.k. einu sinni á ári. Hvert shorter papers and reports. The main text is hefti er verðlagt sérstaklega og innheimt in Icelandic, but summaries in English are með gíróseðli. Þeir sem þess óska geta látið provided, except for some shorter notes. skrá sig á útsendingarlista og fá þá ritið við útgáfu. The bulletin appears at least once a year. Each issue is priced separately, hence there Ritnefnd Blika skipa: Ævar Petersen (for- is no annual subscription. Those wishing to maður), Arnþór Garðarsson, Erling Ólafs- receive future issues of the bulletin, will be son, Gunnlaugur Pétursson, Gunnlaugur put on the mailing list. Payment is by an in- Þráinsson og Kjartan G. Magnússon. voice or postal giro (account no. 29822-0). Afgreiðsla ritsins er á Náttúrufræðistofnun Editorial board: Ævar Petersen (chairman), Íslands, Hlemmi 3, pósthólf 5320, 125 Arnþór Garðarsson, Erling Ólafsson, Gunn- Reykjavík. Sími (91)-629822. laugur Pétursson, Gunnlaugur Þráinsson, and Kjartan G. Magnússon. Greinar, sem óskast birtar, skulu sendar for- manni ritnefndar á Náttúrufræðistofnun. All enquiries, including potential contribu- Höfundar fá 25 sérprent af greinum sínum tions, should be submitted to the chairman, endurgjaldslaust. at the Icelandic Museum of Natural History, PO Box 5320, 125 Reykjavík, Iceland. Of- fers of exchange of bird journals, will be considered. Authors are provided with 25 reprints of their contributions, free of charge. Ábyrgðarmaður: Ævar Petersen. Setning: BLIKI. Note to foreign readers: The Icelandic letters Ðð, Spaltagerð: Prentsmiðjan Oddi hf. Þþ, Ææ, Öö and vowels with an acute accent (Aá, Umbrot: BLIKI / Prcntþjónustan hf. Éé, Íí, Óó, Úú, Ýý), are used in all Icelandic and Filmugerð: Prentþjónustan hf. foreign texts. In the references "HEIMILDIR" Litgreining: Prentþjónustan hf. Icelandic authors are listed by their Christian Prentun: Prentsmiðjan Edda. name, as is customary in Iceland. Bókband: Prentsmiðjan Edda. © 1992 BLIKI ISSN 0256-4181 Forsíðumynd: Steindepilspar við Þvottalaugarnar í Laugardal, Reykjavík. 23. júní 1990. Ljósm. Jóhann Óli Hilmarsson. Kristinn H. Skarphéðinsson, Ólafur K. Nielsen, Skarphéðinn Þórisson og Ib Krag Petersen Varpútbreiðsla og fjöldi hrafna á Íslandi Inngangur Hrafninn Corvus corax (1. mynd) tillögur um aðferðir til þess að fylgjast verpur víða á norðurhveli jarðar og er með hrafnastofninum í framtíðinni. einn útbreiddasti fugl heims. Varpút- breiðslan nær frá heimskautalöndum í Efniviður og aðferðir norðri, suður í hálendi Mið-Ameríku, Við hófum rannsóknir á hröfnum árið Norður-Afríku og Mið-Asíu (Himalaja- 1981 og höfum einkum athugað varp- fjöll). Eyður í samfelldri útbreiðslu hætti og ferðalög ungfugla (Kristinn H. hrafnsins, einkum í Vestur-Evrópu, eru Skarphéðinsson o.fl. 1990; hér eftir að hluta til afleiðingar ofsókna sem KHS o.fl. 1990). Við notum hér talsvert náðu hámarki í lok síðustu aldar. af gögnum úr áðurnefndri grein, og þar Hröfnum fækkaði víða í kjölfar þessara er sagt ítarlega frá gagnasöfnun og úr- ofsókna, en þeim hefur fjölgað sums vinnslu. staðar aftur, sérstaklega í vestanverðri Margir fylgjast með hrafninum, sumir Norður-Ameríku (Holyoak & Ratcliffe af forvitni og ánægju, aðrir ofsækja 1968, Koch o.fl. 1986, Heinrich 1989). hann vegna tjóns sem þeir telja að Þá hefur tekist með sleppingu ungfugla hrafninn valdi. Heimamenn vita því oft- að koma upp varpstofni hrafna, þar sem ast hvar hrafninn verpur, og auðveldaði þeim hafði verið útrýmt, s.s. í Hollandi það hreiðurleit. Hrafnar verpa á sömu og Belgíu (Lever 1987, Renssen 1988). stöðum ár eftir ár. Hrafnshreiður (köll- Kjörlendi hrafnsins er fjölbreytt; uð laupar eða bálkar) eru oftast auð- hann verpur með ströndum fram og til fundin, m.a. vegna atferlis fuglanna, fjalla, kýs stundum skóga en oftast víð- sem oft láta mikið á sér bera á varp- áttur, jafnvel eyðimerkur. Hrafninn stöðvum. Hrafnshreiður varðveitast byggir hreiður í klettum, trjám og á ým- betur en hreiður flestra hérlendra fugla- is konar mannvirkjum og verpur m.a. á tegunda, svo hægt er að finna þau löngu skýjakljúfum í Los Angeles. eftir að ungar eru flognir. Hrafninn er útbreiddur og tiltölulega Hrafnssetur köllum við hefðbundna algengur varpfugl hér á landi. Margir varpstaði hrafna, þ.e. hreiður og nán- telja, að hröfnum hafi fjölgað á þessari asta umhverfi. Setrin eru oft skýrt af- öld. Hingað til hefur ekki verið reynt að mörkuð (höfði, klettabelti, gil o.s.frv.), meta stærð hrafnastofnsins, og varpút- og hvert þeirra hýsir í mesta lagi eitt breiðslan hefur til þessa aðeins verið hrafnspar, sem ver setrið (óðalið) fyrir þekkt í grófum dráttum. öðrum hröfnum. Þessi landhelgisgæsla Í þessari grein munum við ræða um virðist að mestu leyti fara fram með útbreiðslu og þéttleika verpandi hrafna merkjasendingum (flugi og krunki), á Íslandi, áætla stærð stofnsins, rekja fá- a.m.k. höfum við sjaldan séð hröfnum tæklegar heimildir um fjölda hrafna fyrr lenda saman í landamæradeilum. á tímum og ræða þær kröfur sem hrafn- Hrafnssetur eru víðast hvar jafn- ar gera til varpkjörlendis. Þá gerum við dreifð, og er algengast að 2-5 km séu á Bliki U: 1-26 - mars 1992 1 1. mynd. Hrafn nálægt hreiðri. Hjallar í Heiðmörk við Reykjavík. Sumar 1984. - Raven at nest near Reykjavík in summer 1984. Ljósm. Grétar Eiríksson. milli aðliggjandi setra. Meðalfjarlægð (minna en 5 km2 lands) og reitum sem milli hrafnssetra á Reykjanesskaga, náðu einungis yfir gróðurlaus sker. Hins vestan marka sem dregin voru um vegar héldum við eftir „eyjareitum", og Þrengslaveg og Suðurlandsveg í Kópa- hafa hrafnar orpið í nær öllum þeirra. vogsbotn, var 3,4 km (staðalfrávik 1,4 Þessir reitir ná yfir úteyjar Vestmanna- km, bil 1,5-7,5 km, alls 62 setur). Hrafn- eyja, Eldey, Engey, Akurey og Gróttu, spör verpa stundum í miklu nábýli. Til hluta Hjörseyjar og Skutulsey á Mýrum, dæmis voru 400 m á milli tveggja Breiðafjarðareyjar, Grímsey á Stein- hrafnspara í gili í Fljótshlíð. Á sumum grímsfirði, Málmey, Flatey á Skjálf- setrum nota hrafnar alltaf sama hreiður anda, Mánáreyjar, Skrúð, Andey og eða syllu, en á flestum setrum eru Papey. í þessari grein notum við 1190 nokkrir varpstaðir (allt að sjö) sem reiti. hrafnsparið notar til skiptis. Fjarlægð Aðalrannsóknarsvæði okkar á árun- milli varpstaðanna er allt frá fáeinum um 1981-87 voru á Suðvesturlandi, metrum upp í nokkur hundruð metra. Norðausturlandi og Héraði (2. mynd). Við notuðum reitakerfi til að kort- Við teljum okkur hafa fundið, eða haft leggja varpútbreiðslu hrafna (sbr. Hörð spurnir af, svo til öllum hrafnssetrum á Kristinsson & Bergþór Jóhannsson þessum svæðum. Þá eru hrafnssetur á 1970). Landinu er skipt niður í allt að nokkrum öðrum svæðum vel þekkt, að- 1232 10x10 km reiti. Sumir þeirra ná að- allega vegna ítarlegra upplýsinga frá eins yfir nokkra km2 lands en liggja að staðkunnugum: Öræfi (heimildarmaður öðru leyti í sjó. Það er því álitamál, Hálfdán Björnsson), V-Skaftafellssýsla hvort einhverja þeirra beri að sameina austan Mýrdalssands (Þórarinn Eggerts- nálægum reitum við úrvinnslu. Við son), Vestmannaeyjar (heimildarmanna slepptum reitum sem eru að mestu sjór er getið í Töflu 5), Lundareykjadalur 2 (Sigurður Oddur Kristjánsson), utan- um við talningar á fálkum Falco rust- vert Snæfellsnes (Leifur Ágústsson), icolus sem Náttúrufræðistofnun Íslands Laxárdalur í Dölum (Skúli Jónsson), hefur staðið fyrir frá 1985 (sbr. Ævar Breiðafjörður (einkum eyjar og nokkur Petersen o.fl. 1985, 1986). Flest fálka- svæði við norðan- og austanverðan setur eru jafnframt hrafnssetur, t.d. fjörðinn; Páll Leifsson, Trausti Tryggva- verpa um 60% fálkapara í Þingeyjarsýsl- son, Þorvaldur Björnsson og Ævar Pet- um í hrafnslaupa (Ólafur K. Nielsen ersen), Rauðasandshreppur (Kristinn 1986). Varpútbreiðsla hrafns og fálka Guðmundsson og Tryggvi Eyjólfsson), skarast víða á landinu, en hrafninn er nokkur önnur svæði á Vestfjörðum (eig- þó mun algengari en fálkinn og út- in athuganir), norðurhluti Skaga (Jón breiddari í byggð. Nú er búið að skrá og Benediktsson og Rögnvaldur Steins- kanna varpstaði fálka um mestallt land. son), vesturhluti S-Þingeyjarsýslu Eftir eru nokkur svæði á Norðurlandi (Sverrir Thorstensen) og Austfirðir og Suðurlandi, svo og Vestfirðir norðan (Páll Leifsson og eigin athuganir). línu sem hugsast dregin úr Kaldalóni í Nokkrir heimildarmenn veittu hver um Kaldbaksvík. sig upplýsingar um tugi hrafnshreiðra Auk eigin athugana og upplýsinga frá frá ýmsum stöðum á landinu; Gunn- 300-400 heimildarmönnum, notuðum laugur Pétursson, Haukur Jóhannesson, við óbirtar athuganir sem varðveittar Jóhann Óli Hilmarsson, Ævar Petersen eru á Náttúrufræðistofnun Íslands, svo og Örlygur Kristfinnsson. og prentaðar heimildir um hrafnavarp. Við skráðum hrafnshreiður á ferðum Upplýsingar um varpfundi byggja að okkar víða um land og reyndum að langmestu leyti á athugunum frá árun- staðfesta varp hrafna í sem flestum reit- um 1981-91. um. Mestu munaði um útivinnu í tengsl- NORÐAUSTURLAND ÖNUNDARFJORÐUR HERAÐ REYKJANESSKAGI 2. mynd. Aðalrannsóknarsvæði 1981-87, þar sem þéttleiki
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